RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Bullying is defined as the perception of negative actions in which the target has difficulty in defending themself. Bullying can include verbal, physical, and psychological force used to influence the target's behavior. We sought to understand the factors associated with bullying identified in vascular surgery trainees and the barriers to reporting. METHODS: An anonymous electronic survey consisting of demographic information and validated scales for bullying (negative acts questionnaire - revised [NAQ-R]), social support, and grit was sent to vascular surgery trainees in the United States. The respondents who had reported experiencing bullying were compared with those who had not been bullied. RESULTS: Of the 516 trainees invited, 132 (26%) completed the survey. Of these 132 trainees, 63 (48%) reported having been bullied or witnessing a fellow trainee being bullied in the previous 6 months, with 42 (32%) reporting having been bullied. Gender, marital status, paradigm of vascular training, grit level, and social support did not predict for the receipt of bullying, although those in the highest quartile of grit showed a trend toward lower NAQ-R scores (P = .06). As expected, the trainees that reported having experienced bullying had had higher NAQ-R scores (P < .0001). No trainee reported daily bullying; however, 52% reported bullying "now and then" or several times a week. The most common perpetrator was their direct superior surgeon, although 12 (29%) had reported bullying from co-residents and 6 (14%) had reported bullying from patients. Of the 42 trainees who had reported experiencing bullying, 15 (36%) did not address the bullying behavior. The most common barriers to reporting bullying identified were fear of loss of support from their supervisor (48%), loss of reputation (45%), and effect on career choices (43%). Of those who reported addressing the behavior, 56% reported that the behavior had continued. Of the 132 respondents, 70 (53%) reported no knowledge of institution-specific policies to address bullying in their program. The most common reasons identified for why bullying might occur in vascular training programs were "high stress environments" and "learned behavior" from others. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that bullying occurs for a significant number of vascular trainees. However, we did not find any clearly identified factors predictive of who will experience bullying. Trainees with higher grit might experience less bullying or be more likely to have a lower perception of bullying behavior. Further research is needed to determine the effects of bullying on vascular trainees.