Environmental levels of azoxystrobin disturb male zebrafish behavior: Possible roles of oxidative stress, cholinergic system, and dopaminergic system.

A widely applied pesticide of azoxystrobin, is increasingly detected in the water environment. Concern has been raised against its potential detriment to aquatic ecosystems. It has been shown that exposure to azoxystrobin interfere with the locomotor behavior of zebrafish larvae. This study aims to investigate whether exposure to environmental levels of azoxystrobin (2 µg/L, 20 µg/L, and 200 µg/L) changes the behavior of male adult zebrafish. Herein, we evaluated behavioral response (locomotor, anxiety-like, and exploratory behaviors), histopathology, biochemical indicators, and gene expression in male adult zebrafish upon azoxystrobin exposure. The study showed that exposure to azoxystrobin for 42 days remarkably increased the locomotor ability of male zebrafish, resulted in anxiety-like behavior, and inhibited exploratory behavior. After treatment with 200 µg/L azoxystrobin, vasodilatation, and congestion were observed in male zebrafish brains. Exposure to 200 µg/L azoxystrobin notably elevated ROS level, MDA concentration, CAT activity, and AChE activity, while inhibiting SOD activity, GPx activity, ACh concentration, and DA concentration in male zebrafish brains. Moreover, the expression levels of genes related to the antioxidant, cholinergic, and dopaminergic systems were significantly changed. This suggests that azoxystrobin may interfere with the homeostasis of neurotransmitters by causing oxidative stress in male zebrafish brains, thus affecting the behavioral response of male zebrafish.

Gastric cancer-derived exosomes facilitate pulmonary metastasis by activating ERK-mediated immunosuppressive macrophage polarization.

Gastric cancer (GC) with pulmonary metastasis is one of the deadliest diseases in the world; however, the underlying pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets remain to be elucidated. As exosomes play indispensable roles in the formation of premetastatic niches (PMN) and cancer metastasis. Therefore, investigating the underlying mechanisms of exosome-mediated pulmonary metastasis of GC may shed new light on identifying novel therapeutic targets for GC treatment. GC-derived exosomes were isolated from the conditioned medium of mouse forestomach carcinoma (MFC) cell line. The effects of MFC-derived exosomes on pulmonary macrophage polarization were analyzed by reverse- transcription polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Expression of PD-L1 and other proteins was evaluated by Western blot. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) were analyzed by microarray. GC-derived exosomes (GC-exo) accumulated in high numbers in the lungs and were ingested by macrophages. The extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway was activated by GC-exo, inducing macrophage immunosuppressive-phenotype differentiation and increased PD-L1 expression. miRNA-sequencing identified 130 enriched miRNAs in GC-exo. Among the enriched miRNAs, miR-92a-3p plays a major role in activating ERK signaling via inhibition of PTEN expression. In addition, inhibiting ERK signaling with PD98059 significantly reduced the expression of PD-L1 in macrophages and, therefore, reversed the immunosuppressive PMN and inhibited the colonization of GC cells in the lungs. This study identified a novel mechanism of GC-exo mediated PD-L1 expression in lung macrophages that facilitates lung PMN formation and GC pulmonary metastasis, which also provided a potential therapeutic target for GC with pulmonary metastasis treatment.

Ascendancy of pyraclostrobin nanocapsule formulation against Rhizoctonia solani: From a perspective of fungus.

High-performance pesticide formulations are essential for sustainable agriculture. Among these, nano-pesticides exhibit great advantages in pest control because of their unique size effects. However, the direct effects of nano-formulation fungicides on fungal pathogens remain largely unexplored. In this study, three qualified formulations, suspension concentrate (SC), microcapsules (CS), and nanocapsules (NCS) of pyraclostrobin (PYR) were prepared and utilized to reveal their biocontrol activities against Rhizoctonia solani. Among these three formulations, NCS exhibited notable biocontrol efficacy against R. solani exemplified by an EC50 of 0.319 mg/L for mycelia, distortion of mycelia and abnormalities in cell ultrastructure. Moreover, NCS displayed excellent internalization within R. solani mycelia, contributing to severe damage to cell membrane permeability. Importantly, an equivalent quantity of NCS-PYR showed potent inhibitory effects on the target pathogen, as indicated by reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and mitochondrial Complex III activity. The NCS consistently exhibited superior in vivo protective and curative activities against R. solani compared to those of CS and SC in rice and faba bean. In summary, we uncovered the strength of rapid efficacy and biocontrol activity of NCS against R. solani and elucidated the advantages of NCS-PYR from the perspective of the target pathogen in agriculture.

Genome-wide analysis of the NAAT, DMAS, TOM, and ENA gene families in maize suggests their roles in mediating iron homeostasis.

BACKGROUND: Nicotianamine (NA), 2'-deoxymugineic acid (DMA), and mugineic acid (MA) are chelators required for iron uptake and transport in plants. Nicotianamine aminotransferase (NAAT), 2'-deoxymugineic acid synthase (DMAS), transporter of MAs (TOM), and efflux transporter of NA (ENA) are involved in iron uptake and transport in rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and barley (Hordeum vulgare); however, these families have not been fully identified and comprehensively analyzed in maize (Zea mays L.). RESULTS: Here, we identified 5 ZmNAAT, 9 ZmDMAS, 11 ZmTOM, and 2 ZmENA genes by genome mining. RNA-sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that these genes are expressed in various tissues and respond differently to high and low iron conditions. In particular, iron deficiency stimulated the expression of ZmDMAS1, ZmTOM1, ZmTOM3, and ZmENA1. Furthermore, we determined protein subcellular localization by transient expression of green fluorescent protein fusions in maize mesophyll protoplasts. ZmNAAT1, ZmNAAT-L4, ZmDMAS1, and ZmDMAS-L1 localized in the cytoplasm, whereas ZmTOMs and ZmENAs targeted to plasma and tonoplast membranes, endomembranes, and vesicles. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the different gene expression profiles and subcellular localizations of ZmNAAT, ZmDMAS, ZmTOM, and ZmENA family members may enable specific regulation of phytosiderophore metabolism in different tissues and under different external conditions, shedding light on iron homeostasis in maize and providing candidate genes for breeding iron-rich maize varieties.

Effects of triazole plant growth regulators on molting mechanism in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis).

Rice crab co-culture is a new integrated farming model in China. The application of triazole plant growth regulators (PRGs) is often used as an advantageous option to combat rice lodging. However, there is still a gap regarding the toxicity of these PRGs on the growth and development of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis, E. sinensis). Here the effect of triazoles (paclobutrazol and uniconazole) on the molting mechanism of E. sinensis was investigated. Monitoring of regulatory genes associated with molting showed that the two PRGs were found to inhibit the expression of ecdysteroid hormone (EH), ecdysteroid receptors gene (EcR), and retinoid X receptors gene (RXR) and induce secretion of molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) gene. In addition, the activities of chitinase (CHIA) and N-acetyl-ß-d-aminoglucosidase (ß-NAGase) were also inhibited by exposure to PRGs. Exposure to PRGs also elevated the mRNA expression of the growth-related myostatin gene (MSTN). These results revealed that there is a long-term risk of exposure to triazoles PRGs that may inhibit molting and affect normal development and immune system of E. sinensis.

Synthesis and Fluorescent Properties of Aminopyridines and the Application in "Click and Probing".

Unsubstituted pyridin-2-amine has a high quantum yield and is a potential scaffold for a fluorescent probe. However, the facile access to conjugated highly substituted aminopyridines and the study of their fluorescent properties is scarce. In this paper, synthesis and fluorescent properties of multisubstituted aminopyridines were studied based on a recently developed Rh-catalyzed coupling of vinyl azide with isonitrile to form a vinyl carbodiimide intermediate, following tandem cyclization with an alkyne. An aminopyridine substituted with an azide group as a potential probe was further designed, synthesized, and evaluated. The "clicking-and-probing" experiment of it on BSA protein showed the potential of aminopyridine as a scaffold of a biological probe.

Long-Term Exposure to Environmental Concentrations of Azoxystrobin Delays Sexual Development and Alters Reproduction in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio).

The strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin (AZO) can induce adverse effects in aquatic organisms, but data are lacking on endpoints associated with sexual development and reproduction following chronic exposure to AZO. In this study, zebrafish embryos (F0) at 2-4 h postfertilization (hpf) were exposed to 0.2, 2.0, and 20.0 µg/L AZO until 120 d postfertilization (dpf). Decreased male ratio and increased intersex ratio were observed by 20.0 µg/L AZO at 42 and 60 dpf, but this effect disappeared at 120 dpf. AZO at 20.0 µg/L inhibited growth, retarded gonadal development, and disrupted sex hormone and vitellogenin in females at 60 and 120 dpf and in males at 42, 60, and 120 dpf. These effects were associated with altered expression of cyp19a, cyp19b, hsd3b, hsd17b, vtg1, and vtg2. Exposure to 2.0 µg/L AZO altered mRNA levels of these transcripts in females at 120 dpf and in males at 60 and 120 dpf. Reproduction ability was reduced by 20.0 µg/L AZO at 120 dpf. Developmental defects were observed after F1 embryos from exposed parents of 20.0 µg/L were reared in AZO-free water at 96 hpf. Overall, these data provide new understanding of fish sexual development and reproduction following chronic exposures to AZO.

Developmental neurotoxicity of maneb: Notochord defects, mitochondrial dysfunction and hypoactivity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae.

Broad applications and exposure to the fungicide maneb can lead to toxicity in non-target organisms. Maneb is also associated with neurogenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The objectives of this study were to determine the acute toxicity of maneb to zebrafish by measuring mitochondrial bioenergetics, locomotor activity, and the expression of genes related to the oxidative damage response, as well as those related to dopamine signaling due to its association with PD. Zebrafish embryos at 6 h post-fertilization (hpf) were exposed to either solvent control (0.1% DMSO, v/v), or one dose of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 10.0 µM maneb for 96 h. Maneb was moderately toxic to zebrafish embryos, and had a 96-h LC50 value of 4.29 µM (~ 1.14 mg/L). Maneb induced a dose-dependent increase in mortality, decreased hatching rate, and increased notochord deformity rate at both 1.0 and 10.0 µM after 72 and 96 h. Total body length was also significantly reduced with 1.0 µM maneb. A 50-60% decrease in mean basal oxygen consumption rate was also observed in embryos following a 24 hpf exposure to 10.0 µM maneb but oligomycin-induced ATP production and FCCP-induced maximum respiration remained unaffected. No change was detected in the expression levels of genes associated with oxidative stress (sod1 and sod2), nor those related to dopamine synthesis (th1), dopamine transporter (dat), dopamine receptors (drd1, drd2a, drd3, and drd4b). Thus, modifying the expression of these transcripts may not be a mechanism for maneb-induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish. To assess the potential for neurotoxicity, a dark photokinesis assay was conducted in larvae following 7 d exposure to 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 µM maneb. Larvae exposed to 0.5 and 1.0 µM maneb showed signs related to hypoactivity, and this reduced activity is hypothesized to be associated with notochord defects as this deformity was prevalent at higher concentrations of maneb. Overall, these data demonstrate that maneb negatively affects embryonic development (i.e. notochord development), affects basal oxygen consumption rates of embryos, and induces hypoactivity in larval fish. This study improves understanding regarding the developmental neurotoxicity of the fungicide maneb to zebrafish.

Characterization of glutathione S-transferases in the detoxification of metolachlor in two maize cultivars of differing herbicide tolerance.

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been widely studied in relation to their role in herbicide tolerance and detoxification. However, a detailed characterization of GSTs from herbicide tolerant and sensitive maize cultivars is still lacking. In this study, we determined the mechanism of differential tolerance between two maize cultivars which had 4-fold difference tolerance to metolachlor. The metabolism rate of metolachlor was more rapid in the tolerant cultivar (Zea mays L. cv Nongda86) than the susceptible one (Zea mays L. cv Zhengda958). Addition of the GST inhibitor ethacrynic acid reduced the metabolism of metolachlor indicating the involvement of GSTs in the differential detoxification of metolachlor. The expression profiles of 32 GST isozymes were measured using quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed the expression of GST genes were slightly up-regulated in Nongda86, but severely inhibited in Zhengdan958 24h after metolachlor treatment. The genes GSTI, GSTIII, GSTIV, GST5, GST6 and GST7, which can detoxify chloroacetanilide herbicides, were all expressed higher in Nongda86 compared to Zhendgan958. The result of GST activity was consistent with the gene expression profiles. Collectively, higher-level expression of GST genes, leading to higher GST activity and faster herbicide detoxification, appears to be responsible for the difference in tolerance to metolachlor in two maize cultivars.

Cytotoxic scalarane sesterterpenoids from the South China Sea sponge Carteriospongia foliascens.

Eleven new scalarane sesterterpenoids, including three 20,24-bishomo-25-norscalaranes, carteriofenones A­C (1­3), and eight 20,24-bishomoscalaranes, carteriofenones D­K (4­11), along with two known analogues (12 and 13), were obtained from the marine sponge Carteriospongia foliascens collected from the South China Sea. Their planar structures and relative configurations were elucidated by extensive NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of 3 was determined using the modified Mosher's method on its hydrolysis product. Scalarane sesterterpenoids with 4-methylpentanate or pentanoate substituents at the 12-position (1­8) were reported for the first time. Carteriofenones E­H (5­8) represented rare naturally occurring scalarane sesterterpenoids with a cyclobutane ring. Compound 4 showed cytotoxicity against the mouse lymphocytic leukemia cell line (P388) with an IC50 value of 0.96 µM.

Toxicity of a neonicotinoid insecticide, guadipyr, in earthworm (Eisenia fetida).

Neonicotinoid insecticides are new class of pesticides and it is very meaningful to evaluate the toxicity of guadipyr to earthworm (Eisenia fetida). In the present study, effects of guadipyr on reproduction, growth, catalase(CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and DNA damage in earthworm were assessed using an artificial soil medium. Guadipyr showed low toxicity to earthworms and did not elicit an effect on earthworm reproduction or growth in artificial soils at concentrations <100mg/kg. However, after exposure to guadipyr, the activity of SOD and CAT in earthworm increased and then decreased to control level. AChE activity decreased at day 3 at 50 and 100mg/kg and then increased to control level. Our data indicate that guadipyr did not induce DNA damage in earthworms at concentration of <100mg/kg.

Dissipation and Residue of Chloroisobromine Cyanuric Acid in Ginger and Pepper and Its Dietary Intake Risk Assessment.

Chloroisobromine cyanuric acid is a highly effective broad-spectrum systemic fungicide for disease control in agricultural crops. In this study, the degradation, residue levels, and potential dietary risks associated with the chloroisobromine cyanuric acid residues in two widely consumed crops, pepper and ginger, were evaluated through supervised field experiments conducted at 12 sites for pepper and 4 sites for ginger in China in 2021. A QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS method was established for quantifying cyanuric acid (CYA) in both crops. The method achieved a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.02 mg kg-1 for ginger and 0.05 mg kg-1 for pepper, with recovery rates ranging from 91% to 96% for ginger and 84% to 89% for pepper and the relative standard deviation of 2.9% to 11.2% for ginger and 2.8%~12.9% for pepper, respectively. The results indicated that CYA had half-lives ranging from 3.1 to 8.2 days in pepper, and the terminal CYA residues at harvest were all lower than 5 mg kg-1, the maximum residue limit established in China. Furthermore, the chronic dietary risk exposure to chloroisobromine cyanuric acid in ginger and pepper, harvested at a pre-harvest interval of three days and at the normal harvesting time after the application of 50% chloroisobromine cyanuric acid soluble powder (SP), was 37.96%, which was much lower than 100%, indicating no significant health risks to the Chinese population. This study provides basic data for establishing the MRLs and serving as a reference for developing the analytical method applicable to CYA residues in different plant matrices.

Antifungal Activity and Mechanism of Diaporthein B against Botryosphaeria dothidea in Prevention of Apple Ring Rot.

Apple ring rot, caused by the pathogenic fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea, has inflicted substantial economic losses and caused significant food safety concerns. In this study, a pimarane-type diterpenoid, diaporthein B (DTB), isolated from a marine-derived fungus, exhibited significant antifungal activity against B. dothidea, with an EC50 value of 8.8 µg/mL. Transcriptome, metabolome, and physiological assays revealed that DTB may target mitochondria and disrupt the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation processes. This interference led to increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent lipid peroxidation, ultimately inhibiting fungal growth. Furthermore, DTB exhibited an inhibitory potency against apple ring rot at a concentration of 31.2 µg/mL, achieving rates ranging from 67.7 to 81.6% across four distinct apple cultivars. These results indicated that DTB could serve as a novel fungicide for controlling apple ring rot in apple cultivation, transportation, and storage.

Residue and dietary intake risk assessment of lufenuron and chlorfenapyr and its corresponding metabolite in cabbage under field conditions.

A simple, low-cost, and highly sensitive method using a modified QuECHERS procedure based on a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was established to simultaneously quantify lufenuron and chlorfenapyr and the corresponding metabolite tralopyril in cabbage for the first time. On the basis of this method, terminal residue and dietary risk of lufenuron and chlorfenapyr in cabbage were investigated. The recoveries of lufenuron, chlorfenapyr, and tralopyril ranged from 88 to 110%, with relative standard deviation of less than 12.4%. The field trial results showed that at the pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 21 days, the terminal residues of lufenuron, chlorfenapyr, and tralopyril in the supervised trials were not higher than 0.02 mg/kg, and the highest detected residue levels of lufenuron, chlorfenapyr, and tralopyril were 0.047, 0.055, and <0.02 mg·kg-1 at 14-day pre-harvest respectively, which were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for cabbage established in China. For the dietary risk assessment, the national estimated daily intakes (NEDIs) as proportion of acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) were 80.4% and 29.9% for chlorfenapyr and lufenuron respectively indicating an acceptable dietary risk to Chinese population.

The adsorption effects of biochar on carbofuran in water and the mixture toxicity of biochar-carbofuran in rats.

Carbofuran, a widely used carbamate insecticide, is frequently detected in water. In this study, a high-performance adsorbent (WAB4) for carbofuran was obtained from laboratory-synthesized biochars. The maximum adsorption of carbofuran by WAB4 reaches 113.7 mg/g approximately. The adsorption of carbofuran by biochar was a multi-molecular layer and the adsorption process conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9984) and Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.99). Importantly, an in vivo rat model was used to assess the combined toxicological effects of biochar-carbofuran complexes. The toxicity of the complexes (LD50 > 12 mg/kg) is lower than that of carbofuran (LD50 = 7.9 mg/kg) alone. The damage of biochar-carbofuran complex on rat liver and lung is significantly less than that of carbofuran. The Cmax and bioavailability of carbofuran were found to be reduced by 64% and 68%, respectively, when biochar was present, by UPLC-MS/MS analysis of carbofuran in rat plasma. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the biochar-carbofuran complex is relatively stable in the gastrointestinal tract, by performing a carbofuran release assay in artificial gastrointestinal fluids in vitro. Collectively, biochar is a bio-friendly material for the removal of carbofuran from water.

Anti-IAV indole-diterpenoids from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum.

A new indole-diterpenoid, penijanthine E (1), and a known analogue (2), were obtained from the PDB culture of the marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum ZSS-9. The absolute configuration of 1 was elucidated by calculated TDDFT ECD and DP4plus calculations. The absolute configuration of 2 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and TDDFT ECD calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 showed antiviral activity against influenza A virus (IAV) of A/WSN/33(H1N1) and A/PR/8/34(H1N1) strains with IC50 values ranging from 12.6 to 46.8 µM.

Preparation a High-Performance of Gangue-Based Geopolymer Backfill Material: Recipes Optimization Using the Taguchi Method.

The strip filling method in underground reservoir needs high strength to achieve the requirements of water storage. In order to address the challenges associated with costly and weak filling materials, this study aimed to develop an economically efficient and high-strength gangue-based geopolymer backfill material (GBGBM). To achieve this, the Taguchi method was employed to design a series of 25 experiments, each consisting of four factors and five levels. This study focused on investigating the effects of different gangue gradation levels, sand ratios, water binder ratios (w/b), and aggregate binder ratios (a/b) on the working characteristics and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the GBGBM. The optimal combination of the GBGBM was determined by employing a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)-based extreme difference and variance analysis. The results revealed that the w/b ratio exerted the most substantial influence on both the slump and UCS. Specifically, when employing a gradation of 50%, a sand ratio of 55%, an a/b ratio of 2.5, and a w/b ratio of 0.64, the slump measured 251.2 mm, the UCS at 3d reached 5.27 MPa, and the UCS at 28d amounted to 17.65 MPa. These findings indicated a remarkable improvement in early UCS by 131.14% and the late UCS by 49.45% compared to gangue-based cement backfill material (GBCBM). Additionally, this study examined the hydration products and microstructures of both GBGBM and GBCBM using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analyses. Significantly, the GBGBM exhibited notable advantages over the GBCBM, including a 78.16% reduction in CO2 emissions, a 73.45% decrease in energy consumption, and a 24.82% reduction in cost. These findings underscore the potential of GBGBM as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to GBCBM.

Spray losses study of two pesticides by UASS in integrated rice-crayfish farming system and acute toxicity evaluation on Procambarus clarkii.

Introduction: While the integrated rice-crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) farming system (IRCFS) is widely developing in China, the widespread use of Unmanned Aerial Spraying Systems (UASS) to protect rice from pests has led to potential pesticide risk for the crayfish in IRCFS. Therefore, it is crucial to examine UASS's spray deposition and drift in IRCFS. Method: In this study, we used the oligonucleotide sequence-tracking / dot-blotting (OSTDB) method to trace pesticide spraying. We collected detailed data not only on spray loss in the paddy fields, but also on spray drift in the breeding ditches caused by upwind and downwind spray areas. Additionally, pesticide residues in the breeding ditches were measured using LC-MS/MS by collecting water samples after pesticide application. Results: The data analysis indicated that the spray loss in the paddy field was significantly greater than that in the breeding ditches. The spray drift in the breeding ditches, caused by the upwind spray area, was seven times higher than that originating from the downwind spray area. Furthermore, the results also revealed that the bulk flow between the paddy fields and the breeding ditches contributed a substantial amount of pesticide residue to the water body in the breeding ditches. In addition, we investigated the acute toxicities of common insecticides using in paddy fields, including thiamethoxam (THI), chlorantraniliprole (CHI), THI·CHI-Mix and THI·CHI-WG. Discussion: The results demonstrated that the spray losses and spray drift from UASS spray applications of these pesticides in IRCFS would not cause acute toxicity or death in crayfish. These findings provide important materials for establishing pesticide application standards and guiding the field testing of droplet deposition and drift in IRCFS.

Rapid and efficient removal of multiple aqueous pesticides by one-step construction boric acid modified biochar.

Tricyclazole, propiconazole, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam are commonly used pesticides in paddy fields. It is necessary and practical to remove pesticides from the water environment because the low utilization rate of pesticides will produce residues in the water environment. It is known that there are few studies on the preparation of biochar adsorption pesticides by the walnut shell and few studies on the removal of tricyclazole and propiconazole. Based on this, this paper used the walnut shell as raw material and boric acid as an activator to prepare biochar by the one-step method. The boric acid modified walnut shell biochar (WAB4) with a specific surface area of 640.6 m2 g-1, exhibited the high adsorption capacity of all four pesticides (>70%) at pH 3-9. The adsorption capacities of tricyclazole, propiconazole, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam were 171.67, 112.27, 156.40, and 137.46 mg g-1, respectively. The adsorption kinetics fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the adsorption isotherm curves conformed to the Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption of pesticides by WAB4 was associated with hydrogen bonding, pore filling, hydrophobic effects, and π-π interactions. More significantly, WAB4 has excellent adsorption capacity compared to other adsorbents for real water samples. Finally, walnut shell biochar has no significant acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. This work shows that walnut shell-based biochar has a good effect on the removal of pesticides at a wide range of pH and is economical and safe, providing a new idea for the removal of pesticides in water.

In situ boron-doped cellulose-based biochar for effective removal of neonicotinoids: Adsorption mechanism and safety evaluation.

Biochar materials have been widely employed for adsorption of pollutants, which necessitates further consideration of their efficiency and safety in environmental remediation. In this study, a porous biochar (AC) was prepared through the combination of hydrothermal carbonization and in situ boron doping activation to effectively adsorb neonicotinoids. The adsorption process was shown to be a spontaneous endothermic physical adsorption process, where the predominant interaction forces between the acetamiprid and AC were electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The maximum adsorption capacity was 227.8 mg g-1for acetamiprid and the safety of AC was verified by simulating the situation where the aquatic organism (D. magna) was exposed to the combined system (AC & neonicotinoids). Interestingly, AC was observed to reduce the acute toxicity of neonicotinoids owing to the reduced bioavailability of acetamiprid in D. magna and the newly generated expression of cytochrome p450. Thus, it enhanced the metabolism and detoxification response in D. magna, which reducing the biological toxicity of acetamiprid. This study not only demonstrates the potential application of AC from a safety perspective, but also provides insight into the combined toxicity caused by biochar after adsorption of pollutants at the genomic level, which fills the gap in related research.