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Galaxy clusters are known to harbour magnetic fields, the nature of which remains unresolved. Intra-cluster magnetic fields can be observed at the density contact discontinuity formed by cool and dense plasma running into hot ambient plasma1,2, and the discontinuity exists3 near the second-brightest galaxy4, MRC 0600-399, in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 3376 (redshift 0.0461). Elongated X-ray emission in the east-west direction shows a comet-like structure that reaches the megaparsec scale5. Previous radio observations6,7 detected the bent jets from MRC 0600-399, moving in same direction as the sub-cluster, against ram pressure. Here we report radio8,9 observations of MRC 0600-399 that have 3.4 and 11 times higher resolution and sensitivity, respectively, than the previous results6. In contrast to typical jets10,11, MRC 0600-399 shows a 90-degree bend at the contact discontinuity, and the collimated jets extend over 100 kiloparsecs from the point of the bend. We see diffuse, elongated emission that we name 'double-scythe' structures. The spectral index flattens downstream of the bend point, indicating cosmic-ray reacceleration. High-resolution numerical simulations reveal that the ordered magnetic field along the discontinuity has an important role in the change of jet direction. The morphology of the double-scythe jets is consistent with the simulations. Our results provide insights into the effect of magnetic fields on the evolution of the member galaxies and intra-cluster medium of galaxy clusters.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The primary objective of the study was to compare the number of attempts and number of passes of spinal needle insertion and secondary objective was to compare complications, bloody tap, and patient discomfort in anatomical landmark-guided versus pre-procedure USG-guided midline technique of spinal anesthesia in elderly patients posted for orthopedic surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this a prospective observational cohort study, 60 patients of either sex, ASA grades I-III, and aged more than 65 years were randomly allocated to 2 groups of 30 patients each. In group AG (Anatomical landmark guided), standard landmark technique was used. In group UG (Ultrasound guided), pre-procedure ultrasound guided marking for insertion point of a spinal needle was done before giving spinal anesthesia. Patients in both the groups were compared on the basis of number of attempts, number of passes, vascular injury (bloody tap), pain score, complications, and procedure time. RESULTS: Successful dural puncture on the first needle insertion attempt was achieved more in UG group (90%) than in AG group (50%) (P < 0.05). Dural puncture was not achieved in only 3.3% patients in the UG group even after three midline attempts at spinal needle insertion. Mean of the number of passes was more in AG group (1.90) than in UG group (1.07) (P < 0.05). VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) score was 0.4 in AG group and 0.3 in UG group (P > 0.05). Group UG had shorter procedure time (2.25 min) than AG group (4.35 min). CONCLUSION: Preprocedure ultrasound imaging is a very useful tool to facilitate the performance of central neuraxial blockade in patients with difficult anatomical landmarks, especially in elderly patients.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: ß-thalassemia major patients are susceptible to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection owing to life-long dependency for blood-transfusion. Moreover, this patient population is at risk of progression of liver fibrosis or development of cirrhosis as a consequence of both iron overload and HCV infection. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate efficacy and safety of the combination regimen of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir for HCV infection in ß-thalassemia major patients. METHODS: The present study was a prospective observational study which enrolled multi-transfused ß-thalassemia major patients treated with a combination regimen of sofosbuvir (400 mg) and daclatasvir (60 mg) daily for 12 weeks for HCV infection during May 2016 and November 2016 depending upon inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Sustained virological response at post-treatment week-12 (SVR-12) was defined as negative HCV-RNA at week-12 after completion of antiviral treatment. RESULTS: A total of 10 multi-transfused patients with ß-thalassemia major were included in the study. Average age of the patient was 13.60 ± 4.38 years. All the included patients were treatment-naïve, non-cirrhotic and infected with HCV genotype-3. All the patients achieved SVR-12. There was significant reduction in aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.005) and alanine aminotransferase level (p = 0.005) and serum ferritin level (p = 0.028) after completion of the antiviral treatment. The reported adverse events include nausea, vomiting and anorexia which were managed conservatively. None of the patient required dose reduction or termination of antiviral treatment. CONCLUSION: The study reports safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir-based treatment in non-cirrhotic, treatment-naive ß-thalassemia major patients infected with HCV genotype-3. However, further studies with larger patient populations are needed to build up stronger evidence of safety and efficacy of this treatment approach for HCV infection in thalassemic patients.
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Odontomas are the most common of the odontogenic tumors of the jaws, which are benign, slow growing, and nonaggressive. They are usually asymptomatic and found in routine dental radiographic examination. Odontomas are usually associated with tooth eruption disturbances. Eruption of odontoma in oral cavity is rare entity. Here we report a case of an unusual erupted compound odontoma.