Subfertility in young male mice mutant for chromatin remodeller CECR2.

Defects in spermatogenesis are an important cause of male infertility. Multiple aspects of spermatogenesis are controlled by chromatin remodellers, including regulating transcription. We previously described mutations in chromatin remodelling gene Cecr2 that resulted in the lethal neural tube defect exencephaly in most mutant mice and subfertility in mice that were non-penetrant for exencephaly. Here, we show that the severity of male subfertility is dependent on age. Cecr2GT/Del males contain two mutant alleles, one of which is hypomorphic and therefore produces a small amount of protein. These males sire the fewest pups just after sexual maturity (88% fewer than Cecr2+/+ at P42-60) but improve with age (49% fewer than Cecr2+/+ at P81-100), although never completely recovering to Cecr2+/+(wild type) levels. When young, they also have defects in testis histology, in vivo fertilization frequency, sperm number and motility, and testis weight that show similar improvement with age. Immunostaining of staged seminiferous tubules showed CECR2 in type A, intermediate and B spermatogonia, and less in preleptotene and leptotene spermatocytes. Histological defects were first apparent in Cecr2GT/Del testes at P24, and RNA-seq analysis revealed 387 differentially expressed genes. This included 66 genes on the X chromosome (almost double the number on any other chromosome), all more highly expressed in Cecr2GT/Del testes. This inappropriate expression of X chromosome genes could be caused by a failure of effective meiotic sex chromosome inactivation. We identify several abnormally expressed genes that may contribute to defects in spermatogenesis at P24. Our results support a role for Cecr2 in juvenile spermatogenesis.

Implantation failure and embryo loss contribute to subfertility in female mice mutant for chromatin remodeler Cecr2†.

Defects in the maternal reproductive system that result in early pregnancy loss are important causes of human female infertility. A wide variety of biological processes are involved in implantation and establishment of a successful pregnancy. Although chromatin remodelers have been shown to play an important role in many biological processes, our understanding of the role of chromatin remodelers in female reproduction remains limited. Here, we demonstrate that female mice mutant for chromatin remodeler Cecr2 are subfertile, with defects detected at the peri-implantation stage or early pregnancy. Using both a less severe hypomorphic mutation (Cecr2GT) and a more severe presumptive null mutation (Cecr2Del), we demonstrate a clear difference in the severity of the phenotype depending on the mutation. Although neither strain shows detectable defects in folliculogenesis, both Cecr2GT/GT and Cecr2GT/Del dams show defects in pregnancy. Cecr2GT/GT females have a normal number of implantation sites at embryonic day 5.5 (E5.5), but significant embryo loss by E10.5 accompanied by the presence of vaginal blood. Cecr2GT/Del females show a more severe phenotype, with significantly fewer detectable implantation sites than wild type at E5.5. Some Cecr2GT/Del females also show premature loss of decidual tissue after artificial decidualization. Together, these results suggest a role for Cecr2 in the establishment of a successful pregnancy.

Cecr2 mutant mice as a model for human cat eye syndrome.

Cat eye syndrome (CES), a human genetic disorder caused by the inverted duplication of a region on chromosome 22, has been known since the late 1890s. Despite the significant impact this disorder has on affected individuals, models for CES have not been produced due to the difficulty of effectively duplicating the corresponding chromosome region in an animal model. However, the study of phenotypes associated with individual genes in this region such as CECR2 may shed light on the etiology of CES. In this study we have shown that deleterious loss of function mutations in mouse Cecr2 effectively demonstrate many of the abnormal features present in human patients with CES, including coloboma and specific skeletal, kidney and heart defects. Beyond phenotypic analyses we have demonstrated the importance of utilizing multiple genetic backgrounds to study disease models, as we see major differences in penetrance of Cecr2-related abnormal phenotype between mouse strains, reminiscent of the variability in the human syndrome. These findings suggest that Cecr2 is involved in the abnormal features of CES and that Cecr2 mice can be used as a model system to study the wide range of phenotypes present in CES.

Analysis of mutations in Neurospora crassa ERMES components reveals specific functions related to ß-barrel protein assembly and maintenance of mitochondrial morphology.

The endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria encounter structure (ERMES) tethers the er to mitochondria and contains four structural components: Mmm1, Mdm12, Mdm10, and Mmm2 (Mdm34). The Gem1 protein may play a role in regulating ERMES function. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa strains lacking any of Mmm1, Mdm12, or Mdm10 are known to show a variety of phenotypic defects including altered mitochondrial morphology and defects in the assembly of ß-barrel proteins into the mitochondrial outer membrane. Here we examine ERMES complex components in N. crassa and show that Mmm1 is an ER membrane protein containing a Cys residue near its N-terminus that is conserved in the class Sordariomycetes. The residue occurs in the ER-lumen domain of the protein and is involved in the formation of disulphide bonds that give rise to Mmm1 dimers. Dimer formation is required for efficient assembly of Tom40 into the TOM complex. However, no effects are seen on porin assembly or mitochondrial morphology. This demonstrates a specificity of function and suggests a direct role for Mmm1 in Tom40 assembly. Mutation of a highly conserved region in the cytosolic domain of Mmm1 results in moderate defects in Tom40 and porin assembly, as well as a slight morphological phenotype. Previous reports have not examined the role of Mmm2 with respect to mitochondrial protein import and assembly. Here we show that absence of Mmm2 affects assembly of ß-barrel proteins and that lack of any ERMES structural component results in defects in Tom22 assembly. Loss of N. crassa Gem1 has no effect on the assembly of these proteins but does affect mitochondrial morphology.

CECR2 is involved in spermatogenesis and forms a complex with SNF2H in the testis.

The regulation of nucleosome positioning and composition by ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes and their associated binding partners plays important biological roles in mammals. CECR2 is a binding partner to the ISWI (imitation switch) ATPase SNF2L/SMARCA1 and is involved in neural tube closure and inner ear development; however, its functions in adult tissues have not been examined. Here, we report that CECR2 contributes to spermatogenesis and forms a complex that includes the other ISWI ATPase SNF2H/SMARCA5 in the testis. Cecr2 mutant males non-penetrant for neural tube defects sired smaller litters than wild-type males. Strikingly, while we found that Cecr2 mutants have normal seminiferous epithelium morphology, sperm count, motility, and morphology, the mutant spermatozoa were compromised in their ability to fertilize oocytes. Investigation of CECR2/ISWI complexes in the testis showed that SNF2H interacted with CECR2, and this interaction was also observed in embryonic stem cells, suggesting that CECR2 may interact with SNF2H or SNF2L depending on the cell type. Finally, we found that Cecr2 mutants exhibit misregulation of the homeobox transcription factor Dlx5 in the testis, suggesting that CECR2 complexes may regulate gene expression during spermatogenesis. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel role of CECR2-containing complexes in spermatogenesis and show that CECR2 interacts predominantly with SNF2H instead of SNF2L in the testis.