Effects of musical tempo on physiological, affective, and perceptual variables and performance of self-selected walking pace.

[Purpose] This study investigated the effects of musical tempo on physiological, affective, and perceptual responses as well as the performance of self-selected walking pace. [Subjects] The study included 28 adult women between 29 and 51 years old. [Methods] The subjects were divided into three groups: no musical stimulation group (control), and 90 and 140 beats per minute musical tempo groups. Each subject underwent three experimental sessions: involved familiarization with the equipment, an incremental test to exhaustion, and a 30-min walk on a treadmill at a self-selected pace, respectively. During the self-selected walking session, physiological, perceptual, and affective variables were evaluated, and walking performance was evaluated at the end. [Results] There were no significant differences in physiological variables or affective response among groups. However, there were significant differences in perceptual response and walking performance among groups. [Conclusion] Fast music (140 beats per minute) promotes a higher rating of perceived exertion and greater performance in self-selected walking pace without significantly altering physiological variables or affective response.

Recovery following Rugby Union matches: effects of cold water immersion on markers of fatigue and damage.

We investigated the effect of postmatch cold-water immersion (CWI) on markers of muscle damage, neuromuscular fatigue, and perceptual responses within 72 h after a rugby match. Twenty-two professional male rugby players were randomized into CWI (10 °C/10 min; n = 11) or control (CON: 30 min seated; n = 11) groups. Activity profile from Global Positioning Satellite systems and postmatch rating of perceived exertion were measured to determined match load. Biochemical (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6), neuromuscular performance (squat (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ), peak power output (PPO), rate of force development (RFD), stiffness, 10- and 30-m sprint time, and perceptual markers (soreness, perceived recovery) were obtained before and immediately after the match, and then at 30 min, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after the match. Magnitude-based inference and Cohen's effect size (ES) were used to analyze change over time and between groups. Thus, the higher/beneficial, similar/trivial, or lower/harmful differences were evaluated as follows: <1%, almost certainly not; 1% to 5%, very unlikely; 5% to 25%, unlikely; 25% to 75%, possible; 75% to 95%, likely; 95% to 99%, very likely; >99%, almost certainly. Changes were unclear for the match loads, sprint times, and perceptual markers between groups. Higher %ΔSJ at 24 h (very likely (ES = 0.75)) and in %ΔPPO_SJ at 48 h (likely (ES = 0.51)) were observed in CWI than in CON. Values in %ΔRDF_CMJ were higher immediately after (likely (ES = 0.83)), 30 min after (very likely (ES = 0.97)), and 24 h after the match (likely (ES = 0.93)) in CWI than in CON. Furthermore, %Δlog TNF-α were lower in the CWI group than in the CON group immediately after (almost certainly (ES = -0.76)), 24 h after (very likely (ES = -1.09)), and 72 h after the match (likely (ES = -0.51)), and in Δstiffness_SJ at 30 min after (likely (ES = -0.67)) and 48 h after the match (very likely (ES = -0.97)). Also, different within-groups effects throughout postmatch were reported. Implementing postmatch CWI-based strategies improved the recovery of markers of inflammation and fatigue in rugby players, despite no change in markers of speed or perceptual recovery.

Effects of Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Material Clothing on Recovery after Maximal Eccentric Exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Materials worn as Bioceramic pants would improve neuromuscular performance, biochemical and perceptual markers in healthy individuals after maximal eccentric exercise. Twenty-two moderately active men were randomized into Bioceramic (n = 11) or Placebo (n = 11) groups. To induce muscle damage, three sets of 30 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of the quadriceps were performed at 60°·s-1. Participants wore the bioceramic or placebo pants for 2 hours immediately following the protocol, and then again for 2 hours prior to each subsequent testing session at 24, 48 and 72 hours post. Plasma creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity, delayed-onset muscle soreness, perceived recovery status, and maximal voluntary contraction were measured pre-exercise and 2, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-exercise. Eccentric exercise induced muscle damage as evident in significant increases in delayed-onset muscle soreness at 24 - 72 hours (p < 0.05) and creatine kinase between Pre to 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours (p < 0.05). Despite the increased delayed-onset muscle soreness and creatine kinase values, no effect of Bioceramic was evident (p > 0.05). Furthermore, decreases in maximal voluntary contraction between Pre and immediately, 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours post (p < 0.05) were reported. However, the standardized difference was moderate lower for lactate dehydrogenase at 24 h (ES = 0.50), but higher at 48 h (ES = -0.58) in the Bioceramic compared to the Placebo group. Despite inducing muscle damage, the daily use of Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Materials clothing over 72 hours did not facilitate recovery after maximal eccentric exercise.

Different Pathways Leading up to the Same Futsal Competition: Individual and Inter-Team Variability in Loading Patterns and Preseason Training Adaptations.

During the preseason, futsal players deal with large internal load, which may result in a reduction in physical performance. The aims of this study were to compare the session rating of perceived exertion training load (s-RPE TL) during the preseason between two teams; and to analyze the changes on the delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), aerobic- and speed-power characteristics in players accumulating different s-RPE TL (Low (LTL) vs. High (HTL)). Twenty-eight players (Team A, n = 15; Team B, n = 13) were recruited. The s-RPE TL was monitored throughout the preseason phase (five weeks) in both teams. The coaches of each team planned the activities that comprised their training programs, without any interference from the researchers. Team A evaluated countermovement jumps (CMJ) and DOMS weekly. Team B performed squat jumps (SJ), CMJ, 5 m and 15 m sprints, and a futsal intermittent endurance test (PVFIET) before and after the preseason. Team B accumulated an almost-certainly greater s-RPE TL than Team A. In Team A, the CMJ height was likely to almost certainly improved for the HTL group from week 3. In Team B, the 5 m and 15 m sprint likely decreased after the preseason. Changes in 5 m (r = -0.61) and 15 m (r = -0.56) were correlated with total s-RPE TL. Changes in PVFIET were positively associated with changes in sprint, but inversely related to the baseline. s-RPE TL differed between both teams, and substantial gains in neuromuscular performance were observed for the HTL group in Team A. Slower and faster players in Team B showed distinct intermittent-endurance and speed adaptive responses during the high-volume preseason.

Performance comparison in the Wingate test between standing and seated positions in competitive cyclists

Abstract Aims: The current study aimed to compare the anaerobic power output through the Wingate test in different positions, i.e., standing and seated, and identify the relationship between power-output and body mass. Methods: Eleven male competitive cyclists (age: 30.3 ± 4.7 years; body mass: 73.7 ± 7.7 kg; body fat: 11.3 ± 4.2%) were submitted to two sessions of the Wingate test (WT) in different positions, on different days. Results: The peak power (W), average power (W), relative peak power (W·kg-1), relative average power (W·kg-1), average cadence (rpm), and average velocity (km·h-1) presented significant differences in the standing position compared with the seated position (p < 0.05), 1155 ± 130 vs. 1082 ± 182 (W), 875 ± 96 vs. 818 ± 116 (W), 15.9 ± 1 vs. 15.0 ± 2 (W kg-1), 12.1 ± 1 vs. 11.3 ± 1 (W kg-1), 117.5 ± 7 vs. 109.8 ± 10 (rpm), 37.0 ± 2 vs. 34.6 ± 3 (km·h-1), respectively. However, when controlled the body mass, the differences in variables power output ceased to exist (p > 0.05). The fatigue and peak heart rate (bpm) indices did not present significant differences between the tests (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Sprint performance was improved when the WT was performed in a standing position in competitive cyclists. The study also reports the important relationship between body mass and anaerobic production capacity in the WT, emphasizing that it is desirable an increase in lean body mass and a reduction in fat mass, similar in competitions. We suggest that, for anaerobic assessment in cyclists, the standing position should be used during the WT, to determine the maximum power-output capacity.

Comparison of maturation and physical performance in basketball athletes of different playing positions / Comparação da maturação e desempenho físico em atletas de basquetebol de diferentes posições de jogo

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of somatic maturation, anthropometric and physical performance (vertical jump and aerobic power) in young basketball players of different playing positions (under 13 years) and analyze these relationships using Peak Height Velocity (PHV) as a measure of somatic maturation. For this, 26 male athletes were evaluated. Anthropometric variables were: body mass, standing and sitting height, and length of lower limbs. Maturation was determined by age at PHV. Physical performance was determined by lower limb power (counter movement jump - CMJ) and aerobic power (Intermittent Recovery Test) tests. MANOVA reported significant differences (p<0.05) among playing positions regarding variables Maturity Offset, estimated PHV age, standing height, sitting height, estimated leg length, body mass and Yo-Yo IR1. In addition, it was identified that point guards reached estimated PHV at later age than their peers who act as small forwards and centers. Regarding CMJ, no significant differences were identified among playing positions, but in relation to aerobic power, point guards and small forwards presented higher performance. These findings confirm that maturation has great effect on growth and physical performance measures and the estimated PHV age is an applicable tool in young athletes, mainly aiding professionals in structuring the teaching-learning- training process in this age group.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as características de maturação somática, antropométricas e desempenho físico entre as posições de jogo em jogadores de Basquetebol sub-13 e analisar estas relações utilizando o Pico de Velocidade de Crescimento (PVC) como uma medida da maturação somática. Para tanto, 26 atletas do sexo masculino foram avaliados. As variáveis antropométricas foram: massa corporal, estatura em pé e sentado e comprimento de membros inferiores. A maturação foi determinada pela idade do PVC. O desempenho físico foi através dos testes de potência de membros inferiores (salto com contra movimento - CMJ) e potência aeróbia (Yo-Yo IR1). A MANOVA reportou diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre as posições em quadra nas variáveis Maturity Offset, idade do PVC estimado, estatura, altura sentado, comprimento de pernas estimado (CPE), massa corporal e Yo-Yo IR1. Além disso, foi identificado que os armadores alcançaram o PVC estimado, em uma idade mais tarde que seus companheiros que atuam como alas e pivôs. Em relação ao CMJ não foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre as posições, já em relação a potência aeróbia, os armadores e alas apresentaram desempenho significativo superior quando comparados aos pivôs. Estes achados confirmam que a maturação tem um grande efeito nas medidas de crescimento e desempenho físico e a determinação da idade estimada do PVC apresenta-se como uma ferramenta aplicável em jovens atletas, principalmente no auxílio de profissionais na estruturação do processo de ensino-aprendizagem-treinamento nesta faixa etária.

Comparação da percepção subjetiva do esforço no limiar ventilatório entre os gêneros / Comparison the rating perceived exertion at ventilatory threshold between genders

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a PSE no limiar ventilatório (LV) entre homens e mulheres. Participaram 17 homens (24,0 ± 3,3 anos) e 17 mulheres (22,5 ± 2,6 anos), submetidos a duas sessões experimentais com intervalo mínimo de 48 horas: (I) avaliação antropométrica e instruções referentes aos procedimentos e (II) teste máximo em esteira. Na análise estatística empregou-se teste t Student para verificar possíveis diferenças entre gêneros (p < 0,05). Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres para a PSE LV (11,1 ± 1,8 e 12,1 ± 1,5, respectivamente). Apesar de as mulheres demonstrarem PSE superior em intensidade de exercício baseada em níveis absolutos, estas diferenças desaparecem quando homens e mulheres são testados em intensidade relativa de exercício. Conclui-se que homens e mulheres apresentam valores de PSE LV entre 12 e 13 ("leve" e "algo difícil") durante teste de esforço máximo.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at ventilatory threshold (VT) during graded treadmill exercise between men and women. Participated 17 men (24.0 ± 3.3 years) and 17 women (22.5 ± 2.6 years) were submitted to two experimental sessions with a minimum interval of 48 hours: (I) anthropometric evaluation and instructions regarding the procedures, and (II) graded treadmill exercise. For statistical analysis, was employed used t Student test to verify possible differences between genders (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences between genders to RPE VT (11.7 ± 1.8 and 12.2 ± 1.5, respectively). Although women had a higher RPE to exercise intensity based on absolute levels, these differences were minimized or disappeared when men and women were compared at similar relative exercise intensity. The result of present study showed that men and women had a similar RPE VT between 12 and 13 ("light" and "something hard") during graded treadmill exercise.

Comparação de indicadores físicos e fisiológicos entre atletas profissionais de futsal e futebol / Comparison of physical and physiological indicators between professional futsal and soccer athletes

Muitos profissionais do esporte periodizam o treinamento do futebol e do futsal de forma semelhante. Todavia, pouco se conhece das respostas físicas e fisiológicas dos atletas de futsal. Esse estudo comparou perfil antropométrico, capacidade aeróbia e produção de potência entre atletas profissionais de futsal e futebol. Onze jogadores de futsal (idade 24,1±2,4anos) e 21 jogadores de futebol (idade 22,6±3,6anos) do sexo masculino submeteram-se a duas sessões experimentais: (I) avaliação antropométrica, teste de esforço máximo em esteira e (II) teste de velocidade de 30 metros (capacidade de sprint repetido, CSR). Empregou-se teste t para amostras independentes, permitindo verificar possíveis diferenças entre as modalidades (p<0,05). Comparados aos atletas de futebol, os jogadores de futsal apresentaram, respectivamente, maiores valores de FCLV (177,2±10 e 167,1±10,8 bpm); VO2max, VO2LV e %VO2max (62,5±4,3 e 52,1±4,6; 58,7±5,6 e 43,1±4,6; 93,9±5,3 e 76±8,4 ml∙kg-1∙min-1). Esses resultados demonstram a necessidade de métodos específicos para treinamento do futsal e futebol.Palavras-chave: Futsal. Futebol. Consumo máximo de oxigênio. Potência muscular.

Many professional sports training periodize soccer and futsal similarly. However, little is known about physical and physiological responses of futsal players. This study compared anthropometric, aerobic capacity and power production among professional indoor and outdoor soccer players. Eleven futsal players (age 24.1±2.4 years) and 21 soccer players (age 22.6±3.6 years) males underwent two experimental sessions: (i) anthropometric measurements, maximal effort test treadmill and (II) test speed of 30 meters (repeated sprint ability, CSA). It was applied t-test for independent samples to verify possible differences between the modalities (p>0,05). The futsal players showed higher values of HRVT (177,2±10 e 67,1±10,8 bpm) VO2max ;VO2VT; %VO2max (62,5±4,3 e 52,1±4,6; 58,7±5,6 e 43,1±4,6; 76±8,4 e 93,9±5,3 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) compared with soccer players, respectively. These results demonstrate the need for specific methods of training for outdoor and indoor soccer.

Resposta afetiva entre os gêneros durante caminhada em ritmo auto-selecionado na esteira / Gender difference in affect responses during walking at self-selected pace on treadmill

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a resposta afetiva entre os gêneros durante caminhada em ritmo auto-selecionado na esteira. Participaram 17 homens e 17 mulheres (idade 23,32 DP=3,06 anos), que realizaram inicialmente um teste incremental em esteira para verificar o limiar ventilatório (LV). Posteriormente, a determinação da resposta afetiva durante um teste de 20 minutos de caminhada em ritmo auto-selecionado foi realizada mediante o emprego da escala de Hardy e Rejeski. Um teste independente foi utilizado para verificar as diferenças nas características descritivas e uma ANOVA 2x4 de medidas repetidas seguido de um post hoc de Bonferroni para verificar o efeito do tempo entre os gêneros, adotando p<0,05. Foi verificado uma resposta afetiva positiva durante os 20 minutos de caminhada, com redução ao longo do tempo referente ao minuto 5, sem diferenças entre os gêneros. Esta resposta foi seguida de um aumento referente ao minuto 5 nos valores percentuais dos parâmetros fisiologicos: freqüência cardíaca máxima (%FCmax), consumo Maximo de oxigênio (%VO2max) e consumo de oxigênio no LV (%VO2LV), sem diferenças entre os gêneros. Conclui-se que ambos os gêneros auto-selecionam uma intensidade de caminhada abaixo %VO2LV, a qual demonstra uma resposta afetiva positiva, podendo assim favorecer a aderência em programas de atividade física, devido esta propiciar uma sensação de conforto e prazer.

The aim of this study was to compare the affective responses between genders during treadmill walking at self-select pace. Participated 17 men and 17 women, which initially performed a treadmill maximal test to determine the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and ventilatory threshold (VT), and subsequently realized a 20-min treadmill walking bout at a selfselected pace to measure the affective responses using the Hardy and Rejeski scale. A ANOVA 2x4 repeated measures and post-hoc Bonferroni was used for statistical analysis with p<0.05. During the 20 minutes of walking, a positive affective response was observed, with reduction over time compared with minute 5, without differences between genders. This response was followed by an increase of percentage values of the physiological parameters: maximum heart rate (%HRmax), maximum oxygen uptake (%VO2max) and oxygen uptake in the VT (%VO2VT), without differences between genders. It was concluded that both genders self-select an intensity of walking below VT showing a positive affective response, which in turn may encourage adherence to programs of physical activity, because this provide a feeling of comfort and pleasure.