RESUMO
Cryptococcal meningitis is the most common cause of opportunistic meningitis in HIV-infected patients in Brazil and causes unacceptable high mortality rates. In this study, HIV-infected patients with a first episode of culture-proven cryptococcal meningitis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were prospectively included in order to evaluate sensitivity of cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) lateral flow assay (LFA) in serum, CSF, whole blood (fingerstick), and fresh urine. In addition, HIV-infected patients with other neurological confirmed diseases were included in order to evaluate the specificity of CrAg LFA in serum. Twenty patients with cryptococcal meningitis were included and in 19 of them, CrAg LFA in CSF, serum, and whole blood were positive (95% sensitivity). In 18 patients, India ink test was positive in CSF (90% sensitivity), and in 16 cases, CrAg LFA was positive in urine (80% sensitivity). Thirty-six HIV-infected patients with other neurological diseases had negative results of CrAg LFA in serum (100% specificity). In conclusion, CrAg LFA in serum, CSF, and whole blood showed high sensitivity and specificity. Whole blood CrAg LFA seems to be a good and reliable strategy to improve AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis diagnosis in Brazil.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Antígenos de Fungos/análise , Cryptococcus/imunologia , Imunoensaio/métodos , Meningite Criptocócica/diagnóstico , Adulto , Antígenos de Fungos/imunologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
We describe two Brazilian patients with HIV-associated neuromuscular weakness syndrome (HANWS), a unique clinical toxic syndrome that was recently reported in developed countries. Both patients were women, used stavudine and had hyperlactatemia, one of them with lactic acidosis. Electrophysiological studies were consistent with axonal neuropathy. After discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy the patients had significant improvement in neurologic manifestations, and normalization of lactate levels. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HANWS in developing countries. Growing use of antiretroviral therapy in this setting, particularly stavudine, make it likely that similar cases will be observed.
Assuntos
Acidose Láctica/induzido quimicamente , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/efeitos adversos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Debilidade Muscular/induzido quimicamente , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Debilidade Muscular/diagnóstico , Carga ViralRESUMO
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection epidemics increased the prevalence, multi-drug resistance and disseminated forms of tuberculosis. The central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis has high mortality and morbidity, and it is usually divided into diffuse (meningitis) and localized (tuberculoma and abscess) forms. We report three cases of cerebral tuberculomas in AIDS patients: one with definitive diagnosis, confirmed with histopathology, and two with probable diagnosis, based on clinical information, radiological images, Mycobaterium tuberculosis isolation out of the CNS and adequate response to antituberculous treatment. Further, we discuss diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic issues of tuberculomas, with emphasis in the distinction from cerebral tuberculous abscesses. Despite of their infrequent presentation, tuberculomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cerebral expansive lesions in patients with AIDS.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculoma Intracraniano/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Tuberculoma Intracraniano/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Several presentations of neurologic complications caused by JC virus (JCV) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients have been described and need to be distinguished from the "classic" form of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PMl). The objectives of this study were: 1) to describe the spectrum and frequency of presentations of JCV-associated central nervous system (CNS) diseases; 2) identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality of patients with JCV-associated CNS disease; and 3) to estimate the overall mortality of this population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of HIV-infected patients admitted consecutively for JCVassociated CNS diseases in a referral teaching center in São Paulo, Brazil, from 2002 to 2007. All patients with laboratory confirmed JCV-associated CNS diseases were included using the following criteria: compatible clinical and radiological features associated with the presence of JCV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid. JCV-associated CNS diseases were classified as follows: 1) classic PMl; 2) inflammatory PMl; and 3) JC virus granule cell neuronopathy (GCN). RESULTS: We included 47 cases. JCV-associated CNS diseases were classified as follows: 1) classic PMl: 42 (89%); 2) inflammatory PMl: three (6%); and 3) JC virus GCN: four (9%). Nosocomial pneumonia (p = 0.003), previous diagnosis of HIV infection (p = 0.03), and imaging showing cerebellar and/or brainstem involvement (p = 0.02) were associated with in-hospital mortality. overall mortality during hospitalization was 34%. CONCLUSIONS: Novel presentations of JCV-associated CNS diseases were observed in our setting; nosocomial pneumonia, previous diagnosis of HIV infection, and cerebellar and/or brainstem involvement were associated with in-hospital mortality; and overall mortality was high.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/mortalidade , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/mortalidade , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/virologia , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , DNA Viral/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Carga ViralRESUMO
Neurological disorders caused by Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are rarely reported in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) period. The objective of this study was to describe the main clinical and laboratory features of patients with CMV-related neurological complications in HIV-infected patients admitted to a referral center in São Paulo, Brazil. CMV disease requires the identification of the virus in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Thirteen cases were identified between January, 2004 and December, 2008. The median age of patients was 38 years and nine (69%) were men. At admission all patients were aware of their HIV status and only four (31%) patients were on HAART. Patients who were not on antiretroviral therapy before admission received HAART while inpatients. CMV disease was the first AIDS-defining illness in eight (62%) patients. The neurologic syndromes identified were diffuse encephalitis (n = 7; 62%), polyradiculopathy (n = 7; 54%), focal encephalitis (rhombencephalitis) (n = 1; 8%), and ventriculo-encephalitis (n = 1; 8%). Seven (54%) patients presented extra-neural CMV disease and four (31%) had retinitis. The median of CD4+ T-cell count was 13 cells/µL (range: 1-124 cells/µL). Overall in-hospital mortality was 38%. Eight patients used ganciclovir or foscarnet (in-hospital mortality: 50%) and five patients used ganciclovir and foscarnet (in-hospital mortality: 20%). None of the patients fulfilled the diagnosis criteria of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Four patients were lost to follow-up, and three patients presented immune recovery and discontinued secondary prophylaxis. Although infrequent, distinct neurological syndromes caused by CMV continue to cause high mortality among AIDS patients. Survival depends upon the use of effective antiviral therapy against CMV and the early introduction of HAART.
Assuntos
Complexo AIDS Demência/diagnóstico , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Complexo AIDS Demência/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/tratamento farmacológico , Foscarnet/uso terapêutico , Ganciclovir/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Cerebral tuberculomas constitute a major differential diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in developing countries. We report the case of a 34-year old woman co-infected with HIV and possible disseminated tuberculosis (hepatitis, lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusion) who presented a large and solitary intracranial mass lesion. Despite extensive diagnostic efforts, including brain, ganglionar, and liver biopsies, no definitive diagnosis was reached. However, a trial with first-line antituberculous drugs led to a significant clinical and radiological improvement. Atypical presentations of cerebral tuberculomas should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of intracranial mass lesions in HIV-infected patients and a trial with antituberculous drugs is a valuable strategy to infer the diagnosis in a subset of patients.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Tuberculoma Intracraniano/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Latin America is the region with the third most AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis infections globally. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the number of infections; however, the number of deaths and the case-fatality rate continues to be unacceptable. In this review, we focus on the burden of AIDS-related cryptococcosis in Latin America and discuss potential strategies to reduce early mortality from Cryptococcus. In this review, we highlight the importance of: (1) earlier HIV diagnosis and HAART initiation with retention-in-care to avoid AIDS; (2) pre-HAART cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) screening with preemptive fluconazole treatment; (3) better diagnostics (e.g. CRAG testing); and (4) optimal treatment with aggressive management of intracranial pressure and induction therapy with antifungal combination. Implementation of these strategies can reduce cryptococcal-related deaths, improve care, and reduce healthcare costs.
Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/mortalidade , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Meningite Criptocócica/mortalidade , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , América Latina/epidemiologia , Meningite Criptocócica/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Several presentations of neurologic complications caused by JC virus (JCV) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients have been described and need to be distinguished from the "classic" form of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PMl). The objectives of this study were: 1) to describe the spectrum and frequency of presentations of JCV-associated central nervous system (CNS) diseases; 2) identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality of patients with JCV-associated CNS disease; and 3) to estimate the overall mortality of this population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of HIV-infected patients admitted consecutively for JCVassociated CNS diseases in a referral teaching center in São Paulo, Brazil, from 2002 to 2007. All patients with laboratory confirmed JCV-associated CNS diseases were included using the following criteria: compatible clinical and radiological features associated with the presence of JCV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid. JCV-associated CNS diseases were classified as follows: 1) classic PMl; 2) inflammatory PMl; and 3) JC virus granule cell neuronopathy (GCN). RESULTS: We included 47 cases. JCV-associated CNS diseases were classified as follows: 1) classic PMl: 42 (89%); 2) inflammatory PMl: three (6%); and 3) JC virus GCN: four (9%). Nosocomial pneumonia (p = 0.003), previous diagnosis of HIV infection (p = 0.03), and imaging showing cerebellar and/or brainstem involvement (p = 0.02) were associated with in-hospital mortality. overall mortality during hospitalization was 34%. CONCLUSIONS: Novel presentations of JCV-associated CNS diseases were observed in our setting; nosocomial pneumonia, previous diagnosis of HIV infection, and cerebellar and/or brainstem involvement were associated with in-hospital mortality; and overall mortality was high.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/mortalidade , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/mortalidade , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/virologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , DNA Viral/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Carga ViralRESUMO
Cerebral tuberculomas constitute a major differential diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in developing countries. We report the case of a 34-year old woman co-infected with HIV and possible disseminated tuberculosis (hepatitis, lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusion) who presented a large and solitary intracranial mass lesion. Despite extensive diagnostic efforts, including brain, ganglionar, and liver biopsies, no definitive diagnosis was reached. However, a trial with first-line antituberculous drugs led to a significant clinical and radiological improvement. Atypical presentations of cerebral tuberculomas should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of intracranial mass lesions in HIV-infected patients and a trial with antituberculous drugs is a valuable strategy to infer the diagnosis in a subset of patients.
Os tuberculomas cerebrais constituem diagnóstico diferencial importante da toxoplasmose cerebral em pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) de países em desenvolvimento. Os autores relatam o caso de uma mulher HIV positiva de 34 anos de idade, que apresentou provável tuberculose disseminada (hepatite, adenomegalia, e derrame pleural) associada à lesão expansiva cerebral única e gigante. Apesar dos esforços diagnósticos realizados, incluindo biópsia cerebral, ganglionar e hepática, o diagnóstico etiológico não foi confirmado. Porém, a resposta clínico-radiológica ao tratamento tuberculostático permitiu definir o diagnóstico de tuberculoma cerebral e a paciente teve alta hospitalar. Apresentações atípicas de tuberculomas cerebrais devem ser sempre consideradas no diagnóstico diferencial das lesões expansivas cerebrais em pacientes infectados pelo HIV e o uso do tratamento tuberculostático constitui ferramenta útil na definição diagnóstica em um sub-grupo de pacientes.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Tuberculoma Intracraniano/tratamento farmacológico , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Neurological disorders caused by Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are rarely reported in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) period. The objective of this study was to describe the main clinical and laboratory features of patients with CMV-related neurological complications in HIV-infected patients admitted to a referral center in São Paulo, Brazil. CMV disease requires the identification of the virus in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Thirteen cases were identified between January, 2004 and December, 2008. The median age of patients was 38 years and nine (69 percent) were men. At admission all patients were aware of their HIV status and only four (31 percent) patients were on HAART. Patients who were not on antiretroviral therapy before admission received HAART while inpatients. CMV disease was the first AIDS-defining illness in eight (62 percent) patients. The neurologic syndromes identified were diffuse encephalitis (n = 7; 62 percent), polyradiculopathy (n = 7; 54 percent), focal encephalitis (rhombencephalitis) (n = 1; 8 percent), and ventriculo-encephalitis (n = 1; 8 percent). Seven (54 percent) patients presented extra-neural CMV disease and four (31 percent) had retinitis. The median of CD4+ T-cell count was 13 cells/µL (range: 1-124 cells/µL). Overall in-hospital mortality was 38 percent. Eight patients used ganciclovir or foscarnet (in-hospital mortality: 50 percent) and five patients used ganciclovir and foscarnet (in-hospital mortality: 20 percent). None of the patients fulfilled the diagnosis criteria of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Four patients were lost to follow-up, and three patients presented immune recovery and discontinued secondary prophylaxis. Although infrequent, distinct neurological syndromes caused by CMV continue to cause high mortality among AIDS patients. Survival depends upon the use of effective antiviral therapy against CMV and the early introduction of HAART.
As complicações neurológicas causadas pelo Citomegalovírus (CMV) em pacientes com aids são raramente relatadas na era HAART. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as principais características clínicas e laboratoriais de pacientes com complicações neurológicas associadas ao CMV em pacientes com aids admitidos em centro de referência em Sao Paulo, Brasil. A doença citomegálica precisou da identificação do vírus no líquor mediante a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Treze casos foram identificados entre janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2008. A mediana da idade foi 38 anos e nove (69 por cento) eram homens. Na admissão, todos os pacientes sabiam do seu status sorológico para o HIV e apenas quatro (31 por cento) pacientes usavam HAART. A doença citomegálica foi a primeira doença definidora de aids em oito (62 por cento) pacientes. As síndromes neurológicas identificadas foram: encefalite difusa (n = 7; 62 por cento), polirradiculopatia (n = 7; 54 por cento), encefalite focal (romboencefalite) (n = 1; 8 por cento), e ventrículo-encefalite (n = 1; 8 por cento). Sete (54 por cento) pacientes apresentaram doença citomegálica fora do sistema nervoso e quatro (31 por cento) tiveram retinite. A mediana da contagem de células CD4+ foi 13 células/µL. A mortalidade global durante a internação foi 38 por cento. Oito pacientes usaram ganciclovir ou foscarnet (mortalidade: 50 por cento) e cinco pacientes usaram ganciclovir e foscarnet (mortalidade: 20 por cento). Nenhum paciente apresentou critérios diagnósticos da síndrome inflamatória de reconstituição imunológica. Quatro pacientes foram perdidos do acompanhamento ambulatorial e três pacientes apresentaram reconstituição imunológica e descontinuaram as profilaxias secundárias. Embora raras, as particulares síndromes neurológicas causadas pelo CMV continuam causando elevada mortalidade em pacientes com aids. A sobrevida depende do uso de terapia antiviral efetiva contra o CMV e a introdução oportuna do HAART.
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complexo AIDS Demência/diagnóstico , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Complexo AIDS Demência/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/tratamento farmacológico , Foscarnet/uso terapêutico , Ganciclovir/uso terapêutico , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Few data are available about progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) from Brazil. The objectives of this study were to describe the main features of patients with PML and estimate its frequency among AIDS patients with central nervous system (CNS) opportunistic diseases admitted to the Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil, from April 2003 to April 2004. A retrospective and descriptive study was performed. Twelve (6 percent) cases of PML were identified among 219 patients with neurological diseases. The median age of patients with PML was 36 years and nine (75 percent) were men. Nine (75 percent) patients were not on antiretroviral therapy at admission. The most common clinical manifestations were: focal weakness (75 percent), speech disturbances (58 percent), visual disturbances (42 percent), cognitive dysfunction (42 percent), and impaired coordination (42 percent). The median CD4+ T-cell count was 45 cells/µL. Eight (67 percent) of 12 patients were laboratory-confirmed with PML and four (33 percent) were possible cases. Eleven (92 percent) presented classic PML and only one case had immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)-related PML. In four (33 percent) patients, PML was the first AIDS-defining illness. During hospitalization, three patients (25 percent) died as a result of nosocomial pneumonia and nine (75 percent) were discharged to home. Cases of PML were only exceeded by cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, and CNS tuberculosis, the three more frequent neurologic opportunistic infections in Brazil. The results of this study suggest that PML is not an uncommon HIV-related neurologic disorder in a referral center in Brazil.
Existe informação limitada sobre a presença da leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva (LEMP) em pacientes com aids no Brasil. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever as principais características dos pacientes com LEMP e estimar a freqüência desta doença em pacientes com aids e doenças oportunistas do sistema nervoso central (SNC) internados em um centro de referência de São Paulo, Brasil. Neste estudo retrospectivo e descritivo, identificamos 12 (6 por cento) casos de LEMP entre 219 pacientes com doenças neurológicas oportunistas do SNC. A idade média dos pacientes com LEMP foi 36 anos e 9 (75 por cento) eram do sexo masculino. As manifestações clínicas mais freqüentes foram: déficits focais (75 por cento), alterações da fala (58 por cento), alterações visuais (42 por cento), alterações cognitivas (42 por cento), e problemas de coordenação (42 por cento). A média da contagem de células T-CD4+ foi 45 células/µL. Oito (67 por cento) dos 12 pacientes com LEMP tiveram diagnóstico confirmado laboratorialmente e em quatro (33 por cento) casos o diagnóstico foi possível. Onze (92 por cento) pacientes apresentaram LEMP clássica e um caso teve LEMP associada à síndrome de reconstituição imune. Em quatro (33 por cento) pacientes, a LEMP foi a primeira doença definidora de aids. Durante a internação, três pacientes (25 por cento) faleceram devido a pneumonia hospitalar e nove (75 por cento) tiveram alta. A LEMP foi apenas ultrapassada em freqüência pela toxoplasmose cerebral, a meningoencefalite criptococócica e a neurotuberculose, as três mais freqüentes doenças neurológicas oportunistas no Brasil. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a LEMP não é uma complicação neurológica incomum em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV no nosso meio.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/epidemiologia , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/epidemiologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Brasil/epidemiologia , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/diagnóstico , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/virologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
We describe two Brazilian patients with HIV-associated neuromuscular weakness syndrome (HANWS), a unique clinical toxic syndrome that was recently reported in developed countries. Both patients were women, used stavudine and had hyperlactatemia, one of them with lactic acidosis. Eletrophysiological studies were consistent with axonal neuropathy. After discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy the patients had significant improvement in neurologic manifestations, and normalization of lactate levels. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HANWS in developing countries. Growing use of antiretroviral therapy in this setting, particularly stavudine, make it likely that similar cases will be observed.
Os autores descrevem dois pacientes brasileiros com a síndrome da fraqueza neuromuscular associada ao HIV, uma síndrome tóxica, clínicamente particular, que foi recentemente relatada em países desenvolvidos. Ambas pacientes eram do sexo feminino, usavam estavudina e apresentaram hiperlactatemia, uma delas com acidose láctica. Os exames electrofisiológicos foram consistentes com neuropatia axonal. As pacientes melhoraram significativamente das alterações neurológicas, assim como normalizaram os níveis de lactato, após descontinuar o uso dos antiretrovirais. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro relato da síndrome de fraqueza neuromuscular associada ao HIV em países em desenvolvimento. Nesse contexto, o uso crescente de antiretrovirais, particularmente a estavudina, possibilitarão que casos similares sejam observados.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Acidose Láctica/induzido quimicamente , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/efeitos adversos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Debilidade Muscular/induzido quimicamente , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Debilidade Muscular/diagnóstico , Carga ViralRESUMO
La aspergilosis cerebral es una causa rara de lesión expansiva cerebral en pacientes con SIDA. Presentamos el primer reporte de un absceso cerebral causado por Aspergillus fumigatus en un paciente brasileño con SIDA. El paciente, de 26 años de edad, presentaba antecedentes de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), tuberculosis pulmonar y toxoplasmosis cerebral. Manifestó fiebre, tos, disnea y dos episódios de convulsiones. La tomografía computadorizada (TC) demostró una lesión hipodensa parasagital y bi-parietal con realce periférico e importante efecto de masa. Se inició tratamiento anti-Toxoplasma. Tres semanas después, el paciente evidenció confusión mental y una nueva TC de cráneo mostró aumento de la lesión. Se realizó biopsia cerebral con drenaje de 10 mL de material purulento. El examen micológico directo reveló hifas hialinas septadas. Se inició anfotericina B deoxicolato. La cultura del material demostró presencia de Aspergillus fumigatus. En los siguientes dos meses el paciente fue sometido a otras tres cirugías, insertándose un catéter de drenaje y administrándose anfotericina B intralesional. Tres meses después de la admisión hospitalaria, la condición neurológica del paciente sufrió discretos cambios. Sin embargo, falleció debido a neumonia intrahospitalaria. Aunque muy raros, los abscesos cerebrales causados por Aspergillus fumigatus deben ser considerados en el diagnóstico diferencial de las lesiones expansivas cerebrales en pacientes con SIDA.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Aspergillus fumigatus/isolamento & purificação , Abscesso Encefálico/microbiologia , Neuroaspergilose/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Anfotericina B/uso terapêutico , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Brasil , Abscesso Encefálico/diagnóstico , Abscesso Encefálico/tratamento farmacológico , Evolução Fatal , Neuroaspergilose/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
A epidemia da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) aumentou a prevalência, multiresistência e formas disseminadas da tuberculose. O acometimento neurológico da tuberculose apresenta elevada morbidade e mortalidade, classificando-se em formas difusas (meningite) e localizadas (tuberculoma e abscesso). Relatamos três casos de tuberculomas cerebrais em pacientes com AIDS: um deles com diagnóstico definitivo, confirmado com histopatologia e dois com diagnóstico provável, baseado em informação clínica, radiológica, isolamento de Mycobaterium tuberculosis fora do sistema nervoso central e adequada resposta ao tratamento tuberculostático. Discutimos também aspectos diagnósticos, terapêuticos e prognósticos dos tuberculomas, enfatizando suas diferenças com os abscesos tuberculosos cerebrais. Apesar de serem relatados de forma infreqüente, os tuberculomas devem sempre ser considerados no diagnóstico diferencial das lesões expansivas cerebrais em pacientes com AIDS.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculoma Intracraniano/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Tuberculoma Intracraniano/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Recentemente, a reagudização da doença de Chagas (meningoencefalite e/ou miocardite) foi incluída na lista de doenças indicativas de aids no Brasil. Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente de 52 anos de idade, natural de área rural da Bahia e procedente de uma área urbana de São Paulo, sem história de doenças prévias e que apresentou meningoencefalite aguda. As sorologias e pesquisas parasitológicas diretas no sangue e no liquido cefalorraquideano (LCR) demonstraram presença de Trypanosoma cruzi, confirmando-se o diagnóstico mediante cultura do LCR. O teste rápido assim como os ELISA e Western Blot diagnosticaram infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Apesar do tratamento com benzonidazole e as medidas de suporte, o paciente faleceu 24 horas depois da admissão hospitalar. Em áreas endêmicas, a reagudização da doença de Chagas deve ser sempre considerada no diagnóstico diferencial das meningoencefalites e sua presença em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV é indicativa de aids.