Is the BFM Regimen Feasible for the Treatment of Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia? A Retrospective Analysis of the Outcomes of BFM and Hyper-CVAD Chemotherapy in Two Centers.

Multiple induction regimens have been developed for adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, there have been no prospective randomized trials that directly compare these regimens. In this study, we wanted to evaluate the outcome of 50 adult ALL patients treated with BFM (i.e. Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster, n = 20) and hyper-CVAD (n = 30) protocols between March 2006 and October 2012. The median age was 25 years in the BFM group and 30.5 years in the hyper-CVAD group with a male/female ratio of 15:5 and 17:13, respectively. Forty-five percent of the patients in the BFM group and 30.3% in the hyper-CVAD group were <25 years old. The majority of cases were B cell in origin (80% in the BFM group and 70% in the hyper-CVAD group). Complete remission after induction therapy was achieved in 95 and 96% of the patients, respectively. The median follow-up time was 37 months. The 5-year survival rate was higher in the BFM group than in the hyper-CVAD group (59 vs. 34%). There were also no complications which could cause a delay during the hyper-CVAD regimen. Both chemotherapies were well tolerated. None of the patients died from drug-related toxicity. Only mild liver enzyme elevations were seen as toxicity in the BFM group; these did not cause any delay in therapy. The BFM regimen seems to be feasible for adult patients with ALL in terms of tolerability and efficacy, especially in young adults.

Triggers for driving treatment of at-risk patients with invasive fungal disease.

Timing of treatment for invasive fungal disease (IFD) is critical for making appropriate clinical decisions. Historically, many centres have treated at-risk patients prior to disease detection to try to prevent fungal colonization or in response to antibiotic-resistant fever. Many studies have indicated that a diagnostic-driven approach, using radiological tests and biomarkers to guide treatment decisions, may be a more clinically relevant and cost-effective approach. The Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) defined host clinical and mycological criteria for proven, probable and possible classes of IFD, to aid diagnosis. However, some patients at risk of IFD do not meet EORTC/MSG criteria and have been termed Groups B (patients with persistent unexplained febrile neutropenia) and C (patients with non-definitive signs of IFD) in a study by Maertens et al. (Haematologica 2012; 97: 325-7). Consequently, we considered the most appropriate triggers (clinical or radiological signs or biomarkers) for treatment of all patient groups, especially the unclassified B and C groups, based on our clinical experience. For Group C patients, additional diagnostic testing is recommended before a decision to treat, including repeat galactomannan tests, radiological scans and analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Triggers for stopping antifungal treatment were considered to include resolution of all clinical signs and symptoms. For Group B patients, it was concluded that better definition of risk factors predisposing patients to fungal infection and the use of more sensitive diagnostic tests are required to aid treatment decisions and improve clinical outcomes.

Primary non-hodgkin lymphoma of breast in a patient with rectal carcinoma and magnetic resonance spectroscopic examination.

A 62-year-old woman being treated for stage IIIC rectal adenocarcinoma was diagnosed with primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast after a 4-year follow-up. This case illustrates the importance of close and long-term follow-up as well as of differential diagnostic procedures for second primary malignancies after the initial diagnosis and treatment of a solid tumor.

Review of therapeutic options and the management of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a poorly understood group of disorders caused by one or more genetic aberrations in the bone marrow-derived cell line responsible for hematopoiesis. Recent advances in genetic medicine have offered new insights into the epigenesis as well as the prognosis of MDS, but have not resulted in new or improved curative treatment options. Bone marrow transplantation, introduced before the advent of genetic medicine, is still the only potential cure. Advances in other medical and pharmaceutical areas have broadened the scope of supportive care and disease-modifying therapies, and treating physicians now have a broad range of disease management options depending on a patient's likely prognosis. There is now clear evidence that appropriate supportive care and therapeutic intervention can improve progression-free and overall survival of MDS patients.

Ischemic stroke after recombinant factor VIIa treatment in acquired hemophilia A patient.

Acquired hemophilia is a rare, life-threatening coagulopathy in adults caused by the development of autoantibodies against factor VIII. Bypass agents such as recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) are usually preferred for bleeding control; however, thromboembolic complications may occur. We report here a case that presented with extensive cutaneous and mucosal bleedings due to factor VIII inhibitors and was treated successfully with rFVIIa and steroid therapy, but was complicated with a life-threatening thromboembolic attack during follow-up.

The alteration of coagulation in patients with thyroid dysfunction.

The influence of thyroid dysfunction on haemostasis is complex and still not very well understood. Both bleeding tendency and hypercoagulable states have been reported. In this article, we attempt to discuss the possible relationship between thyroid dysfunction and secondary haemostasis and fibrinolysis. After the analysis of the recent literature, we conclude that thyroid dysfunction is associated with alterations in fibrin generation and fibrinolysis. Most of the evidence suggests that hyperthyroidism is associated with impaired fibrinolysis and enhanced coagulation. Although, former studies proposed that there was an increase in fibrinolytic activity in hypothyroidism, increasing number of recent reports advocated the opposite. We believe that further prospective comprehensive clinical studies involving large numbers of patients either with overt or subclinical thyroid dysfunctions should be performed to clarify the effect of thyroid dysfunction on secondary haemostasis and fibrinolysis. Recent important patents focusing on coagulation and thyroid dysfunction are also discussed in this review.