RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The traditional cardiovascular risk factors associated with coronary artery disease in individuals younger than 55 years old was determined in this study. METHODS: A retrospective, paired case-control study comprised of patients younger than 55 years old who were admitted to the hospital due to acute coronary syndrome with coronary artery disease from 2011 to 2016. There were two controls per case, paired by age, gender, admission date, and health insurance. Data from patients were collected, such as sociodemographic information, cardiovascular risk factors, and drug therapy information. A conditional logistic regression model was created to evaluate the association between traditional cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery disease. RESULTS: There were 171 cases and 342 controls included in the study. The median age was 49 years, with a predominance of male gender (80.12%). Nearly 66% of cases had at least one traditional cardiovascular risk factor. The most common risk factors were obesity (57.31%), arterial hypertension (45.62%), and smoking (28.97%). Independent risk factors of coronary artery disease in patients younger than 55 years were arterial hypertension (odds ratio, 2.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.48-4.20; p = 0.001) and smoking (odds ratio, 7.15; 95% confidence interval, 3.19-15.99; p = 0.00). No significant association between diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease in the global group (odds ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence innterval, 0.91-4.58; p = 0.083) was found. CONCLUSION: For patients younger than 55 years, with a theoretically lower risk of coronary artery disease due to their age, having one or several traditional risk factors (smoking, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes mellitus) confers an increased risk of coronary artery disease regardless of age.
RESUMO
RESUMEN Las enfermedades autoinmunes son un grupo de patologías crónicas en las que factores genéticos, ambientales y hormonales contribuyen a su aparición. Además de tener un amplio espectro clínico, la interpretación de los diversos autoanticuerpos y técnicas utilizadas en el laboratorio también son un reto clínico. Dada la complejidad de estas enfermedades, es muy importante apoyarse en las pruebas de laboratorio para establecer un correcto diagnóstico, seguimiento y, en algunos casos inclusive, establecer pronósticos o predicción de la posible aparición de autoinmunidad. Con todo esto se pretende mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes disminuyendo la gran morbimortalidad de este grupo de enfermedades, especialmente al diagnosticarlas en etapas tempranas. La mayoría de las enfermedades reumatológicas se caracterizan por la alta producción de autoanticuerpos y reactantes de fase aguda, los cuales están implicados en su fisiopatología produciendo daño directo a nivel sistémico. Entre estas, el lupus eritematoso sistémico, la artritis reumatoide y el síndrome de Sjögren son las más reconocidas. Portales motivos, el objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una revisión que permita guiar tanto a médicos como a personal de laboratorio en la interpretación de los diferentes autoanticuerpos en enfermedades autoinmunes.
ABSTRACT Autoimmune diseases are a group of chronic diseases in which genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors contribute to their appearance. In addition to having a broad clinical spectrum, the interpretation of the various autoantibodies and techniques used in the laboratory is also a clinical challenge. Given the complexity of these diseases, it is very important to rely on the results of laboratory tests to establish a correct diagnosis and follow-up and, in some cases even to establish a prognosis or prediction of autoimmunity. Taking all this into account, it is intended to improve the quality of life of patients by decreasing the increased morbidity and mortality in this group of diseases, especially by early diagnosis. Most rheumatological diseases are characterised by the high production of auto-antibodies and acute phase reactants, which are involved in their pathophysiology, leading to systemic involvement. Among these, the most recognised are, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome. For these reasons, the objective of this project is to present a review that will help both physicians and laboratory personnel in the interpretation of the different autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases.