Trial of life: Well infants presenting more than 24 h after head injury with a scalp haematoma: A 10-year review.

AIM: To review the investigation, patterns of injury and short-term outcomes of infants younger than 12 months of age who presented more than 24 h after head injury with an isolated scalp haematoma. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of infants who presented with a head injury to the emergency department of a major paediatric hospital between 2006 and 2016. Patients were included if they presented more than 24 h after the injury, were clinically well and had a documented scalp haematoma. Charts were abstracted using a standardised instrument to yield patient characteristics, mechanism of injury, imaging performed, identified injuries and patient outcome. RESULTS: A total of 2433 records were reviewed, with 157 included in the study. The mean age was 7.5 months (standard deviation 2.6). Of the patients, 14 had a documented palpable skull fracture; 43 patients had a skull X-ray reported as a fracture; 13 patients had cranial ultrasounds with 3 reported as having a fracture; 124 patients had computed tomography head imaging, with 112 demonstrating a fracture; and 52 patients had acute intracranial abnormalities. There were nine unplanned representations (5.7%). No patients required any neurosurgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Infants presenting after 24 h with isolated scalp haematomas had good short-term outcomes despite a high prevalence of underlying injury on imaging. Expectant management, rather than imaging, may be a valid approach in this patient population. However, some of these injuries may have been the result of inflicted injury, and all of these patients require a robust assessment regardless of the decision to use a computed tomography scan.

Determinants of patient satisfaction in an Australian emergency department fast-track setting.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the relationship between waiting time and patient satisfaction, and to determine predictors of overall care rating in an emergency department (ED) fast-track setting. METHODS: A convenience sample of patients triaged to a fast-track unit were surveyed. Patient satisfaction was scored using a validated survey instrument, as well as a single overall care rating (poor to excellent). Median satisfaction scores were compared between each incremental hour of waiting time. Bivariate analysis was conducted between those who waited 1 h or less, and those who waited longer. Ordered logistic regression was used to determine predictors of improved overall care rating. RESULTS: 236 patients completed surveys (response rate of 74%). Of these, 84% rated their care as either very good or excellent. There was a linear decrease in median satisfaction scores for each incremental hour of waiting time associated with half the odds of higher overall care rating after adjusting for presenting problem type, triage category, and treating clinician type (OR 0.53 95% CI 0.37 to 0.75 p<0.001). English language (OR 2.43 95% CI 1.33 to 4.42 p=0.004) and initial consultation by a nurse practitioner (NP) (OR 1.81 95% CI 1.03 to 3.31 p=0.038) were also found to be significant predictors of improved overall care rating. CONCLUSIONS: Waiting time was found to be highly predictive of patient satisfaction in an emergency fast-track unit with English language and NPs also associated with improved overall care rating. Future measures to improve patient satisfaction in fast-track units should focus on these factors.

A descriptive study of the clinical impacts on COVID-19 survivors using telemonitoring (The TeleCOVID Study).

Background: There is increasing evidence that COVID-19 survivors are at increased risk of experiencing a wide range of cardiovascular complications post infection; however, there are no validated models or clear guidelines for remotely monitoring the cardiac health of COVID-19 survivors. Objective: This study aims to test a virtual, in-home healthcare monitoring model of care for detection of clinical symptoms and impacts on COVID-19 survivors. It also aims to demonstrate system usability and feasibility. Methods: This open label, prospective, descriptive study was conducted in South Western Sydney. Included in the study were patients admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of COVID-19 between June 2021 and November 2021. Eligible participants after consent were provided with a pulse oximeter to measure oxygen saturation and a S-Patch EX to monitor their electrocardiogram (ECG) for a duration of 3 months. Data was transmitted in real-time to a mobile phone via Bluetooth technology and results were sent to the study team via a cloud-based platform. All the data was reviewed in a timely manner by the investigator team, for post COVID-19 related symptoms, such as reduction in oxygen saturation and arrhythmia. Outcome measure: This study was designed for feasibility in real clinical setting implementation, enabling the study team to develop and utilise a virtual, in-home healthcare monitoring model of care to detect post COVID-19 clinical symptoms and impacts on COVID-19 survivors. Results: During the study period, 23 patients provided consent for participation. Out of which 19 patients commenced monitoring. Sixteen patients with 81 (73.6%) valid tests were included in the analysis and amongst them seven patients were detected by artificial intelligence to have cardiac arrhythmias but not clinically symptomatic. The patients with arrhythmias had a higher occurrence of supraventricular ectopy, and most of them took at least 2 tests before detection. Notably, patients with arrhythmia had significantly more tests than those without [t-test, t (13) = 2.29, p < 0.05]. Conclusions: Preliminary observations have identified cardiac arrhythmias on prolonged cardiac monitoring in 7 out of the first 16 participants who completed their 3 months follow-up. This has allowed early escalation to their treating doctors for further investigations and early interventions.

Implementation of a clinical practice guideline for assessment and management of renal colic in the emergency department.

INTRODUCTION: Renal colic is a common emergency department (ED) presentation. Variations in assessment and management of suspected renal colic may have significant implications on patient and hospital outcomes. We developed a clinical practice guideline to standardize the assessment and management of renal colic in the ED. We subsequently compared outcomes before and after guideline implementation. METHODS: The guideline standardizes the analgesia regimen, urology consult criteria, imaging modality, patient education, and followup instructions. This is a single-center, observational cohort study of patients presenting to the ED with renal colic prospectively collected after guideline implementation (December 2018 to May 2019) compared to a control group retrospectively collected before guideline implementation (December 2017 to May 2018). A total of 528 patients (pre-guideline n=283, post-guideline n=245) were included. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS using multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: ED length of stay (LOS) was significantly shorter after guideline implementation (pre-guideline 295.82±178.8 minutes vs. post-guideline 253.2±118.2 minutes, p=0.017). The number of computed tomography (CT) scans patients received was significantly less after guideline implementation (pre guideline 1.35±1.34 vs. post-guideline 1.00±0.68, p=0.034). Patients discharged for conservative management had a lower re-presentation rate in the post-guideline group (12.6%) than the pre-guideline group (17.2%); however, this did not reach statistical significance (p=0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a clinical practice guideline for ureteric stones reduces the ED LOS and the total number of CT scan in patients who present with renal colic. Standardizing assessment and management of ureteric stones can potentially improve patient and hospital outcomes without compromising the quality of care.

Thoracic Ultrasound: What Non-radiologists Need to Know.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this review is to provide the theoretical and practical knowledge essential for non-radiologists to develop the skills necessary to apply thoracic ultrasound as an extension of clinical assessment and intervention. RECENT FINDINGS: Issues relating to training and competence are discussed and a library of thoracic ultrasound videos is provided to illustrate artefacts, pleural, parenchymal and pneumothorax pathology as well as important pitfalls to consider. Novel and future diagnostic applications of thoracic ultrasound in the setting of acute cardiorespiratory pathology including consolidation, acute interstitial syndromes and pulmonary embolism are explored. SUMMARY: Thoracic ultrasound requires an understanding of imaging artefact specific to lung and pleura and a working knowledge of machine knobology for image optimisation and interpretation. Ultrasound is a valuable tool for the practicing chest clinician providing diagnostic information for the assessment of pleural and parenchymal disease and increased safety and cost effectiveness of thoracic interventions.

Evaluating the quality of care delivered by an emergency department fast track unit with both nurse practitioners and doctors.

AIMS: This paper is a report of a study of quality of care delivered by an emergency department fast track unit where both doctors and an emergency nurse practitioner treated patients. BACKGROUND: Fast track units were established in Australian emergency departments to meet the needs of low complexity emergency department patients. Few studies have reported on the overall quality of care delivered by these units. METHODS: A convenience sample of adult patients triaged to an Australian emergency department fast track unit between April 2010 and April 2011 were randomised to care by a doctor or an emergency nurse practitioner. Quality of care was measured using patient satisfaction, follow up health status using Short Form 12 and adverse event rate (missed fractures or unplanned representations). RESULTS: A total of 320 patients were enrolled into the study. Of the 236 patients who submitted completed survey forms, median satisfaction scores were 22 out of 25 with 84% of patients rating care as "excellent" or "very good". At two week follow up, health status score was comparable to normal healthy populations. When comparing study groups, patient satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the ENP group compared to DR group. CONCLUSIONS: Patients received high quality of care in this fast track unit where both nurse practitioner and doctors treated patients. Emergency nurse practitioners were associated with higher patient satisfaction.