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1.
J Ethn Subst Abuse ; : 1-18, 2024 May 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38727204

RESUMO

The present study investigated the effects of social interaction with others who smoke on daily cigarette use among diverse females via ecological momentary assessment methods. Ninety-eight premenopausal females (29.6% White, 70.4% racial/ethnic minority) who smoke daily reported their social interactions and cigarette use over 35-days. Greater than usual levels of social interaction with others who smoke was associated with increased cigarette use that day among racial/ethnic minority females. Future smoking cessation interventions targeting racial/ethnic minority females should consider the impact of social environments on smoking behaviors, such as the frequency of peer interactions with others who smoke.

2.
Nicotine Tob Res ; 25(5): 962-966, 2023 04 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36534973

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned characterizing flavors in cigarettes in 2009, this initial ban exempted menthol. After examining numerous reports on the adverse health effects of menthol cigarettes, the FDA proposed a menthol ban in April 2022. This study analyzed Twitter data to describe public reaction to this announcement. AIMS AND METHODS: Posts containing the word "menthol" and/or "#menthol" were collected from April 21, 2022 to May 5, 2022 from Twitter's Streaming Application Programming Interface (API). A random sampling procedure supplied 1041 tweets for analysis. Following an inductive approach to content analysis, posts were classified into one or more of 11 themes. RESULTS: Posts discussed the FDA announcement (n = 153, 14.7%), racial discrimination (n = 101, 9.7%), distrust in government (n = 67, 6.4%), inconsistencies between policies (n = 52, 5.0%), public health benefits (n = 42, 4%), freedom of choice (n = 22, 2.1%), and health equity (n = 21, 2.0%). Posts contained misinformation (n = 20, 1.9%), and discussed the potential for illicit markets (n = 18, 1.7%) and the need for cessation support (n = 4, 0.4%). 541 (52.0%) tweets did not fit into any of the prescribed themes. CONCLUSIONS: Twitter posts with the word "menthol" commonly discussed distrust in government and mentioned racial discrimination. Findings demonstrated the possibility of near real-time Twitter monitoring of public opinion on a menthol ban. These data may be valuable for designing tobacco control health communication campaigns in the future. IMPLICATIONS: The U.S. FDA proposed a ban on menthol cigarettes in April 2022. This study's content analyzed Twitter posts over a 2-week period to understand the public's response to the proposed menthol ban. Twitter posts with the word "menthol" often discussed distrust in government and mentioned racial discrimination. Findings demonstrated the possibility of near real-time Twitter monitoring of public opinion of regulatory action. Findings underscore the need to educate the public about the potential health benefits of banning menthol from cigarettes, particularly for populations that experience tobacco-related health disparities.


Assuntos
Mídias Sociais , Produtos do Tabaco , Estados Unidos , Humanos , Mentol , Preparações Farmacêuticas , United States Food and Drug Administration
3.
Int J Eat Disord ; 56(6): 1246-1253, 2023 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37271969

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The daily biobehavioral factors that precipitate loss of control eating (LOCE) in adolescent girls are not well known. Ovarian hormone levels are key biological factors associated with the etiology of eating disorders in adolescent girls. Yet, models on how daily ovarian hormone exposure predicts LOCE in adolescent girls are underdeveloped. The goal of this study is to examine the daily patterns and mechanisms of ovarian hormone levels on LOCE across the menstrual cycle in adolescent girls and the mediating roles of food-related reward anticipation and response inhibition. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) paired with daily hormonal sampling will be used to examine (1) daily associations between within-person hormones and LOCE, and (2) the mediating role of within-person food-related reward anticipation and response inhibition. METHODS: Normally cycling adolescent girls who have reached menarche will provide daily saliva samples for hormone analysis and complete EMA for 35 days. During EMA, girls will report LOCE and will complete task-based and self-report measures of food-related response inhibition and reward anticipation. DISCUSSION: This work has implications for the development of new real-world biobehavioral models of LOCE in adolescent girls, which will guide theory improvements and treatment for LOCE. Results will provide preliminary evidence for treatment targets for novel interventions for adolescent girls-for example, a response inhibition intervention. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Adolescent eating disorders are severe mental health conditions, often marked by loss of control eating. Estrogen and progesterone play a role in the development and persistence of loss of control eating. The current study will examine how daily exposure to estrogen and progesterone predicts loss of control eating in adolescent girls and identify possible daily mechanisms linking estrogen and progesterone exposure and loss of control eating.


Assuntos
Estrogênios , Comportamento Alimentar , Ovário , Publicação Pré-Registro , Progesterona , Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Ovário/metabolismo , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/psicologia , Autorrelato , Fissura/fisiologia , Afeto , Fome/fisiologia , Progesterona/metabolismo , Estrogênios/metabolismo , Ciclo Menstrual/fisiologia
4.
Tob Control ; 2023 Nov 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37940405

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: This clinical experiment tested the effects of exposure to e-cigarettes with WS-23 or menthol cooling additives on user appeal and sensory attributes, and, secondarily, whether WS-23 effects generalised across base characterising flavour, nicotine concentration, or nicotine/tobacco product use status. METHODS: In this within-participant double-blind experiment, adult tobacco/nicotine users administered standardised puffs of 18 different e-cigarette solutions in randomised sequences using a pod-style device. Each of three base characterising e-cigarette flavour solutions ('bold tobacco', 'mango,' 'wintergreen') in both 2% and 4% concentrations of nicotine benzoate salt were manipulated by adding either: (1) Menthol (0.5%), (2) WS-23 (0.75%) or (3) No cooling agent. After each administration, participants rated 3 appeal and 5 sensory attributes (0-100 scales). RESULTS: Participants (n=84; M(SD)=38.6 (13.6) years old) were either exclusive e-cigarette (25.0%), cigarette (36.9%) or dual (38.1%) users. WS-23 versus no coolant products produced higher liking, willingness to use again, smoothness, and coolness and lower disliking, bitterness, and harshness ratings (|B|difference range: 4.8 to 20.1; ps<0.005). Menthol (vs no coolant) increased willingness to use again and reduced harshness and coolness (ps<0.05). Flavours with WS-23 (vs menthol) were rated as smoother, cooler and less harsh (ps<0.05). Coolant effects did not differ by base flavour, nicotine concentration, or tobacco use status. CONCLUSIONS: Adding synthetic coolant WS-23 to e-cigarettes appears to make the vaping user experience more appealing, regardless of characterising base flavour. Regulatory agencies should be aware that the manufacturing process of adding synthetic coolants may increase the attractiveness of various e-cigarette products.Cite Now.

5.
Nicotine Tob Res ; 24(7): 1012-1019, 2022 06 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34891167

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Perceived sensory attributes of e-cigarettes may associate with their appeal. However, limited studies have accounted for individuals' variability in sensory attributes or have addressed how associations of sensory attributes with appeal may differ by gender. METHODS: Individuals (n = 119, 32.8% female) who currently used combustible cigarettes and/or e-cigarettes attended one laboratory session in which they completed a standardized e-cigarette puffing procedure according to a 10 Flavor (green apple, strawberry, chocolate, vanilla, menthol, koolada, peppermint, spearmint, subtle tobacco, and full-flavored tobacco) × 2 Nicotine Formulation (free-base, salt) double-blind factorial design. The mean nicotine concentration was 23.4 (SD = 0.9) mg/mL in the nicotine salt formulations and 23.8 (SD = 1.7) mg/mL in the free-base formulations. Following each trial, participants completed ratings of sensory attributes (sweet, smooth, cool, bitter, harsh) and appeal (mean of liking, disliking [reverse-scored], and willingness-to-use-again ratings). Sensory attributes were partitioned into between-person and within-person variables. Gender was tested as a moderator of associations of sensory attributes with appeal. RESULTS: Sweet, smooth, and cool sensory attributes positively associated with appeal at the between- and within-person level (ps < .001). Bitter and harsh negatively associated with appeal at the between- and within-person level (ps < .001). The associations of between-person sweet, smooth, and cool ratings with appeal was larger in males compared to females. The associations of within-person smooth, bitter, and harsh with appeal was larger in females compared to males. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed important gender differences in associations of sensory attributes and appeal. IMPLICATIONS: While evidence suggests that sensory attributes may contribute to the appeal of e-cigarettes, there is little experimental evidence accounting for individual variability in sensory attributes and whether sensory attribute-appeal associations differ by gender. The current study provides evidence that average sweet, cool, and smooth ratings positively associated with appeal and that these associations were larger in males. Within-person bitter, harsh, and smooth ratings significantly associated with appeal in both genders, but these associations were larger in females compared to males. Data from the current report reinforces the need for researchers to study gender stratified effects in tobacco regulatory science.


Assuntos
Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Produtos do Tabaco , Vaping , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Aromatizantes , Humanos , Masculino , Nicotina , Fatores Sexuais , Nicotiana
6.
Nicotine Tob Res ; 24(5): 643-653, 2022 03 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34622932

RESUMO

This paper reports on topics discussed at a Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco pre-conference workshop at the 2019 annual Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco meeting. The goal of the pre-conference workshop was to help develop a shared understanding of the importance of several tobacco-related priority groups in tobacco use disorder (TUD) treatment research and to highlight challenges in measurement related to these groups. The workshop focused on persons with minoritized sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation identities; persons with minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds; persons with lower socioeconomic status (SES); and persons with mental health concerns. In addition to experiencing commercial tobacco-related health disparities, these groups are also underrepresented in tobacco research, including TUD treatment studies. Importantly, there is wide variation in how and whether researchers are identifying variation within these priority groups. Best practices for measuring and reporting sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, SES, and mental health concerns in TUD treatment research are needed. This paper provides information about measurement challenges when including these groups in TUD treatment research and specific recommendations about how to measure these groups and assess potential disparities in outcomes. The goal of this paper is to encourage TUD treatment researchers to use measurement best practices in these priority groups in an effort to conduct meaningful and equity-promoting research. Increasing the inclusion and visibility of these groups in TUD treatment research will help to move the field forward in decreasing tobacco-related health disparities. Implications: Tobacco-related disparities exist for a number of priority groups including, among others, women, individuals with minoritized sexual and gender identities, individuals with minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds, individuals with lower SES, and individuals with mental health concerns. Research on TUD treatments for many of these subgroups is lacking. Accurate assessment and consideration of these subgroups will provide needed information about efficacious and effective TUD treatments, about potential mediators and moderators, and for accurately describing study samples, all critical elements for reducing tobacco-related disparities, and improving diversity, equity, and inclusion in TUD treatment research.


Assuntos
Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Tabagismo , Etnicidade , Feminino , Identidade de Gênero , Humanos , Masculino , Saúde Mental , Nicotina , Comportamento Sexual , Classe Social , Nicotiana , Tabagismo/terapia
7.
Subst Use Misuse ; 56(7): 1074-1077, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33821757

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of cannabis use has increased among U.S. pregnant women. Given this increase, and rapidly changing cannabis policies, it may be important to harness digital data sources to help capture trends and perceptions of cannabis use during pregnancy and postpartum. The objective of this study was to examine cannabis and pregnancy-related posts on Twitter over a 12-month period. Methods: Twitter posts from December 1, 2019 to December 1, 2020 that contained pregnancy and cannabis-related keywords were collected in this study (n = 17,238). A sample of 1,000 posts proportionally sampled by week and cannabis/pregnancy-related terms were selected for coding. Posts were classified by one or more of the following themes: 1) Safety during pregnancy i.e. mentions the safety of cannabis use during pregnancy, 2) Safety postpartum i.e. mentions the safety of cannabis use postpartum, and 3) Use for pregnancy-related symptoms i.e. mentions use of cannabis to help with morning sickness, nausea, vomiting, headaches, pain, stress, and fatigue. Results: Safety during pregnancy occurred in 36.00% of the posts and 2.30% posts asked about safety during postpartum. Use of cannabis for pregnancy-related symptoms occurred in 2.70% of posts. Discussion: Findings show that conversations about the risks and benefits of cannabis use during pregnancy and postpartum take place on Twitter. These findings suggests that health practitioners should discuss the risks of cannabis use (including CBD) during pregnancy and breastfeeding with their patients. Health communication planners may need to find ways to communicate risks with the public to prevent the spread of misinformation.


Assuntos
Cannabis , Comunicação em Saúde , Mídias Sociais , Feminino , Humanos , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez , Prevalência
8.
Nicotine Tob Res ; 22(6): 878-884, 2020 05 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31225625

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Reports in relatively healthy smokers suggest men are more sensitive than women to the subjective effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNCCs). We know of no reports examining sex differences in the relative reinforcing effects of RNCCs, an important outcome in assessing smoking's addiction potential. The aim of the present study is to address this gap by examining sex/gender differences on reinforcing effects while examining whether sex differences in subjective effects are discernible in vulnerable populations. METHODS: Secondary analysis of a within-subject, double-blinded experiment examining acute effects of cigarettes varying in nicotine content (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, 15.8 mg/g) among 169 adult smokers with psychiatric conditions or socioeconomic disadvantage. Effects of dose, sex, and their interaction were examined on reinforcing (concurrent-choice and Cigarette Purchase Task [CPT] testing), and subjective effects (Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire [CEQ] and craving/withdrawal ratings). RESULTS: Reducing nicotine content decreased the relative reinforcing effects of smoking in concurrent-choice and CPT testing (p's < .05) with no significant effects of sex nor dose × sex/gender interactions. Reducing nicotine content decreased CEQ ratings with only a single significant effect of sex (higher Psychological Reward scores among women than men, p = .02) and no significant dose × sex/gender interactions. Results on craving/withdrawal paralleled those on the CEQ. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing nicotine content decreases the addiction potential of smoking independent of sex in populations highly vulnerable to smoking and addiction, with no indication that women are less sensitive to subjective effects of RNCCs or would benefit less from a policy reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS: A policy reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes has the potential to reduce the addiction potential of smoking across men and women who are especially vulnerable to smoking, addiction, and tobacco-related adverse health impacts.


Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Nicotina/análise , Reforço Psicológico , Fumantes/psicologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Produtos do Tabaco/estatística & dados numéricos , Fumar Tabaco/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Nicotina/metabolismo , Recompensa , Fatores Sexuais , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/psicologia , Fumar Tabaco/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Populações Vulneráveis , Adulto Jovem
9.
Tob Control ; 29(6): 679-686, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31852818

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the extent to which specific sensory attributes, for example, smoothness, mediate differences in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) appeal between products in non-tobacco versus tobacco flavours and varying nicotine content in young adults. METHOD: E-cigarette users (n=100; aged 18-34 years) administered standardised two-puff e-cigarette doses of different products varying in a flavour (fruit, menthol, tobacco) × nicotine (nicotine-containing (6 mg/mL freebase), nicotine-free) within-subject design. Participants rated sensory attributes (sweetness, bitterness, smoothness and harshness) and appeal on 100-unit visual analogue scales after administering each product. Sensory ratings were tested as simultaneous mediators of flavour, nicotine and flavour × nicotine effects on appeal. RESULTS: Appeal preferences for fruit versus tobacco flavours were mediated by sweetness-enhancing (ßindirect=0.092), smoothness-enhancing (ßindirect=0.045) and bitterness-reducing (ßindirect=0.072) effects of fruit flavours. Appeal preferences for menthol versus tobacco flavours were mediated by menthol's smoothness-enhancing (ßindirect=0.039) and bitterness-reducing (ßindirect=0.034) effects. Lower appeal of nicotine-containing versus nicotine-free products was mediated by nicotine's sweetness-reducing (ßindirect=-0.036), smoothness-reducing (ßindirect=-0.156) and bitterness-increasing (ßindirect=0.045) effects. Flavour × nicotine interaction effects on appeal were explained by menthol-related suppression of nicotine's bitterness-enhancing and sweetness-reducing mediation pathways and fruit-related suppression of nicotine's bitterness-enhancing mediation pathway. Harshness did not mediate appeal after adjusting for other sensory attributes. CONCLUSION: Bitterness and smoothness may be cross-cutting mediators of interproduct variation in the effects of types of non-tobacco flavours and nicotine on e-cigarette appeal in young adults. Sweetness may also mediate appeal-enhancing effects of fruit and appeal-reducing effects of nicotine. Non-tobacco flavours may suppress appeal-reducing effects of nicotine in e-cigarettes through attenuation of nicotine's aversive taste attributes.


Assuntos
Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Produtos do Tabaco , Aromatizantes , Humanos , Nicotina , Fumantes , Adulto Jovem
10.
Behav Med ; 46(2): 161-169, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31039083

RESUMO

Theoretically, anxiety sensitivity-fear of anxiety symptoms-enhances perception of and emotional reactivity to autonomic arousal and mental distress, thereby increasing negative affect and motivation to use substances for negative reinforcement. Because no prior study of adolescents has tested if anxiety sensitivity is indirectly associated with substance use problems through symptoms of emotional disorders (i.e., disorders involving high levels of negative affect), the current cross-sectional study examined this theoretical pathway. Participants included ninth-grade students from 10 different high schools in the Los Angeles metropolitan area (N = 3005; 54.3% female). Self-report measures of anxiety sensitivity, emotional disorder symptoms, tobacco dependence, and alcohol and other drug problems were administered. Controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, school, and impulsiveness, we tested the associations of anxiety sensitivity with tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use problems as well as the indirect effects of anxiety sensitivity on each domain of substance use problems through emotional disorder symptoms. Anxiety sensitivity was associated with more severe tobacco dependence and greater alcohol problems and other drug problems, and anxiety sensitivity further was indirectly associated with all three domains of substance use problems through emotional disorder symptoms. Current findings suggest that adolescents high in anxiety sensitivity tend to experience emotional disorder symptoms, which may increase risk for substance use problems. Interventions that target anxiety sensitivity and enhance negative-affect coping skills may assist in preventing and reducing adolescent substance use problems.


Assuntos
Ansiedade/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Tabagismo/psicologia , Consumo de Álcool por Menores/psicologia , Adolescente , Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Comportamento Impulsivo , Masculino , Análise de Mediação , Temperamento
11.
Nicotine Tob Res ; 21(8): 1072-1078, 2019 07 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29917091

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Prior studies have found heightened negative affect following tobacco abstinence in women compared to men. However, experimental work addressing whether these findings generalize across racial groups is scarce. This study investigated whether race (non-Hispanic White vs. non-Hispanic African American) moderated gender differences in abstinence-induced negative affect and smoking behavior. METHODS: Data were collected from 2010 to 2017 from two separate laboratory studies investigating experimentally manipulated tobacco abstinence. Following a baseline session, adult daily smokers (≥10 cigarettes/day; women: n = 297, 83.8% non-Hispanic African American; men: n = 492, 86.2% non-Hispanic African American) attended two counterbalanced lab sessions (16 hours abstinent vs. non-abstinent) and completed self-report measures of negative affect followed by a laboratory analogue smoking reinstatement task. RESULTS: We found a gender × race interaction for several negative affect states and composite negative affect (ßs = -.12 to -.16, Ps < .05). Analyses stratified by race showed that non-Hispanic White women compared to non-Hispanic White men exhibited greater abstinence-induced increases in anger, anxiety, and composite negative affect (ßs = -.20 to -.29, Ps < .05). No significant gender differences in abstinence-induced negative affect were found for non-Hispanic African American smokers (ßs = .00 to - .04, Ps > .05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that negative affect during acute tobacco abstinence may be a clinically important and intervenable factor that can inform cessation interventions specifically for non-Hispanic White women smokers. Further empirical exploration of mechanisms underlying interactions of gender and race in tobacco addiction may benefit smoking cessation efforts in non-Hispanic African American women smokers. IMPLICATIONS: This study contributes to a scant body of research examining the intersectional influence of race and gender on abstinence-induced negative affect-a central, motivationally prepotent feature of tobacco withdrawal. Using a laboratory-based design to experimentally manipulate abstinence, we provide evidence of a gender × race interaction on negative affect-related withdrawal. Our findings suggest that gender differences in abstinence-induced negative affect observed among non-Hispanic White smokers may not generalize to non-Hispanic African American smokers, highlighting the need for future work to address potential mechanisms underlying the racially discrepant impact of gender on affective tobacco withdrawal.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Fumar Cigarros/psicologia , Pessimismo/psicologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/psicologia , População Branca/psicologia , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano/etnologia , Fumar Cigarros/etnologia , Fumar Cigarros/tendências , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Motivação/fisiologia , Fatores Sexuais , Fumantes/psicologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/etnologia , Tabagismo/psicologia , Tabagismo/terapia , População Branca/etnologia
12.
Nicotine Tob Res ; 20(10): 1215-1222, 2018 09 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29059368

RESUMO

Introduction: African American (AA) smokers are at disproportionate risk of tobacco dependence, utilizing smoking to regulate stress, and poor cessation outcomes. Positive emotional traits may function as coping factors that buffer the extent to which dependence increases vulnerability to adverse responses to acute tobacco abstinence (ie, tobacco withdrawal). This laboratory study examined subjective happiness (SH; dispositional orientation towards frequent and intense positive affect [PA] and life satisfaction) as a moderator of the relation between tobacco dependence and subjective and behavioral abstinence effects among AA smokers. Methods: AA smokers (N = 420, 39.0% female) completed self-report measures of tobacco dependence and SH followed by two counterbalanced experimental sessions (nonabstinent vs. 16-hour abstinent) involving self-report measures of composite withdrawal, urge to smoke, and mood, and a behavioral smoking task in which participants could: (1) earn money to delay smoking reinstatement, and (2) subsequently purchase cigarettes to smoke. Results: Tobacco dependence was positively associated with increased abstinence effects in composite withdrawal, urge to smoke, PA, and latency to smoking reinstatement (ps < .04). SH significantly moderated the relation between dependence and abstinence-induced increases in composite withdrawal (ß = -.17, p < .001), such that the predictive power of dependence on withdrawal severity grew proportionately weaker as levels of SH increased. Conclusions: SH may insulate against adverse effects of dependence on withdrawal during acute smoking abstinence, particularly withdrawal symptom clusters that are craving- and mood-based. Consideration of positive emotional traits as stress-coping factors in the dependence-withdrawal link may be warranted in research and practice with AA smokers. Implications: The current study contributes to a growing body of literature examining the potentially advantageous role of positive emotional traits to smokers. We do so by identifying a relatively understudied psychological construct within tobacco research-subjective happiness-that may suppress the extent to which more severe tobacco dependence increases risk for subjective withdrawal-related distress during acute smoking abstinence in AA smokers. In doing so, the study provides a primer for future targeting of subjective happiness and other positive emotional traits as means to understand and treat acute tobacco abstinence effects among dependent AA smokers.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Felicidade , Fumantes/psicologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/psicologia , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/psicologia , Tabagismo/psicologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fumar/psicologia , Fumar/terapia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/terapia , Tabagismo/terapia
14.
Nicotine Tob Res ; 19(6): 743-749, 2017 Jun 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28186553

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Anhedonia-diminished interest or pleasure in response to rewards-is a dimension implicated in several psychiatric disorders linked to smoking. This laboratory study sought to identify motivational mechanisms linking anhedonia and tobacco addiction by testing the hypothesis that anhedonia, abstinence, and their interaction would predict excesses and deficits in the perceived pleasantness of smoking-related and positive pictures, respectively. We assessed the pleasantness of negative pictures as a secondary outcome. METHODS: After a baseline session involving self-report measures of anhedonia and other factors, 125 regular smokers attended two counterbalanced experimental sessions (overnight abstinent and non-abstinent) at which they rated the pleasantness of positive, smoking-related, negative, and neutral (control) pictures presented via computer. The difference in pleasantness ratings of positive, smoking-related, and negative pictures relative to neutral pictures served as the index of participants' appraisal of the motivational salience of nondrug reward, drug reward, and aversive signals, respectively. RESULTS: With and without adjusting for sex and depressive symptoms, greater anhedonia significantly or marginally predicted greater pleasantness of smoking (vs. neutral), lower pleasantness of positive (vs. neutral), less unpleasantness of negative (vs. neutral) pictures (|ßs| = 0.18 to 0.35, ps = .007 to .07). Anhedonia by abstinence interaction effects on pleasantness ratings of each stimulus category (vs. neutral) were not significant (|ßs| ≤ 0.02, ps ≥ .36). CONCLUSIONS: Anhedonia and abstinence additively increase the salience of smoking-related cues in anhedonic smokers. Smoking cessation efforts that attenuate sensitization to smoking stimuli may benefit anhedonic smokers early in quit attempts. IMPLICATIONS: Taken together, these findings provide tentative evidence that anhedonia is associated with a relative imbalance in the motivational salience of drug relative to nondrug rewards and may be associated with a generalized hypo-reactivity to both positive and negative stimuli. Though some prior smoking research has evidenced this relative imbalance in anhedonia with self-report or a smoking-choice task, we additionally show that this pattern may extend to hyper-affective reactivity to smoking-related stimuli being coincident with hypo-affective reactivity to nondrug-related positive stimuli (ie, may extend to greater pleasantness ratings of smoking pictures being accompanied by lower pleasantness ratings of positive pictures).


Assuntos
Anedonia , Emoções , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/psicologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/estatística & dados numéricos , Tabagismo/psicologia , Tabagismo/terapia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Motivação , Recompensa , Fumar
15.
Nicotine Tob Res ; 18(6): 1479-87, 2016 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26482061

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Persistent tobacco use among racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States is a critical public health concern. Yet, potential sources of racial/ethnic disparities in tobacco use remain unclear. The present study examined racial/ethnic differences in tobacco withdrawal-a clinically-relevant underpinning of tobacco use that has received sparse attention in the disparities literature-utilizing a controlled laboratory design. METHODS: Daily smokers (non-Hispanic African American [n = 178], non-Hispanic white [n = 118], and Hispanic [n = 28]) attended two counterbalanced sessions (non-abstinent vs. 16-hour abstinent). At both sessions, self-report measures of urge, nicotine withdrawal, and affect were administered and performance on an objective behavioral task that assessed motivation to reinstate smoking was recorded. Abstinence-induced changes (abstinent scores vs. non-abstinent scores) were analyzed as a function of race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Non-Hispanic African American smokers reported greater abstinence-induced declines in several positive affect states in comparison to other racial/ethnic groups. Relative to Hispanic smokers, non-Hispanic African American and non-Hispanic white smokers displayed larger abstinence-provoked increases in urges to smoke. No racial/ethnic differences were detected for a composite measure of nicotine withdrawal symptomatology, negative affect states, and motivation to reinstate smoking behavior. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest qualitative differences in the expression of some components of tobacco withdrawal across three racial/ethnic groups. This research helps shed light on bio-behavioral sources of tobacco-related health disparities, informs the application of smoking cessation interventions across racial/ethnic groups, and may ultimately aid the overall effort towards reducing the public health burden of tobacco addiction in minority populations. IMPLICATIONS: The current study provides some initial evidence that there may be qualitative differences in the types of tobacco withdrawal symptoms experienced among non-Hispanic African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white smokers. Extending this line of inquiry may elucidate mechanisms involved in tobacco-related health disparities and ultimately aid in reducing the public health burden of smoking in racial/ethnic minority populations.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Fumantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/epidemiologia , Tabagismo , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tabagismo/epidemiologia , Tabagismo/fisiopatologia , Tabagismo/terapia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
16.
Am J Addict ; 25(2): 152-9, 2016 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26871681

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Smoking outcome expectancies for positive reinforcement (PR: beliefs that smoking produces desirable outcomes) and negative reinforcement (NR: beliefs that smoking alleviates negative affect) are modifiable cognitive manifestations of affect-mediated smoking motivation. Based on prior data and theory, we hypothesized that NR and PR expectancies are associated with ADHD symptom levels in a non-clinical sample of cigarette smokers. (Am J Addict 2016; XX:XX -XX) METHODS: Daily cigarette smokers (N = 256) completed self-report measures of ADHD symptoms and smoking outcome expectancies. Cross-sectional associations of overall ADHD symptomatology and the ADHD symptom dimensions of inattention (IN: difficulty concentrating and distractibility) and hyperactivity impulsivity (HI: poor inhibitory control and motor activity restlessness) with PR and NR smoking outcome expectancies were examined. RESULTS: Higher levels of overall, IN and HI ADHD symptoms were positively associated with NR smoking expectancies after statistically controlling for anxiety, depression, alcohol/drug use problems, nicotine dependence, and other smoking expectancies. Although neither HI nor IN symptom dimensions exhibited empirically unique relations to NR expectancies over and above one another, the collective variance across IN and HI was associated with NR expectancies. PR expectancies were not associated with ADHD symptoms. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Although PR and NR expectancies may be important etiological influences in the overall population of smokers, NR outcome expectancies appear to be disproportionately expressed in smokers with elevated ADHD symptoms. Cognitive manifestations of NR motivation, which may be modifiable via intervention, are prominent in smokers with elevated ADHD symptoms. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Beliefs that smoking alleviates negative affect may underlie ADHD-smoking comorbidity.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/epidemiologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Motivação , Reforço Psicológico , Fumar/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Autorrelato
17.
Subst Use Misuse ; 51(6): 788-94, 2016 05 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27070833

RESUMO

The social self-control scale (SSCS), which taps provocative behavior in social situations, was compared with five potentially overlapping measures (i.e., temperament-related impulsivity, psychomotor agitation-related self-control, perceived social competence, and rash action in response to negative and positive affectively charged states) as correlates of tobacco use and other drug use among a sample of 3,356 ninth-grade youth in Southern California high schools. While there was a lot of shared variance among the measures, the SSCS was incrementally associated with both categories of drug use over and above alternate constructs previously implicated in adolescent drug use. Hence, SSC may relate to adolescent drug use through an etiological pathway unique from other risk constructs. Given that youth who tend to alienate others through provocative social behavior are at risk for multiple drug use, prevention programming to modify low SSC may be warranted.


Assuntos
Autocontrole , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente , California , Humanos , Instituições Acadêmicas , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Uso de Tabaco
18.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res ; 39(3): 532-9, 2015 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25706521

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Multiple forms of anxiety psychopathology are associated with alcohol use problems in adolescents. Yet, the mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. Anxiety sensitivity (AS) and distress tolerance (DT) represent 2 distinct, conceptually relevant transdiagnostic constructs implicated in multiple manifestations of anxiety that may also underlie alcohol use problems and thereby explain why people with anxiety are more likely to have alcohol problems. METHODS: The current cross-sectional study examined whether AS and DT accounted for (i.e., statistically mediated) the relationship between manifest indicators of the 3 common anxiety phenotypes (generalized anxiety, social anxiety, and panic disorders) and alcohol problems in a sample of 534 high school students (14 to 15 years old). RESULTS: Multiple manifestations of anxiety were associated with greater alcohol use problems. AS statistically mediated multiple anxiety-alcohol associations, but DT did not. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide preliminary evidence suggesting AS may be an important transdiagnostic target for alcohol prevention programs for those in early adolescence that experience elevated anxiety symptoms.


Assuntos
Alcoolismo/diagnóstico , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/diagnóstico , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria) , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Estudantes/psicologia
19.
Nicotine Tob Res ; 17(6): 750-4, 2015 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25344957

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Previous research suggests that females may be more motivated to smoke for negative reinforcement (NR) than males. However, it remains unclear whether gender differences in smoking outcome expectancies for negative smoking reinforcement-an important theoretical and clinical target defined as beliefs that smoking alleviates negative affect-exist above and beyond gender differences in depression and/or other outcome expectancies. METHODS: Relations between gender and negative smoking reinforcement expectancies were examined in two independent samples. Sample 1 consisted of non-treatment seeking daily smokers (Male n = 188; Female n = 91) recruited from Southern California (49.5% Black, 32.2% Caucasian, and 18.3% other race/ethnicity). Sample 2 consisted of treatment seeking daily smokers (Male n = 257; Female n = 237) in Northern Florida and Vermont (10.7% Black, 82.9% Caucasian, and 6.4% other). RESULTS: Females (vs. males) reported stronger NR smoking expectancies with and without statistically controlling for nicotine dependence, other smoking expectancies, and anxiety and depression in both samples (ßs = .06 to .14, ps = .06 to < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Beliefs that smoking alleviates negative affect may reflect a gender-specific etiological process disproportionately prominent in women. Enhancing ability to cope with negative affect without smoking or challenge NR expectancies may be particularly important for cessation treatment in women.


Assuntos
Motivação , Reforço Psicológico , Fumar/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Adulto , Ansiedade/psicologia , Atitude Frente a Saúde , California , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Florida , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Sexuais , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tabagismo , Vermont , Adulto Jovem
20.
Nicotine Tob Res ; 16(3): 335-42, 2014 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24113928

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Hostility--a personality trait reflective of cynical attitudes and a general mistrust of others--is associated with smoking status and relapse risk. Yet, the mechanisms linking hostility and smoking are not entirely clear. In this lab study, we tested a socioaffective model that purports that high-hostility individuals smoke to cope with maladaptive social mood states (i.e., anger and low friendliness), which become expressed and exacerbated during acute tobacco withdrawal. METHODS: Following a baseline visit at which trait hostility was assessed, adult smokers (n = 153, ≥10 cig/day) attended two counterbalanced lab visits: a deprived session following 16 hr of deprivation, and a nondeprived session. At both lab visits, affect and withdrawal symptoms were assessed at a single time point. RESULTS: Higher trait hostility predicted larger deprivation-induced increases in several forms of negative affect (anxiety, depression, confusion; ßs ≥ .20, ps ≤ .01) and a composite tobacco withdrawal symptom index (ß = .16, p = .04) but did not predict changes in positive emotions. These effects persisted after statistically controlling for gender, nicotine dependence, and depression. Other aspects of trait aggression (i.e., verbal aggression, physical aggression, anger) did not predict deprivation-induced changes in affect and withdrawal other than state anger. DISCUSSION: High-hostility individuals appear to experience generalized exacerbations in several negative affective states during acute tobacco withdrawal. Increases in negative affect during tobacco withdrawal may motivate negative reinforcement-mediated smoking and could underlie tobacco addiction in high-hostility smokers.


Assuntos
Hostilidade , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/psicologia , Fumar/psicologia , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/psicologia , Tabagismo/psicologia , Adulto , Agressão/psicologia , Ansiedade , Depressão , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e Questionários
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