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1.
Hum Antibodies ; 30(4): 177-182, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36641663

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection is immune-mediated, and an understanding of HIV immunology will be beneficial in the management of HIV infectionOBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to measure the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ in asymptomatic HIV patients and non-HIV subjects, as well as their relationship with CD4 count. METHOD: Blood samples were collected from 173 subjects, consisting of 125 asymptomatic HIV patients (44 HAART-naïve and 81 on HAART) and 48 non-HIV subjects. The IFN-, IL-6, and TNF- levels in the blood were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and the CD4 count of all participants was determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS: Regardless of treatment status, the IFN-γ levels of non-HIV subjects were significantly higher than those of HIV patients (p< 0.001). The opposite was true for IL-6, as the levels of IL-6 in non-HIV subjects were significantly lower than those in HAART-naïve HIV patients (p< 0.001) and those on HAART (p< 0.01). TNF-α levels did not differ between HIV patients and their non-HIV counterparts. Generally, the levels of these cytokines was not affected (p> 0.05) by immunosuppression (measured by CD4 count < 200 cells/µL) and there was no significant correlation between CD4 count and these cytokines (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, asymptomatic HIV infection decreased IFN-γ, increased IL-6, and had no effect on TNF-α levels, regardless of treatment status. Immunosuppression had no impact on these cytokine levels, and there was no relationship between them and CD4 counts.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Interferon gama , Interleucina-6 , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Nigéria , Tromboplastina , Citocinas , Necrose
2.
Int J Health Sci (Qassim) ; 12(6): 25-29, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30534040

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not uncommon among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Severity of HBV infection and treatment outcome are associated with specific HBV genotypes. No study has reported the types of HBV genotypes circulating among HIV-infected subjects in Nigeria. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of HBV, as well as its genotypic distribution among HIV-infected subjects in Benin City, Nigeria. METHODS: Whole blood was collected from a total of 564 HIV-infected and 250 apparently healthy HIV-negative subjects. Serodiagnosis of HBV infection was done using an immunochromatographic kit. Detection of HBV-DNA and sequencing of amplicons were done using standard molecular techniques. RESULTS: HIV status was not significantly associated with HBV seroinfection (HIV vs. non-HIV: 4.6% vs. 4.0%; odds ratio = 1.168, 95% confidence interval = 0.550, 2.444, and P = 0.854). HIV-infected subjects were observed to have an insignificantly (P = 0.645) higher prevalence of true HBV infection than their non-HIV-infected counterparts (HIV positive vs. HIV negative: 23.1% vs. 10.0%). All patients with true HBV infection were found to harbor HBV genotype E, which did not cluster around other HBV genotype E. CONCLUSION: This study reports novel strains of HBV genotype E circulating in Nigeria.

3.
Oman Med J ; 32(3): 207-213, 2017 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28584601

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Because of lack of data on the prevalence of sulfadoxine antibody, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of sulfadoxine antibodies and its possible risk factors. METHODS: Blood specimens were collected from 500 patients undergoing treatment for malaria at Central Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information and sociodemographic data. Sulfadoxine antibodies were detected by drug absorption (DAT) and immune complex (IMC) methods. ABO, rhesus blood group, and hemoglobin (Hb) phenotype were determined by using standard technique. RESULTS: DAT method had a significantly higher rate of detecting sulfadoxine antibodies compared to IMC method (p = 0.019). Age, gender, and level of education did not affect the prevalence of sulfadoxine antibodies (p > 0.050). Patients that were an artisan (p < 0.001), married (p = 0.025), living in a two-room apartment (p = 0.003), had history of drug reaction, consumed antimalarial drug (maloxine), and consumed sulfadoxine-containing drug within the last month (p < 0.001 each), and significantly affected the prevalence of sulfadoxine antibodies. Individuals with Hb phenotype AA had significantly higher prevalence of sulfadoxine antibodies (p < 0.001), and presence of rhesus D antigen was associated with sulfadoxine antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: An overall prevalence of 22.0% among the tested individuals had sulfadoxine antibodies. Prudent use of sulfadoxine containing drugs is advocated.

4.
Soc Work Public Health ; 32(2): 131-140, 2017 02 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27719508

RESUMO

This study aimed at assessing knowledge of HIV/AIDS among residents of three rural communities in Nigeria. A total of 371 persons residing in selected rural communities were recruited for this study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from all participants. Results of the study showed a generally high level of awareness of HIV/AIDS in all communities surveyed. However, among study participants, knowledge of mode of prevention and management of HIV infection was poor as was knowledge of HIV status and readiness to utilize free voluntary counseling and testing for HIV/AIDS services. Scale-up of HIV/AIDS education by relevant health authorities is strongly advocated.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , População Rural , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nigéria , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
5.
Ethiop J Health Sci ; 25(1): 3-8, 2015 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25733779

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A good proportion of pregnant women patronize traditional birth homes in Nigeria for ante-natal care. This study aimed at determining the prevalence, risk factors, and susceptibility profile of etiologic agents of urinary tract infection among ante-natal attendees in a traditional birth home in Benin City, Nigeria. METHODS: Clean-catch urine was collected from 220 pregnant women attending a traditional birth home in Benin City, Nigeria. Urine samples were processed, and microbial isolates identified using standard bacteriological procedures. A cross-sectional study design was used. RESULTS: The prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women was 55.0%, significantly affected by parity and gestational age (P<0.05). Mixed infection was recorded among 13(10.7%) pregnant women, and was unaffected by maternal age, parity, gravidity, gestational age, and educational status. Irrespective of trimester Escherichia coli was the most prevalent etiologic agent of urinary tract infection, followed by Staphylococcus aureus. The flouroquinolones were the most effective antibacterial agents, while Sulphamethoxazole-trimetoprim, Amoxicillin, Nalidixic acid, and Nitrofurantoin had poor activity against uropathogens isolated. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women was 55.0% and significantly affected by gestational age and parity. The most prevalent etiologic agent observed was Escherichia coli. With the exception of the flouroquinolones, aminoglycoside, and Amoxicillin-cluvanate, the activity of other antibiotics used on uropathogens were poor. Health education of the traditional birth attendant and her clients by relevant intervention agencies is strongly advocated.


Assuntos
Bacteriúria/epidemiologia , Escherichia coli , Idade Gestacional , Paridade , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriúria/tratamento farmacológico , Bacteriúria/etiologia , Bacteriúria/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Feminino , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Nitrofurantoína/uso terapêutico , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/etiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologia , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Prevalência , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Urinárias/etiologia , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Adulto Jovem
6.
Afr Health Sci ; 15(4): 1123-9, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26958012

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The traditional birth attendant delivers majority of pregnant women in Nigeria. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors for delivery of low birth weight (LBW) neonates in a Traditional Birth Home (TBH)in Benin City, Nigeria. METHODS: A total of 780 pregnant women who received ante-natal care at a TBH and live singletons born to them were recruited for this study. Venous blood was collected from all pregnant women at onset of labour, and haemogblobin concentration determined using standard method. RESULTS: The prevalence of low birth weight was 6.3%, and was significantly affected by maternal age (P =0.039), gestational age (P=0.019), maternal height (P = 0.001), marital status (P = 0.015), and time of registration (P = 0.016). Being in a polygamous union, was significantly associated with the prevalence of LBW (OR = 13.640; 95%CI: = 6.148, 30.261; P = < 0.0001). Maternal anaemia was identified as a risk factor for the delivering of LBW neonates (OR = 2.797; 95% CI = 1.555, 5.029; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of low birth weight was 6.3%. Intervention by appropriate agencies is advocated to reduce LBW in TBHs in Nigeria.


Assuntos
Anemia/complicações , Parto Obstétrico/estatística & dados numéricos , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Tocologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Anemia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Idade Materna , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Paridade , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto Jovem
8.
Iran J Parasitol ; 9(3): 415-22, 2014 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25678927

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: This study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors for asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia and anemia among blood donors in a private medical laboratory in Benin City, Nigeria. METHODS: Venous blood was collected from a total of 247 blood donors. Malaria status, ABO, Rhesus blood groups and hemoglobin concentration of all participants were determined using standard methods. RESULTS: The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection was higher among commercial blood donors than volunteer group (commercial vs volunteer donor: 27.5 %vs. 13.8%; OR = 2.373, 95% CI = 0.793, 7.107, P = 0.174). Asymptomatic malaria was not significantly affected by gender (P = 0.733), age (P = 0.581), ABO (P = 0.433) and rhesus blood groups (P = 0.806) of blood donors. Age was observed to significantly (P = 0.015) affect malaria parasite density with donors within the age group of 21-26 years having the highest risk. The prevalence of anemia was significantly higher among commercial donors (commercial vs volunteer donors: 23.4% vs 3.4%: OR = 8.551, 95% CI = 1.135, 64.437, P = 0.013) and donors of blood group O type (P = < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia and anemia was higher among commercial donors than voluntary donors. Mandatory screening of blood donors for malaria parasite is advocated to curb transfusion transmitted malaria and associated sequelae.

9.
Libyan J Med ; 8(1): 20322, 2013 03 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23510937

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Candidiasis is the commonest opportunistic fungal infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). CD4+ lymphocyte counts have been found to be a marker of HIV disease progression. AIM: This study focused on determining the spectrum of Candida isolates in urine, stool, and oral specimens among HIV patients in a tertiary hospital. METHODS: A total of 300 subjects comprising of 200 HIV patients and 100 non-HIV subjects were used for this study. Three samples (urine, stool, and oral swab) were collected from each subject. Each specimen was processed using standard microbiological techniques and emergent Candida isolates were identified with CHROMagar™ Candida and sugar fermentation tests. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of Candida colonisation among HIV patients was 52.5%. HAART-naive patients had a significantly higher prevalence (OR = 3.65; 95% CI = 2.03-6.56; p<0.0001) than their counterpart on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.13-3.50; p=0.0232). Female gender was a significant risk factor for acquiring Candida infection (OR = 3.40; 95% CI = 1.14-10.13; p=0.0289). The effect of age on prevalence of candidiasis was observed among HIV patients on HAART (p=0.0161). A CD4+ count <200 cells/µl was a significant risk factor for acquiring candidal infection only among HAART-naive patients (OR = 4.37; 95% CI = 1.60-11.95; p=0.0042). The five species of Candida recovered from this study were C. albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata. CONCLUSION: There is a significant relationship between antiretroviral therapy, CD4+ counts, and the prevalence of candidiasis.


Assuntos
Candida/isolamento & purificação , Candidíase/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Candida/classificação , Candidíase/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mucosa Bucal/microbiologia , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Urina/microbiologia , Adulto Jovem
10.
Saf Health Work ; 4(2): 100-4, 2013 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23961333

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess public and private medical diagnostic laboratories in Nigeria for the presence of biosafety equipment, devices, and measures. METHODS: A total of 80 diagnostic laboratories in biosafety level 3 were assessed for the presence of biosafety equipment, devices, and compliance rate with biosafety practices. A detailed questionnaire and checklist was used to obtain the relevant information from enlisted laboratories. RESULTS: The results showed the presence of an isolated unit for microbiological work, leak-proof working benches, self-closing doors, emergency exits, fire extinguisher(s), autoclaves, and hand washing sinks in 21.3%, 71.3%, 15.0%, 1.3%, 11.3%, 82.5%, and 67.5%, respectively, of all laboratories surveyed. It was observed that public diagnostic laboratories were significantly more likely to have an isolated unit for microbiological work (p = 0.001), hand washing sink (p = 0.003), and an autoclave (p ≤ 0.001) than private ones. Routine use of hand gloves, biosafety cabinet, and a first aid box was observed in 35.0%, 20.0%, and 2.5%, respectively, of all laboratories examined. Written standard operating procedures, biosafety manuals, and biohazard signs on door entrances were observed in 6.3%, 1.3%, and 3.8%, respectively, of all audited laboratories. No biosafety officer(s) or records of previous spills, or injuries and accidents, were observed in all diagnostic laboratories studied. CONCLUSION: In all laboratories (public and private) surveyed, marked deficiencies were observed in the area of administrative control responsible for implementing biosafety. Increased emphasis on provision of biosafety devices and compliance with standard codes of practices issued by relevant authorities is strongly advocated.

11.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 89(1): 157-61, 2013 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23629938

RESUMO

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons are commonly infected with Cryptosporidium species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in both developed and developing countries, particularly patients with CD4+ cell counts below 200 cells/µL; 285 HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were enrolled in this study, and both stool and blood specimens were collected from participants. The stool specimens were analyzed and typed for E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. CD4 count was analyzed using flow cytometry. E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium were detected in 18 (6.3%) and 4 (1.4%) patients, respectively. The E. bieneusi detected mostly belonged to a new genotype group that, thus far, has only been found in a few humans: genotype Nig4 in 2 patients and two new genotypes related to Nig4 in 12 patients. The Cryptosporidium detected included C. hominis (two patients), C. parvum (one patient), and C. felis (one patient), with the two C. hominis infections belonging to an unusual subtype family. Additional studies are required to determine whether some E. bieneusi genotypes and C. hominis subtypes are more prevalent in HIV patients on HAART.


Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/parasitologia , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Criptosporidiose/etiologia , Cryptosporidium , Enterocytozoon , Microsporidiose/etiologia , Adulto , Sequência de Bases , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Cryptosporidium/genética , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Enterocytozoon/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Microsporidiose/microbiologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fatores de Risco
12.
J Res Health Sci ; 12(1): 15-8, 2012.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22888709

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Plasmodium falciparum infection is endemic in most tropical countries and will definitely infect Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive patients living in this region at one time or the other during the course of their infection. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of malaria infection in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Benin City, Nigeria. METHODS: A total of 285 (84 males and 201 females) adults attending the hospital were enrolled in this study between July 2010 and June 2011. Blood specimens were collected from each participant and processed for CD4 counts, P. falciparum detection and hemoglobin concentration using standard procedures. The software INSTAT (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) was used for all statistical analyses. RESULTS: A total of 6 (2.11%) out of 285 HIV infected patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral therapy (HAART) treatment had malaria and anemia. CD4 count < 200 cells/microl was significantly associated with P. falciparum infection with odd ratio estimate of 11.61 (95% CI: 2.06, 65.48; P < 0.004). Anemia was significantly associated with asymptomatic malaria infection among HIV patients on HAART with an odd ratio of 16.47 (95%: CI: 0.919, 295.5; P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: The study reveals a low prevalence of asymptomatic malaria among HIV patients on HAART. Measures to reduce malaria infection and anemia among HIV patients on HAART are advocated.


Assuntos
Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Soropositividade para HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Malária Falciparum/epidemiologia , Plasmodium falciparum/isolamento & purificação , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Nigéria/epidemiologia
13.
Oman Med J ; 27(3): 232-6, 2012 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22811774

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of malaria and anemia among pregnant women attending a traditional birth center as well as the effect of herbal remedies, gravidity, age, educational background and malaria prevention methods on their prevalence. METHODS: Blood specimens were collected from 119 pregnant women attending a Traditional Birth Home in Benin City, Nigeria. Malaria parasitemia was diagnosed by microscopy while anemia was defined as hemoglobin concentration <11 g/dL. RESULTS: The prevalence of malaria infection was (OR=4.35 95% CI=1.213, 15.600; p=0.016) higher among primigravidae (92.1%). Pregnant women (38.5%) with tertiary level of education had significantly lower prevalence of malaria infection (p=0.002). Malaria significantly affected the prevalence of anemia (p<0.05). Anemia was associated with consumption of herbal remedies (OR=2.973; 95% CI=1.206, 7.330; p=0.017). The prevalence of malaria parasitemia and anemia were not affected by malaria prevention methods used by the participants. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of malaria infection and anemia observed in this study were 78.9% and 46.2%, respectively. Higher prevalence of malaria infection was associated with primigravidae and lower prevalence with tertiary education of subjects. Anemia was associated with consumption of herbal remedies. There is urgent need to control the prevalence of malaria and anemia among pregnant women attending traditional birth homes.

14.
J Infect Dev Ctries ; 6(5): 430-5, 2012 May 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22610710

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Human co-infection with Plasmodium falciparum and helminthes is ubiquitous throughout Africa. This study aimed to determine the co-infections of Plasmodium falciparum infection in HIV and intestinal parasitic infections, and their immunological distribution, in Benin City, Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: A total of 2,000 stool specimens from HIV-positive patients and 500 controls (HIV-negative individuals) were examined for ova, cysts, or parasites using standard procedures. In addition, patients' blood samples were analyzed for CD4 counts by flow cytometry and examined for Plasmodium falciparum by microscopy. RESULTS: The prevalence of single parasitic infection among HIV patients was 18.1% in males and 16.9% among females with no significant difference (p = 0.536) while gender was a risk factor in multiple parasitic infections (male versus female: 4.2% and 1.8% OR = 2.384; 95% CI = 1.371, 4.147) (p = 0.0025). Increasing age was not associated with increased risk of both single and multiple parasitic infections (p = 0.083; p = 0.248). CD4 + T cell count less than 200 cells/µl was a risk factor for acquiring single and multiple parasitic infections among HIV patients (OR = 5.565; 95% CI = 4.136, 7.486; p = 0.0001; OR = 4.283; 95% CI = 2.424, 7.566; p = 0.0001). The most common co-infection observed was between Plasmodium falciparum and Ascaris lumbricoides 43% (10) among HIV patients. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence of co-infections between Plasmodium falciparum and intestinal parasites. Diagnosis of parasitic infections among HIV patients is advocated as this will enhance better management of HIV-infected patients.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/complicações , Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Malária Falciparum/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Microscopia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Parasitemia/epidemiologia
15.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 86(3): 441-5, 2012 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22403314

RESUMO

Molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi has led to better understanding of microsporidiosis transmission in humans. This study aimed to detect and genotype E. bieneusi in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. Stool specimens were collected from 463 HIV-infected patients and analyzed for E. bieneusi by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer. E. bieneusi was detected in 77 HIV patients. CD4 cell counts < 200 cells/µL was associated with E. bieneusi infection (P = 0.09). E. bieneusi was significantly associated with weight loss (P < 0.0001), diarrhea (P = 0.006), fever (P < 0.0001), not being married (P < 0.0001), and flush type of toilet (P = 0.0007). Six known genotypes of D, A, IV, CAF2, EbpA, and Peru 8 in 31, 22, 14, 2, 1, and 1 patients, respectively, five novel genotypes of E. bieneusi, and one infection with mixed genotypes were observed in this study. Three of the novel genotypes were genetically distant to the genotypes commonly found in humans.


Assuntos
DNA Fúngico/genética , Enterocytozoon/genética , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Microsporidiose/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia Molecular/métodos , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Enterocytozoon/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Genótipo , HIV , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Microsporidiose/complicações , Microsporidiose/fisiopatologia , Microsporidiose/transmissão , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Fatores de Risco , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Adulto Jovem
16.
Malays J Med Sci ; 18(2): 27-31, 2011 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22135583

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Lower respiratory tract infections are among the most common infectious diseases of humans worldwide and continue to be a major cause of morbidity in Nigeria. This study focused on determining the microbial agents of lower respiratory tract infections, the effect of age and gender on its prevalence, and the susceptibility profile of bacterial isolates. METHODS: Sputum specimens were collected from 1539 patients with symptoms of lower respiratory tract infections. The sputum specimens were processed to recover microbial aetiologic agents and susceptibility profiles of bacterial isolates were determined using standard techniques. RESULTS: An overall prevalence of 18.91% of lower respiratory tract infections was observed in this study. There is no difference in the prevalence of lower respiratory tract infection between the genders (P = 0.649). The prevalence of lower respiratory tract infections increases significantly with age (P < 0.001), with patients 71 years and older having the highest prevalence. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most predominant isolate causing lower respiratory tract infection while Acinetobacter species were the least predominant isolate. The fluoroquinolones, ß-lactams, and gentamicin showed moderate to high activity. CONCLUSION: Gender did not affect the prevalence, but age did. ß-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and gentamicin were the most active antibacterial agents and, therefore, the drugs of choice in treating lower respiratory tract infections in our setting.

17.
Ethiop J Health Sci ; 21(3): 191-4, 2011 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22434999

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: There are a number of conflicting studies on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in HIV infection with regards to different seasons. This study was conducted to determine seasonal influence on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in HIV-positive persons in Benin City, Nigeria. METHODS: Stool specimens from 2000 HIV-positive patients and 500 controls (HIV-negative individuals) were examined for ova, cysts or parasites using standard procedures. RESULTS: More intestinal parasitic infections were observed in the rainy season (17.6%) than the dry season (12.3%) (OR = 1.526, 95% CI = 1.184, 1.967, p = 0.0013). Male patients (18.3) had more episodes of intestinal parasitic infections than their female (13.7) counterparts (OR = 1.403, 95% CI = 1.092, 1.803, p = 0.0096). CONCLUSION: Cryptosporidium species and Strongyloides stercoralis were the only parasitic agents that were associated with rainy season.

18.
Tanzan J Health Res ; 13(1): 8-13, 2011 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24409641

RESUMO

Parasitic infections continue to take their toll on HIV positive patients by influencing the blood qualitatively and quantitatively. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in relation to anaemia and CD4 counts among HIV-infected patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Using a serial sampling method, a total of 2000 HIV-infected patients were recruited on their first visit prior to highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital from August 2007 to August 2009. Stool and blood samples were collected from each patient. The stool samples were processed using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique to microscopically identify the oocysts of Cryptosporidium species, Isospora belli, Cyclospora species and spores of Microsporidium species while saline and iodine preparations were used for identifying the ova, cysts and parasites of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Taenia spp and other parasites. The blood specimens were equally analyzed using the flow cytometry for CD4+ T-lymphocyte count and autoanalyzer - sysmex kx - 21 for haemoglobin concentration. The overall prevalence of anaemia was 93.3% while 18% had parasitic infections. There was a significant relationship between CD4 count <200cells/microL and anaemia (P<0.0001). Cryptosporidium species (P= 0.005), A. lumbricoides (P=0.035), hookworm and Taenia species (P=0.014) were associated with anaemia. Anaemia was associated with CD4 count while Cryptosporidium species, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Taenia species were the intestinal parasitic agents associated with anaemia. In conclusion the prevalence of anaemia in HIV-infected patients is high low CD4 count is a significant risk factor of acquiring anaemia. Except for isosporiasis, cryptosporidiosis, A. lumbricoides, hookworm and Taenia species in HIV infected individuals are parasitic agents associated with anaemia. Routine screening for intestinal parasites and holistic management of anaemia is advocated.


Assuntos
Anemia/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Anemia/parasitologia , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/parasitologia , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/sangue , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Prevalência
19.
N Am J Med Sci ; 3(2): 75-7, 2011 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22540069

RESUMO

AIM: To determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in Okada, a rural community in Nigeria, and the effect of age and gender on its prevalence as well as the etiologic agents and the susceptibility profile of the bacterial agents. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Clean-catch midstream urine was collected from 514 patients (49 males and 465 females). The urine samples were processed and microbial isolates identified. Susceptibility testing was performed on all bacterial isolates. RESULT: The prevalence of urinary tract infection was significantly higher in females compared to males (female vs. male: 42.80% vs. 10.20%; OR = 6.583. 95% CI = 2.563,16.909; P < 0.0001). Age had no effect on the prevalence of UTI. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent isolate generally and in females, while Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant isolate causing urinary tract infection in males. The flouroquinnolones were the most active antibacterial agents. CONCLUSION: An overall prevalence of 39.69% was observed in this study. Females had a 3 to 17 fold increase risk of acquiring UTI, than their male counterpart. Escherichia coli were the predominant isolates causing UTI.

20.
J Res Health Sci ; 11(2): 109-13, 2011 Nov 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22911961

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Wound infections are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Etiologic agents of wound infections vary with geographical locations. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of wound infections, the effect of age and gender on the prevalence as well as the etiologic agents and their susceptibility to antibacterial agents. METHODS: Wound swabs collected from 2061 patients were processed to investigate etiologic agents using standard technique. Disc susceptibility of bacterial agents was determined. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of wound infections was 64.8%. The prevalence of wound infections was not significantly affected by gender but was significantly affected by age (P<0.001). The prevalence of wound infections was minimum among age group of <5 years old (20.0%) and maximum among the age group of 36-40 years old (77.5%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent etiologic agent (21.5%). ß-lactams, fluoroquinolones and gentamicin were the most effective antibacterial agents. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of wound infections was high and was only affected by age. Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant etiologic agent and ß-lactam antibiotics are recommended.

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