Inhibition of mRNA nuclear export promotes SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.

The nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1) of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) is a virulence factor that targets multiple cellular pathways to inhibit host gene expression and antiviral response. However, the underlying mechanisms of the various Nsp1-mediated functions and their contributions to SARS-CoV-2 virulence remain unclear. Among the targets of Nsp1 is the mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) export receptor NXF1-NXT1, which mediates nuclear export of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Based on Nsp1 crystal structure, we generated mutants on Nsp1 surfaces and identified an acidic N-terminal patch that is critical for interaction with NXF1-NXT1. Photoactivatable Nsp1 probe reveals the RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) domain of NXF1 as an Nsp1 N-terminal binding site. By mutating the Nsp1 N-terminal acidic patch, we identified a separation-of-function mutant of Nsp1 that retains its translation inhibitory function but substantially loses its interaction with NXF1 and reverts Nsp1-mediated mRNA export inhibition. We then generated a recombinant (r)SARS-CoV-2 mutant on the Nsp1 N-terminal acidic patch and found that this surface is key to promote NXF1 binding and inhibition of host mRNA nuclear export, viral replication, and pathogenicity in vivo. Thus, these findings provide a mechanistic understanding of Nsp1-mediated mRNA export inhibition and establish the importance of this pathway in the virulence of SARS-CoV-2.

Aspm knockout ferret reveals an evolutionary mechanism governing cerebral cortical size.

The human cerebral cortex is distinguished by its large size and abundant gyrification, or folding. However, the evolutionary mechanisms that drive cortical size and structure are unknown. Although genes that are essential for cortical developmental expansion have been identified from the genetics of human primary microcephaly (a disorder associated with reduced brain size and intellectual disability) 1 , studies of these genes in mice, which have a smooth cortex that is one thousand times smaller than the cortex of humans, have provided limited insight. Mutations in abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated (ASPM), the most common recessive microcephaly gene, reduce cortical volume by at least 50% in humans2-4, but have little effect on the brains of mice5-9; this probably reflects evolutionarily divergent functions of ASPM10,11. Here we used genome editing to create a germline knockout of Aspm in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo), a species with a larger, gyrified cortex and greater neural progenitor cell diversity12-14 than mice, and closer protein sequence homology to the human ASPM protein. Aspm knockout ferrets exhibit severe microcephaly (25-40% decreases in brain weight), reflecting reduced cortical surface area without significant change in cortical thickness, as has been found in human patients3,4, suggesting that loss of 'cortical units' has occurred. The cortex of fetal Aspm knockout ferrets displays a very large premature displacement of ventricular radial glial cells to the outer subventricular zone, where many resemble outer radial glia, a subtype of neural progenitor cells that are essentially absent in mice and have been implicated in cerebral cortical expansion in primates12-16. These data suggest an evolutionary mechanism by which ASPM regulates cortical expansion by controlling the affinity of ventricular radial glial cells for the ventricular surface, thus modulating the ratio of ventricular radial glial cells, the most undifferentiated cell type, to outer radial glia, a more differentiated progenitor.

Direct evidence of cellular transformation by prion-like p53 amyloid infection.

Tumor suppressor p53 mutations are associated with more than 50% of cancers. Aggregation and amyloid formation of p53 is also implicated in cancer pathogenesis, but direct evidence for aggregated p53 amyloids acting as an oncogene is lacking. Here, we conclusively demonstrate that wild-type p53 amyloid formation imparts oncogenic properties to non-cancerous cells. p53 amyloid aggregates were transferred through cell generations, contributing to enhanced survival, apoptotic resistance with increased proliferation and migration. The tumorigenic potential of p53 amyloid-transformed cells was further confirmed in mouse xenografts, wherein the tumors showed p53 amyloids. p53 disaggregation rescued the cellular transformation and inhibited tumor development in mice. We propose that wild-type p53 amyloid formation contributes to tumorigenesis and can be a potential target for therapeutic intervention. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.

COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Among Unvaccinated and Vaccinated Persons Aged ≥12 Years by Receipt of Bivalent Booster Doses and Time Since Vaccination - 24 U.S. Jurisdictions, October 3, 2021-December 24, 2022.

On September 1, 2022, CDC recommended an updated (bivalent) COVID-19 vaccine booster to help restore waning protection conferred by previous vaccination and broaden protection against emerging variants for persons aged ≥12 years (subsequently extended to persons aged ≥6 months).* To assess the impact of original (monovalent) COVID-19 vaccines and bivalent boosters, case and mortality rate ratios (RRs) were estimated comparing unvaccinated and vaccinated persons aged ≥12 years by overall receipt of and by time since booster vaccination (monovalent or bivalent) during Delta variant and Omicron sublineage (BA.1, BA.2, early BA.4/BA.5, and late BA.4/BA.5) predominance.† During the late BA.4/BA.5 period, unvaccinated persons had higher COVID-19 mortality and infection rates than persons receiving bivalent doses (mortality RR = 14.1 and infection RR = 2.8) and to a lesser extent persons vaccinated with only monovalent doses (mortality RR = 5.4 and infection RR = 2.5). Among older adults, mortality rates among unvaccinated persons were significantly higher than among those who had received a bivalent booster (65-79 years; RR = 23.7 and ≥80 years; 10.3) or a monovalent booster (65-79 years; 8.3 and ≥80 years; 4.2). In a second analysis stratified by time since booster vaccination, there was a progressive decline from the Delta period (RR = 50.7) to the early BA.4/BA.5 period (7.4) in relative COVID-19 mortality rates among unvaccinated persons compared with persons receiving who had received a monovalent booster within 2 weeks-2 months. During the early BA.4/BA.5 period, declines in relative mortality rates were observed at 6-8 (RR = 4.6), 9-11 (4.5), and ≥12 (2.5) months after receiving a monovalent booster. In contrast, bivalent boosters received during the preceding 2 weeks-2 months improved protection against death (RR = 15.2) during the late BA.4/BA.5 period. In both analyses, when compared with unvaccinated persons, persons who had received bivalent boosters were provided additional protection against death over monovalent doses or monovalent boosters. Restored protection was highest in older adults. All persons should stay up to date with COVID-19 vaccination, including receipt of a bivalent booster by eligible persons, to reduce the risk for severe COVID-19.

Trends in Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections and Associated Hospitalizations and Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years - 18 U.S. Jurisdictions, September 2021-December 2022.

Although reinfections with SARS-CoV-2 have occurred in the United States with increasing frequency, U.S. epidemiologic trends in reinfections and associated severe outcomes have not been characterized. Weekly counts of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections, total infections, and associated hospitalizations and deaths reported by 18 U.S. jurisdictions during September 5, 2021-December 31, 2022, were analyzed overall, by age group, and by five periods of SARS-CoV-2 variant predominance (Delta and Omicron [BA.1, BA.2, BA.4/BA.5, and BQ.1/BQ.1.1]). Among reported reinfections, weekly trends in the median intervals between infections and frequencies of predominant variants during previous infections were calculated. As a percentage of all infections, reinfections increased substantially from the Delta (2.7%) to the Omicron BQ.1/BQ.1.1 (28.8%) periods; during the same periods, increases in the percentages of reinfections among COVID-19-associated hospitalizations (from 1.9% [Delta] to 17.0% [Omicron BQ.1/BQ.1.1]) and deaths (from 1.2% [Delta] to 12.3% [Omicron BQ.1/BQ.1.1]) were also substantial. Percentages of all COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths that were reinfections were consistently higher across variant periods among adults aged 18-49 years compared with those among adults aged ≥50 years. The median interval between infections ranged from 269 to 411 days by week, with a steep decline at the start of the BA.4/BA.5 period, when >50% of reinfections occurred among persons previously infected during the Alpha variant period or later. To prevent severe COVID-19 outcomes, including those following reinfection, CDC recommends staying up to date with COVID-19 vaccination and receiving timely antiviral treatments, when eligible.

An Update on Potential Molecular Biomarkers of Dietary Phytochemicals Targeting Lung Cancer Interception and Prevention.

Since ancient times, dietary phytochemicals are known for their medicinal properties. They are broadly classified into polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, phytosterols, and organosulfur compounds. Currently, there is considerable interest in their potential health effects against various diseases, including lung cancer. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths with an average of five-year survival rate of lung cancer patients limited to just 14%. Identifying potential early molecular biomarkers of pre-malignant lung cancer cells may provide a strong basis to develop early cancer detection and interception methods. In this review, we will discuss molecular changes, including genetic alterations, inflammation, signal transduction pathways, redox imbalance, epigenetic and proteomic signatures associated with initiation and progression of lung carcinoma. We will also highlight molecular targets of phytochemicals during lung cancer development. These targets mainly consist of cellular signaling pathways, epigenetic regulators and metabolic reprogramming. With growing interest in natural products research, translation of these compounds into new cancer prevention approaches to medical care will be urgently needed. In this context, we will also discuss the overall pharmacokinetic challenges of phytochemicals in translating to humans. Lastly, we will discuss clinical trials of phytochemicals in lung cancer patients.

Modulating α-Synuclein Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation.

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a crucial phenomenon for the formation of functional membraneless organelles. However, LLPS is also responsible for protein aggregation in various neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, several reports, including ours, have shown that α-synuclein (α-Syn) undergoes LLPS and a subsequent liquid-to-solid phase transition, which leads to amyloid fibril formation. However, how the environmental (and experimental) parameters modulate the α-Syn LLPS remains elusive. Here, we show that in vitro α-Syn LLPS is strongly dependent on the presence of salts, which allows charge neutralization at both terminal segments of protein and therefore promotes hydrophobic interactions supportive for LLPS. Using various purification methods and experimental conditions, we showed, depending upon conditions, α-Syn undergoes either spontaneous (instantaneous) or delayed LLPS. Furthermore, we delineate that the kinetics of liquid droplet formation (i.e., the critical concentration and critical time) is relative and can be modulated by the salt/counterion concentration, pH, presence of surface, PD-associated multivalent cations, and N-terminal acetylation, which are all known to regulate α-Syn aggregation in vitro. Together, our observations suggest that α-Syn LLPS and subsequent liquid-to-solid phase transition could be pathological, which can be triggered only under disease-associated conditions (high critical concentration and/or conditions promoting α-Syn self-assembly). This study will significantly improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of α-Syn LLPS and the liquid-to-solid transition.

Long-term outcome and quality of life after continent ileostomy for ulcerative colitis: A systematic review.

AIM: The continent ileostomy allows evacuation of an ileal reservoir at a time convenient to the patient. It is a surgical option for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) when a restorative option is not suitable or has not succeeded and the patient does not want a conventional end ileostomy. Continent ileostomy types include the Kock pouch, Barnett continent intestinal reservoir and T-pouch. All of the published evidence on the long-term outcome and quality of life after continent ileostomy for UC was systematically reviewed. METHODS: A systematic review was performed in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies published between 1990 and 2020 were included. A descriptive synthesis was used due to the clinical heterogeneity. RESULTS: The search returned 1655 abstracts and after screening of abstracts and full text review, 19 were included in the final review, involving 1602 patients. Operative mortality is low (0%-3.6%) after all types of continent ileostomy but reoperation rates are high (20.8%-65%) because of valve mechanism failures. Rates of fistulae (0%-25.5%) and stomal stenosis (0%-25%) can be relatively high postoperatively. Quality of life scores improve for most patients undergoing continent ileostomy, especially for patients converted from ileal pouch anal anastomosis. Overall, continent ileostomy retention is high in the long-term. DISCUSSION: In the long-term, patients report high satisfaction and a good quality of life with continent ileostomy, despite high reoperation rates and complications. Newer technologies may reinvigorate interest in the continent ileostomy for this population.

Scurvy and Tinea Corporis Simulating Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis.

ABSTRACT: Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) is a small vessel inflammatory condition considered to be caused by circulating immune complexes and often occurs after an acute infection or exposure to a new medication, although it may be associated with an underlying systemic disease or be idiopathic in nature. It is important to determine the etiology, identify the extent of the disease for early intervention and appropriate management, and treat and/or eliminate the underlying cause. Here, we report cases of scurvy and tinea corporis that presented with histopathologic features of LCV and had significant clinical improvement with treatment of the underlying etiologies. These cases emphasize that histopathologic features of early evolving LCV may be seen in other settings including scurvy and tinea corporis. Appropriate treatment of the underlying condition is important for optimized patient management.

Amyloid Fibrils: Versatile Biomaterials for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Engineering Applications.

Extracellular matrices (ECM) play an enormous role in any living system, controlling various factors and eventually fates of cells. ECM regulates cell fate by providing constant exogenous signals altering intracellular signal transduction for diverse pathways including proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. Biomaterial scaffolds are designed to mimic the natural extracellular matrix such that the cells could recapitulate natural events alike their natural niche. Therefore, the success of tissue engineering is largely dependent on how one can engineer the natural matrix properties at nanoscale precision. In this aspect, several recent studies have suggested that, as long as amyloid fibrils are not toxic, they can be utilized for cell adhesion and tissue engineering applications due to its ECM mimetic surface topography and ability to mediate active cell adhesion via focal adhesions. Although historically associated with human diseases, amyloids have presently emerged as one of the excellent biomaterials evolved in nature. In this review, we focus on the recent advances of amyloid-based biomaterials for cell adhesion and tissue engineering applications.

Amyloids Are Novel Cell-Adhesive Matrices.

Amyloids are highly ordered peptide/protein aggregates traditionally associated with multiple human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. However, recent studies suggest that amyloids can also perform several biological functions in organisms varying from bacteria to mammals. In many lower organisms, amyloid fibrils function as adhesives due to their unique surface topography. Recently, amyloid fibrils have been shown to support attachment and spreading of mammalian cells by interacting with the cell membrane and by cell adhesion machinery activation. Moreover, similar to cellular responses on natural extracellular matrices (ECMs), mammalian cells on amyloid surfaces also use integrin machinery for spreading, migration, and differentiation. This has led to the development of biocompatible and implantable amyloid-based hydrogels that could induce lineage-specific differentiation of stem cells. In this chapter, based on adhesion of both lower organisms and mammalian cells on amyloid nanofibrils, we posit that amyloids could have functioned as a primitive extracellular matrix in primordial earth.

Impacts of dispersal on rapid adaptation and dynamic stability of Daphnia in fluctuating environments.

Prior ecological research has shown that spatial processes can enhance the temporal stability of populations in fluctuating environments. Less explored is the effect of dispersal on rapid adaptation and its concomitant impact on population dynamics. For asexually reproducing populations, theory predicts that dispersal in fluctuating environments can facilitate asynchrony among clones and enhance stability by reducing temporal variability of total population abundance. This effect is predicted when clones exhibit heritable variation in environmental optima and when fluctuations occur asynchronously among patches. We tested this in the field using artificial ponds and metapopulations composed of a diverse assemblage of Daphnia pulex clones. We directly manipulated dispersal presence/absence and environmental fluctuations in the form of nutrient pulses. Consistent with predictions, dispersal enhanced temporal asynchrony among clones in the presence of nutrient pulses; this in turn stabilized population dynamics. This effect only emerged when patches experienced spatially asynchronous nutrient pulses (dispersal had no effect when patches were synchronously pulsed). Clonal asynchrony was driven by strong positive selection for a single clone that exhibited a performance advantage under conditions of low resource availability. Our work highlights the importance of dispersal as a driver of eco-evolutionary dynamics and population stability in variable environments.

Fate mapping by piggyBac transposase reveals that neocortical GLAST+ progenitors generate more astrocytes than Nestin+ progenitors in rat neocortex.

Progenitors within the neocortical ventricular zone (VZ) first generate pyramidal neurons and then astrocytes. We applied novel piggyBac transposase lineage tracking methods to fate-map progenitor populations positive for Nestin or glutamate and aspartate transpoter (GLAST) promoter activities in the rat neocortex. GLAST+ and Nestin+ progenitors at embryonic day 13 (E13) produce lineages containing similar rations of neurons and astrocytes. By E15, the GLAST+ progenitor population diverges significantly to produce lineages with 5-10-fold more astrocytes relative to neurons than generated by the Nestin+ population. To determine when birth-dated progeny within GLAST+ and Nestin+ populations diverge, we used a Cre/loxP fate-mapping system in which plasmids are lost after a cell division. By E18, birth-dated progeny of GLAST+ progenitors give rise to 2-3-fold more neocortical astrocytes than do Nestin+ progenitors. Finally, we used a multicolor clonal labeling method to show that the GLAST+ population labeled at E15 generates astrocyte progenitors that produce larger, spatially restricted, clonal clusters than the Nestin+ population. This study provides in vivo evidence that by mid-corticogenesis (E15), VZ progenitor populations have significantly diversified in terms of their potential to generate astrocytes and neurons.

Association of hyponatremia to diuretic response and incidence of increased serum creatinine levels in hospitalized patients with acute decompensated heart failure.

OBJECTIVES: Although hyponatremia is a prognostic factor in acute heart failure (AHF), its influence on the acute clinical course of heart failure is unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the association of hyponatremia with diuretic response, renal function, and clinical outcomes in AHF. METHODS: A retrospective study included 499 hospitalized AHF patients treated with intravenous loop diuretics for ≥48 h. Patients were grouped by nadir sodium concentrations (normonatremic, NN) ≥135 mEq/l, (mild hyponatremia, MHN) 130-134 mEq/l, and (moderate to severe hyponatremia, MSHN) <130 mEq/l. Association to diuretic response and clinical outcome was assessed. RESULTS: The incidence of hyponatremia was 54% (36% MHN, 18% MSHN). Maximum diuretic dose (furosemide equivalents: NN 84 ± 132 mg/day vs. MHN 114 ± 165 mg/day vs. MSHN 249 ± 450 mg/day, p < 0.001) and incidence of diuretic regimen escalation (NN 11% vs. MHN 16% vs. MSHN 44%, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in patients experiencing hyponatremia. Hyponatremia was also associated with a higher incidence of acute increases in serum creatinine (NN 27% vs. MHN 45% vs. MSHN 63%, p < 0.001), greater increases in blood urea nitrogen, longer hospital stay, and higher mortality. Outcome disparities to NN patients were similar whether hyponatremia was acute or present upon admission. CONCLUSIONS: Acute or admission hyponatremia, especially <130 mEq/l, in AHF patients is associated with greater diuretic requirements, higher incidence of serum creatinine increases, and a poorer outcome. Alternative treatments warrant evaluation in these patients.

Using DeepLabCut-Live to probe state dependent neural circuits of behavior with closed-loop optogenetic stimulation.

Background: Closed-loop behavior paradigms enable us to dissect the state-dependent neural circuits underlying behavior in real-time. However, studying context-dependent locomotor perturbations has been challenging due to limitations in molecular tools and techniques for real-time manipulation of spinal cord circuits. New Method: We developed a novel closed-loop optogenetic stimulation paradigm that utilizes DeepLabCut-Live pose estimation to manipulate primary sensory afferent activity at specific phases of the locomotor cycle in mice. A compact DeepLabCut model was trained to track hindlimb kinematics in real-time and integrated into the Bonsai visual programming framework. This allowed an LED to be triggered to photo-stimulate sensory neurons expressing channelrhodopsin at user-defined pose-based criteria, such as during the stance or swing phase. Results: Optogenetic activation of nociceptive TRPV1+ sensory neurons during treadmill locomotion reliably evoked paw withdrawal responses. Photoactivation during stance generated a brief withdrawal, while stimulation during swing elicited a prolonged response likely engaging stumbling corrective reflexes. Comparison with Existing Methods: This new method allows for high spatiotemporal precision in manipulating spinal circuits based on the phase of the locomotor cycle. Unlike previous approaches, this closed-loop system can control for the state-dependent nature of sensorimotor responses during locomotion. Conclusions: Integrating DeepLabCut-Live with optogenetics provides a powerful new approach to dissect the context-dependent role of sensory feedback and spinal interneurons in modulating locomotion. This technique opens new avenues for uncovering the neural substrates of state-dependent behaviors and has broad applicability for studies of real-time closed-loop manipulation based on pose estimation.

Establishment and review of educational programs to train optometrists in laser procedures and injections.

Current scope of practice for optometrists in many countries include topical and oral medication with injectable and lasers being added more recently to scope in the United States (US), Canada, the United Kingdom (UK) and New Zealand (NZ). This expanded scope of optometric practice improves access to eyecare and is critical since an ageing population with a higher prevalence of vision disorders and higher healthcare costs looms. Expanded scope has been shown alongside strong safety records. This review paper aims to investigate the expansion of optometric scope of practice regarding lasers and injectables in the US, UK, Canada, Australia and NZ. The design and delivery of post-graduation educational programs, curriculum frameworks for advanced skills and the metrics of laser procedures performed by optometrists will be discussed. The State of Oklahoma in the US was first to authorise optometrists to use lasers and injectables in 1988. As of 2024, qualified optometrists in the UK, in twelve states in the US, and specialist optometrists in NZ perform laser procedures. However, lasers and injectables are not within the current scope of optometric practice in Australia and Canada. Training courses such as Northeastern State University Oklahoma College of Optometry Advanced Procedures Course and Laser Procedures Course have been successfully designed and implemented in the US to train graduate optometrists. The outcomes of over 146,403 laser procedures performed by optometrists across the US have shown only two negative outcomes, equating to 0.001%. These metrics outline the effectiveness of these procedures performed by optometrists and show strong support for future optometric scope expansion. Eye health professionals, relevant educational institutions, advocacy groups, and policymakers are called upon to work collaboratively to expand the optometric scope of practice globally.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extract attenuates chronic scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment, amyloid beta, and neurofibrillary tangles accumulation in rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Crocus sativus L. known as saffron, is a popular food condiment with a high aroma, deep colour, and long and thick threads (stigmas) cultivated in Iran, Morocco, Spain, Italy, China, Japan, France, Turkey, and India. In 'Ayurveda', saffron is acknowledged for its immunostimulant, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, liver tonic, nervine tonic, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactagogue, febrifuge, sedative, relaxant, and anxiolytic activities. The renowned Persian physician and philosopher, Avicenna, delineated saffron as an antidepressant, hypnotic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, bronchodilator, and aphrodisiac in his book, the Canon of Medicine. Within traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM), saffron is characterized as a mood elevator and a rejuvenator for the body and senses. Further, the ethnopharmacological evidence indicates that saffron has shown an effect against neurodegenerative disorders namely, dementia, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's with its bioactive constituents i.e., carotenoids and apocarotenoids. AIM: The present study aimed to investigate the potential of standardized (Kashmir Saffron, India) Crocus sativus extract (CSE) in chronic scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment, amyloid beta (Aß) plaque, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) accumulation in rat brains by targeting AChE inhibition and scopolamine mechanistic effect. METHODS: The experimental animals were divided into six groups: group 1: normal control, group 2: scopolamine, group 3,4 and 5 rivastigmine tartrate, CSE (p.o. 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg) respectively. Each treatment group received scopolamine after 20 min of dosing, till 4 weeks. The effects of different treatments on learning, acquisition, and reversal memory were performed using a Morris water maze test. In addition to behavioral assessments, biochemical parameters such as AChE, IL-6, and antioxidants were measured in isolated brains. Histological observations were also conducted to assess the presence of Aß plaques and NFT. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed to explore the potential AChE inhibitory activity of the bioactive constituents of standardized CSE. RESULTS: Scopolamine produces memory impairment, and its chronic administration forms Aß plaque and NFT in rat brains. Supplementation with CSE in presence of scopolamine has shown remarkable effects on behavioural activity, special acquisition, and reversal memory. The CSE has also shown promising effects on AChE inhibition and antioxidant activity. The results of the docking study also indicate that trans-crocetin, i.e., a biologically active metabolite of Crocins, has strong AChE inhibitory activity, supported by an in vivo animal experiment. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with CSE significantly attenuates the formation of Aß plaque and NFT in the hippocampus at a dose of 20 mg/kg per day. In addition, CSE also counters scopolamine-induced neuroinflammation.

Unpredictable Mixed-Valence Outcomes Induce a Chronic and Reversible Generalized Anxiety-like Phenotype in Male Mice.

Background: Clinical anxiety is a generalized state characterized by feelings of apprehensive expectation and is distinct from momentary responses such as fear or stress. In contrast, most laboratory tests of anxiety focus on acute responses to momentary stressors. Methods: Apprehensive expectation was induced by subjecting mice (for 18 days) to manipulations in which a running response (experiment 1) or a conditioned stimulus (experiment 2) were unpredictably paired with reward (food) or punishment (footshock). Before this treatment, the mice were tested in an open field and light/dark box to assess momentary responses that are asserted to reflect state anxiety. After treatment, the mice were assessed for state anxiety in an elevated plus maze, social interaction test, startle response test, intrusive object burying test, and stress-induced corticosterone elevations. In experiment 3, we treated mice similarly to experiment 1, but after mixed-valence training, some mice received either no additional training, additional mixed-valence training, or were shifted to consistent (predictable) reinforcement with food. Results: We consistently observed an increase in anxiety-like behaviors after the experience with mixed-valence unpredictable reinforcement. This generalized anxiety persisted for at least 4 weeks after the mixed-valence training and could be reversed if the mixed-valence training was followed by predictable reinforcement with food. Conclusions: Results indicate that experience with unpredictable reward/punishment can induce a chronic state analogous to generalized anxiety that can be mitigated by exposure to stable, predictable conditions. This learned apprehension protocol provides a conceptually valid model for the study of the etiology and treatment of anxiety in laboratory animals.

Anxiety disorders have a complex etiology that is difficult to study in laboratory animals because most laboratory manipulations do not induce a chronic, generalized condition analogous to the clinical disorder. Here, laboratory mice developed approach-avoidance conflicts when a response was unpredictably rewarded or punished. These conditions (but not predictable outcomes) promoted a long-lasting general increase in a range of behaviors and stress hormones that reflect underlying anxiety, and remedial exposure to predictable conditions of reward and punishment ameliorated the generalized state. These results represent the development of a conceptually valid animal model for the study of anxiety and suggest conditions that can contribute to the etiology and treatment of anxiety.

The Dorsal Column Nuclei Scale Mechanical Sensitivity in Naive and Neuropathic Pain States.

Tactile perception relies on reliable transmission and modulation of low-threshold information as it travels from the periphery to the brain. During pathological conditions, tactile stimuli can aberrantly engage nociceptive pathways leading to the perception of touch as pain, known as mechanical allodynia. Two main drivers of peripheral tactile information, low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) and postsynaptic dorsal column neurons (PSDCs), terminate in the brainstem dorsal column nuclei (DCN). Activity within the DRG, spinal cord, and DCN have all been implicated in mediating allodynia, yet the DCN remains understudied at the cellular, circuit, and functional levels compared to the other two. Here, we show that the gracile nucleus (Gr) of the DCN mediates tactile sensitivity for low-threshold stimuli and contributes to mechanical allodynia during neuropathic pain in mice. We found that the Gr contains local inhibitory interneurons in addition to thalamus-projecting neurons, which are differentially innervated by primary afferents and spinal inputs. Functional manipulations of these distinct Gr neuronal populations resulted in bidirectional changes to tactile sensitivity, but did not affect noxious mechanical or thermal sensitivity. During neuropathic pain, silencing Gr projection neurons or activating Gr inhibitory neurons was able to reduce tactile hypersensitivity, and enhancing inhibition was able to ameliorate paw withdrawal signatures of neuropathic pain, like shaking. Collectively, these results suggest that the Gr plays a specific role in mediating hypersensitivity to low-threshold, innocuous mechanical stimuli during neuropathic pain, and that Gr activity contributes to affective, pain-associated phenotypes of mechanical allodynia. Therefore, these brainstem circuits work in tandem with traditional spinal circuits underlying allodynia, resulting in enhanced signaling of tactile stimuli in the brain during neuropathic pain.