Effects of cardiac rehabilitation on in vivo nailfold microcirculation in patients with cardiovascular disease.

This study aimed to explore the impact of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on in vivo and ex vivo microcirculation, exercise capacity, and oxidative stress in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The study included patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS; n = 45; age, 69.0 ± 14.1 years) and heart failure (HF; n = 66; age, 77.3 ± 10.7 years) who underwent supervised CR during hospitalization. The control group comprised patients without CVD (NCVD; n = 20; age, 75.9 ± 11.2 years). In vivo microcirculatory observations using nailfold video capillary endoscopy at rest and during hyperemia, exercise capacity, and oxidative stress were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks after discharge. Baseline capillary densities were significantly lower in the ACS (5.0 ± 1.7 capillaries/mm2) and HF (4.9 ± 1.7 capillaries/mm2) groups than in the NCVD group (6.5 ± 1.1 capillaries/mm2, p < 0.01). Similarly, capillary density during reactive hyperemia was significantly lower in the ACS (5.8 ± 1.7 capillaries/mm2) and HF (5.4 ± 1.8 capillaries/mm2) groups than in the NCVD group (7.3 ± 1.4 capillaries/mm2, p < 0.01). Patients with ACS and HF had increased capillary densities at 12 weeks compared with at baseline (p < 0.05). This improvement was particularly pronounced among post-discharge outpatient CR participants (n = 20). Grip strength, exercise capacity, and oxidative stress improved at 12 weeks. Baseline capillary density changes were positively correlated with grip strength changes (r = 0.45, p < 0.001). CR significantly improved nailfold capillary density in patients with ACS and HF 12 weeks after discharge.

Pathophysiology and Treatment of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a condition in which an organic thrombus remains in the pulmonary artery (PA) even after receiving anticoagulation therapy for more than 3 months and is complicated by pulmonary hypertension (PH), leading to right-sided heart failure and death. CTEPH is a progressive pulmonary vascular disease with a poor prognosis if left untreated. The standard treatment for CTEPH is pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA), which is usually performed only in specialized centers. In recent years, balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) and drug therapy for CTEPH have also shown good results. This review discusses the complex pathogenesis of CTEPH and presents the standard of care, PEA, as well as a new device called BPA, which is showing remarkable progress in efficacy and safety. Additionally, several drugs are now demonstrating established evidence of efficacy in treating CTEPH.

Uric Acid-Induced Enhancements of Kv1.5 Protein Expression and Channel Activity via the Akt-HSF1-Hsp70 Pathway in HL-1 Atrial Myocytes.

BACKGROUND: Intracellular uric acid is known to increase the protein level and channel current of atrial Kv1.5; however, mechanisms of the uric acid-induced enhancement of Kv1.5 expression remain unclear. Methods and Results: The effects of uric acid on mRNA and protein levels of Kv1.5, as well as those of Akt, HSF1 and Hsp70, in HL-1 cardiomyocytes were studied by using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The uptake of uric acid was measured using radio-labeled uric acid. The Kv1.5-mediated channel current was also measured by using patch clamp techniques. Uric acid up-taken by HL-1 cells significantly increased the level of Kv1.5 proteins in a concentration-dependent manner, with this increase abolished by an uric acid transporter inhibitor. Uric acid slowed degradation of Kv1.5 proteins without altering its mRNA level. Uric acid enhanced phosphorylation of Akt and HSF1, and thereby increased both transcription and translation of Hsp70; these effects were abolished by a PI3K inhibitor. Hsp70 knockdown abolished the uric acid-induced increases of Kv1.5 proteins and channel currents. CONCLUSIONS: Intracellular uric acid could stabilize Kv1.5 proteins through phosphorylation of Akt and HSF1 leading to enhanced expression of Hsp70.

Effects of Anticholinergic Drugs Used for the Therapy of Overactive Bladder on P-Glycoprotein Activity.

We evaluated the effects of anticholinergic drugs principally used for the therapy of overactive bladder (OAB) on the activity of P-glycoprotein, an efflux transport protein, in Caco-2 cells. The time-dependent changes in the fluorescence of residual rhodamine 123, a P-glycoprotein activity marker, in the apical region of Caco-2 cells were measured in the presence of anticholinergic drugs using time-lapse confocal laser scanning microscopy. The effect of anticholinergic drugs on human P-glycoprotein ATPase activity was also measured. The fluorescence of residual rhodamine 123 in untreated Caco-2 cells decreased over time. The gradual decrease in the fluorescence was significantly inhibited by treatment with cyclosporine A, darifenacin, and trospium. In contrast, oxybutynin, N-desethyl-oxybutynin (DEOB), propiverine, and its active metabolites (M-1, M-2), imidafenacin, solifenacin, or tolterodine had little effect on the efflux of rhodamine 123. P-Glycoprotein ATPase activity was increased by darifenacin. Darifenacin and trospium reduced the rhodamine 123 transfer across the apical cell membrane. These data suggest that darifenacin and trospium interact with P-glycoprotein. Additionally, darifenacin influenced P-glycoprotein ATPase activity. These results suggest that darifenacin may be a substrate of P-glycoprotein. This study is the first paper to test simultaneously the effects of 10 anticholinergic drugs used currently for the therapy of OAB, on the P-glycoprotein.

Uric acid lowering in relation to HbA1c reductions with the SGLT2 inhibitor tofogliflozin.

An integrated analysis was performed with data from 4 phase 2 and phase 3 studies of tofogliflozin in which patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus received the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor tofogliflozin for up to 24 weeks. Sex differences, baseline haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and serum uric acid (UA) levels, and log10 -transformed urinary N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase ratio were significantly correlated with the reduction in serum UA levels at both 4 and 24 weeks in multivariate analysis (respectively, P < .0001). The decrease in HbA1c levels was greatest in the group with the highest baseline HbA1c level (quartile 4; HbA1c > 8.6%) and lowest in the group with the lowest baseline HbA1c level (quartile 1; HbA1c ≤ 7.4%). The decrease in serum UA levels was greatest in the quartile 1 group and lowest in the quartile 4 group. In most groups, the maximum decrease in serum UA levels was seen in the first 4 weeks, while the maximum decrease in HbA1c was seen at week 24. Thus, serum UA levels were significantly decreased in patients with moderate HbA1c levels.

Protective Effects of Topiroxostat on an Ischemia-Reperfusion Model of Rat Hearts.

BACKGROUND: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury triggers cardiac dysfunctions via creating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Because xanthine oxidase (XO) is one of the major enzymes that generate ROS, inhibition of XO is expected to suppress ROS-induced I/R injury. However, it remains unclear whether XO inhibition really yields cardioprotection during I/R. The protective effects of the XO inhibitors, topiroxostat and allopurinol, on cardiac I/R injury were evaluated.Methods and Results:Using isolated rat hearts, ventricular functions, occurrence of arrhythmias, XO activities and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) productions and myocardial levels of adenine nucleotides before and after I/R, and cardiomyocyte death markers during reperfusion, were evaluated. Topiroxostat prevented left ventricular dysfunctions and facilitated recovery from arrhythmias during I/R. Allopurinol and the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), exhibited similar effects at higher concentrations. Topiroxostat inhibited myocardial XO activities and TBARS productions after I/R. I/R decreased myocardial levels of ATP, ADP and AMP, but increased that of xanthine. While topiroxostat, allopurinol or NAC did not change myocardial levels of ATP, ADP or AMP after I/R, all of the agents decreased the level of xanthine. They also decreased releases of CPK and LDH during reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Topiroxostat showed protective effects against I/R injury with higher potency than allopurinol or NAC. It dramatically inhibited XO activity and TBARS production, suggesting suppression of ROS generation.

The uricosuric effects of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in vivo using urate under-excretion animal models.

The purpose of this study was to create novel urate under-excretion animal models using pyrazinamide and to evaluate whether dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCBs) have uricosuric effects in vivo. Adult male ICR mice were treated with pyrazinamide, vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide: DMSO), or tap water. Thirty minutes later, pyrazinamide-treated mice were given benzbromarone, losartan, nilvadipine, nitrendipine, nifedipine or azelnidipine. Six hours after the second administration, urine (by urinary bladder puncture) and plasma were collected to measure uric acid and creatinine levels, and fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) and creatinine clearance (Ccr) were calculated and evaluated. There was no significant difference in the levels of plasma uric acid, plasma creatinine, Ccr, urinary N-acetyl-ß-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) and urinary NAG-creatinine ratio between water, DMSO, and pyrazinamide-treated mice. But the FEUA of pyrazinamide-treated mice was significantly lower than water mice. The FEUA was significantly higher in mice taking the dihydropyridine CCBs (nilvadipine, nitrendipine, nifedipine, and high-dose azelnidipine) than in pyrazinamide-treated mice. There was no significant difference in Ccr. Thus, a novel animal model created with PZA administration was useful as a urate under-excretion animal model that was probably URAT1-mediated, and the uricosuric effects of dihydropyridine CCBs were confirmed in vivo.

Cardiac paraganglioma with a novel germline mutation of succinate dehydrogenase gene D.

A 58-year-old woman with a past medical history of a carotid body tumor, resected 4 months prior to presentation, was admitted to our hospital for treatment of a cardiac tumor that was identified on post-operative echocardiography and chest computed tomography. The cardiac tumor was surgically removed and identified pathologically as a paraganglioma, similarly to the carotid body tumor. Genetic analysis of both tumors identified a non-synonymous mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) gene D, Exon4, c.320T>C, p.Leu107Pro showing co-segregation with paternal transmission and maternal imprinting among family members. This novel mutation appears to be the cause of familial paraganglioma in this patient.

Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea on Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.

BACKGROUND: The impact of obstructive sleep apnoea on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is unknown. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients who had heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction; ≥50% underwent a sleep study. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were determined at enrolment and at one, six, 12 and 36 months after enrolment. RESULTS: Obstructive sleep apnoea was found in 39 patients (67%), and they were all subsequently treated with continuous positive airway pressure. Echocardiography at admission showed that E/E' tended to be higher in the 39 patients with, than in the 19 patients without, obstructive sleep apnoea (15.0±3.6 vs 12.1±1.9, respectively, P=0.05). The median BNP levels at enrolment were similar in patients with and without obstructive sleep apnoea [median (interquartile range): 444 (233-752) vs 316 (218-703) pg/ml]. Although BNP levels decreased over time in both groups, the reduction was less pronounced in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (P<0.05). Consequently, BNP levels were higher in patients with sleep apnoea at six months, [221 (137-324) vs 76 (38-96) pg/ml, P<0.05], 12 months [123 (98-197) vs 52 (38-76) pg/ml, P<0.05] and 36 months [115 (64-174) vs 56 (25-74) pg/ml, P<0.05]. CONCLUSION: Obstructive sleep apnoea, even when treated appropriately, may worsen long-term cardiac function and outcomes in patients who have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Giant Left Ventricular Thrombus Rapidly Developing in an Extremely Short Period of Time in a Patient With Severe Systolic Dysfunction.

Although left ventricular thrombi (LVTs) are closely related to the prognosis of patients with systolic dysfunction, anticoagulation therapy is not recommended for the primary prevention of LVTs in patients with sinus rhythm heart failure. We report a case of a patient with systolic dysfunction who developed a giant LVT in an extremely short period of time (one month) after an infection. The LVT led to acute limb ischemia, gangrene, and death. Additionally, we incidentally detected pulmonary thrombosis in this patient.

Skeletal Muscle Quality Assessment in Patients With Cardiac Disease Associated With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Study.

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with changes in skeletal muscle quantity and quality, such as increased ectopic fat. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) aims to improve the exercise capacity and muscle strength. This study aimed to determine the relationship between qualitative changes in the skeletal muscles and exercise function in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Methods The study included patients with cardiovascular diseases who entered CR. Of 72 CR patients (68.1±9.0 years) who underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test and skeletal muscle assessment at discharge, 15 patients with T2DM and 15 without DM were selected using propensity score matching by age and gender. Results No significant differences in the skeletal muscle echo intensity (EI) (T2DM: 58.4, Non-DM: 53.4, p=0.32), skeletal muscle index (T2DM: 7.5 kg/m2, Non-DM: 7.2 kg/m2, p=0.36), or the weight-bearing index (WBI)(T2DM: 0.44, Non-DM: 0.50, p=0.35) existed between the two groups. The phase angle (PhA) (T2DM: 3.67°, Non-DM: 4.49°, p<0.05) and peak oxygen uptake (T2DM: 12.3 mL/kg/min, Non-DM: 14.8 mL/kg/min, p<0.05) were significantly lower in the T2DM group. PhA values showed a significant correlation with the WBI, a parameter of lower limb muscle strength (r=0.50, p<0.05). Conclusion The coexistence of cardiovascular disease and T2DM resulted in a decrease in the PhA, indicating a qualitative decrease in skeletal muscle mass. The PhA is also associated with lower limb muscle strength.

Relationship Between Increased Oxygen Uptake and Lactate Production With Progressive Incremental Electrode Skeletal Muscle Stimulation: A Pilot Study.

Background Belt electrode skeletal muscle stimulation (B-SES) is an alternative exercise therapy for those with difficulty performing voluntary exercise. However, it is unknown whether oxygen uptake (VO2) in B-SES is comparable to cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) as assessed by voluntary exercise. This study aimed to evaluate oxygen uptake (VO2) and lactate (LA) production in incremental B-SES compared to ergometer CPX and to determine the relationship with ergometer CPX. Methods This study included 10 healthy young Japanese participants. Using a crossover design, all participants underwent incremental B-SES CPX and ergometer CPX using a 20 W ramp. Serum lactic acid concentration (LA) was measured serially before, during, and after B-SES. The tolerability of B-SES was adjusted with the change in LA level (⊿LA). Results Peak VO2 during B-SES (14.1±3.3 mL/kg/min) was significantly lower than ergometer peak VO2 (30.2±6.2 mL/kg/min, P<0.001). B-SES peak VO2 was similar to the anaerobic threshold (AT) VO2 on ergometer CPX (15.1±2.6 mL/kg/min). LA (Rest: 1.4±0.3, Peak: 2.8±0.8 mmol) and plasma noradrenalin (Rest: 0.2±0.1, Peak: 0.4±0.1 ng/mL) levels increased after B-SES. No significant correlation was observed between B-SES peak VO2 and ergometer CPX. However, after adjusting for B-SES, tolerability, it (peak VO2 of B-SES /⊿LA) correlated with peak VO2 (r=0.688, p=0.028) on the ergometer. Conclusion Peak VO2 of the passively progressive B-SES almost reached the AT value of the ergometer CPX without adverse events. Peak VO2 of B-SES adjusted with ⊿LA may be used to predict peak VO2 in ergometer CPX.

Utility of growth differentiation factor-15 as a predictor of cardiovascular surgery outcomes: Current research and future directions.

In a world increasingly confronted by cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and an aging population, accurate risk assessment prior to cardiac surgery is critical. Although effective, traditional risk calculators such as the Japan SCORE, Society of Thoracic Surgeons score, and EuroSCORE II may not completely capture contemporary risks, particularly due to emerging factors such as frailty and sarcopenia. These calculators often focus on regional and ethnic specificity and rely heavily on evaluations based on age and underlying diseases. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress-responsive cytokine that has been identified as a potential biomarker for sarcopenia and a tool for future cardiac risk assessment. Preoperative plasma GDF-15 levels have been associated with preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors and short- and long-term mortality rates in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Increased plasma GDF-15 levels have prognostic significance, having been correlated with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass during surgery, amount of bleeding, postoperative acute kidney injury, and intensive care unit stay duration. Notably, the inclusion of preoperative levels of GDF-15 in risk stratification models enhances their predictive value, especially when compared with those of the N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, which does not lead to reclassification. Thus, this review examines traditional risk assessments for cardiac surgery and the role of the novel biomarker GDF-15. This study acknowledges that the relationship between patient outcomes and elevated GDF-15 levels is not limited to CVDs or cardiac surgery but can be associated with variable diseases, including diabetes and cancer. Moreover, the normal range of GDF-15 is not well defined. Given its promise for improving patient care and outcomes in cardiovascular surgery, future research should explore the potential of GDF-15 as a biomarker for postoperative outcomes and target therapeutic intervention.

Effects of salt intake reduction by urinary sodium to potassium ratio self-monitoring method.

Effective and feasible educational methods are needed to control salt intake. We performed a single-center, non-randomized controlled study to investigate the effectiveness and feasibility of self-monitoring using a urinary sodium/potassium (Na/K) ratio-measuring device in patients with difficulty in reducing salt intake. This study included 160 patients with hypertension, chronic kidney disease, or heart disease who were followed up in the outpatient clinic of the Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center. Urinary Na/K ratio measuring Na/K ratio meter were loaned for 2-6 weeks to the treatment (T) group (n = 80) and not to the patients in the control (C) group (n = 80). In the T group, patients were instructed to measure the urinary Na/K ratio at least three times a day and maintain a Na/K ratio below 2.0. Salt reduction education and home blood pressure measurement guidance continued in both groups. The mean device loan period in the T group was 25.1 days, the mean number of measurements was 3.0 times/day, and the proportion of patients achieving three measurements per day was 48.8% (39/80). Self-monitoring using the urinary Na/K ratio meter successfully reduced salt intake by -1.9 g/day at the second visit (p < 0.001) in the T group. In contrast, no change was observed over time in the C group. Self-monitoring using the urinary Na/K ratio meter successfully reduced salt intake in patients with difficulty reducing salt intake.

A novel ryanodine receptor 2 inhibitor, M201-A, enhances natriuresis, renal function and lusi-inotropic actions: Preclinical and phase I study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) is present in both the heart and kidneys, and plays a crucial role in maintaining intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in cells in these organs. This study aimed to investigate the impact of M201-A on RyR2, as well as studying its effects on cardiac and renal functions in preclinical and clinical studies. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Following the administration of M201-A (1,4-benzothiazepine-1-oxide derivative), we monitored diastolic Ca2+ leak via RyR2 and intracellular Ca2+ concentration in isolated rat cardiomyocytes and in cardiac and renal function in animals. In a clinical study, M201-A was administered intravenously at doses of 0.2 and 0.4 mg·kg-1 once daily for 20 min for four consecutive days in healthy males, with the assessment of haemodynamic responses. KEY RESULTS: In rat heart cells, M201-A effectively inhibited spontaneous diastolic Ca2+ leakage through RyR2 and exhibited positive lusi-inotropic effects on the rat heart. Additionally, it enhanced natriuresis and improved renal function in dogs. In human clinical studies, when administered intravenously, M201-A demonstrated an increase in natriuresis, glomerular filtration rate and creatinine clearance, while maintaining acceptable levels of drug safety and tolerability. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The novel drug M201-A inhibited diastolic Ca2+ leak via RyR2, improved cardiac lusi-inotropic effects in rats, and enhanced natriuresis and renal function in humans. These findings suggest that this drug may offer a potential new treatment option for chronic kidney disease and heart failure.

Left ventricular function in pulmonary hypertension.

To elucidate left ventricular function in pulmonary hypertension, we measured parameters of left ventricular as well as right ventricular function by echocardiography in 11 patients with pulmonary hypertension (idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension in 4, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in 5, and other pulmonary hypertension in 2). The percent change in these parameters 6 months after treatment with pulmonary artery vasodilators (beraprost in 8 and sildenafil in 3) was assessed. There was a correlation between the relative change in right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and the relative changes in left ventricular outflow tract velocity-time integral (r = -0.730, P = 0.011) and mitral valve velocity-time integral (r = -0.621, P = 0.041). However, there was no correlation between the relative change in RVSP and the relative changes in left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular diastolic dimension, and systolic blood pressure. The relative change in RVSP was also correlated with the relative change in early diastolic myocardial velocity at the medial mitral annulus (r = -0.675, P = 0.023). Reduction of RVSP by pulmonary artery vasodilators might increase left ventricular preload, leading to an increase in stroke volume. Right ventricular load reduction might improve left ventricular diastolic function in patients with pulmonary hypertension, possibly through altered interventricular septal performance.

Uric acid and neurological disease: a narrative review.

Hyperuricemia often accompanies hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and chronic renal disease; it is also closely related to cardiovascular disease. Moreover, several epidemiological studies have linked hyperuricemia and ischemic stroke. However, uric acid may also have neuroprotective effects because of its antioxidant properties. An association between low uric acid levels and neurodegenerative diseases has been suggested, which may be attributed to diminished neuroprotective effects as a result of reduced uric acid. This review will focus on the relationship between uric acid and various neurological diseases including stroke, neuroimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. When considering both the risk and pathogenesis of neurological diseases, it is important to consider the conflicting dual nature of uric acid as both a vascular risk factor and a neuroprotective factor. This dual nature of uric acid is important because it may help to elucidate the biological role of uric acid in various neurological diseases and provide new insights into the etiology and treatment of these diseases.

Effect of Pemafibrate on Hemorheology in Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia and Aggravated Blood Fluidity Associated with Type 2 Diabetes or Metabolic Syndrome.

Persistent high serum triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels, which are common in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, are risk factors for cardiovascular events because of exacerbated hemorheology. To explore the effects of pemafibrate, a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator, on hemorheology, we performed a single-center, nonrandomized, controlled study in patients with type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 6-10%) or metabolic syndrome, with fasting TG levels of ≥ 150 mg/dL and a whole blood transit time of > 45 s on a microarray channel flow analyzer (MCFAN). Patients were divided into a study group, receiving 0.2 mg/day of pemafibrate (n = 50) for 16 weeks, and a non-pemafibrate control group (n = 46). Blood samples were drawn 8 and 16 weeks after entry to the study to evaluate whole blood transit time as a hemorheological parameter, leukocyte activity by MCFAN, and serum FFA levels. No serious adverse events were observed in either of the groups. After 16 weeks, the pemafibrate group showed a 38.6% reduction in triglycerides and a 50.7% reduction in remnant lipoproteins. Pemafibrate treatment did not significantly improve whole blood rheology or leukocyte activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome complicated by hypertriglyceridemia and exacerbated hemorheology.

Dysuricemia-A New Concept Encompassing Hyperuricemia and Hypouricemia.

The importance of uric acid, the final metabolite of purines excreted by the kidneys and intestines, was not previously recognized, except for its role in forming crystals in the joints and causing gout. However, recent evidence implies that uric acid is not a biologically inactive substance and may exert a wide range of effects, including antioxidant, neurostimulatory, proinflammatory, and innate immune activities. Notably, uric acid has two contradictory properties: antioxidant and oxidative ones. In this review, we present the concept of "dysuricemia", a condition in which deviation from the appropriate range of uric acid in the living body results in disease. This concept encompasses both hyperuricemia and hypouricemia. This review draws comparisons between the biologically biphasic positive and negative effects of uric acid and discusses the impact of such effects on various diseases.

Association between psychomotor function and ALDH2 genotype after consuming barley shochu: A randomized crossover trial.

Sustained exposure to acetaldehyde, the major metabolite of ethanol, may influence psychomotor performance even after the breath ethanol level significantly drops several hours following ethanol consumption. We examined the relationship between psychomotor function and changes in exhaled ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations after consuming a low dose (0.33 g/kg) of barley shochu, a traditional Japanese distilled alcohol beverage, at the point when the exhaled ethanol concentrations dropped below 78,000 parts per billion (0.15 mg/L), the standard threshold for driving under the influence of alcohol in Japan. We assessed how the genetic polymorphisms of rs671 G/G homozygous (*1/*1) and G/A heterozygous (*1/*2) of ALDH2 influenced the kinetics of ethanol and acetaldehyde in exhaled air and psychomotor dynamics using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Critical Flicker Fusion Test (CFFT), and visual analogue scale (VAS) up to 12 h after shochu or water intake. There was no significant difference in DSST and CFFT scores depending on genotype; however, the time required for the DSST to attain the level prior to drinking was longer in the ALDH2 *1/*2 group than in the *1/*1 group. In the VAS test, facial flushing and mood elevation tended to be higher in the *1/*2 group after shochu consumption. VAS scores for mood elevation and facial flushing correlated with acetaldehyde concentration in exhaled breath. These results indicate that DSST recovery tends to be slower and mood elevation higher in the ALDH2 *1/*2 group even when exposed to a low dose of alcohol.