Rationale, Design and Baseline Characteristics of a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Cardiovascular Quality Improvement Strategy in India: The C-QIP Trial.

BACKGROUND: Quality of chronic care for cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains suboptimal worldwide. The Collaborative Quality ImProvement (C-QIP) trial aims to develop and test the feasibility and clinical effect of a multicomponent strategy among patients with prevalent CVD in India. METHODS: The C-QIP is a clinic-based, open randomized trial of a multicomponent intervention vs usual care that was locally developed and adapted for use in Indian settings through rigorous formative research guided by Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The C-QIP intervention consisted of 5 components: 1) electronic health records and decision support system for clinicians, 2) trained nonphysician health workers (NPHW), 3) text-message based lifestyle reminders, 4) patient education materials, 5) quarterly audit and feedback reports. Patients with CVD (ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, or heart failure) attending outpatient CVD clinics were recruited from September 2022 to September 2023 and were randomized to the intervention or usual care arm for at least 12 months follow-up. The co-primary outcomes are implementation feasibility, fidelity (ie, dose delivered and dose received), acceptability, adoption and appropriateness, measured at multiple levels: patient, provider and clinic site-level, The secondary outcomes include prescription of guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) (provider-level), and adherence to prescribed therapy, change in mean blood pressure (BP) and LDL-cholesterol between the intervention and control groups (patient-level). In addition, a trial-based process and economic evaluations will be performed using standard guidelines. RESULTS: We recruited 410 socio-demographically diverse patients with CVD from 4 hospitals in India. Mean (SD) age was 57.5 (11.7) years, and 73.0% were males. Self-reported history of hypertension (48.5%) and diabetes (41.5%) was common. At baseline, mean (SD) BP was 127.9 (18.2) /76.2 (11.6) mm Hg, mean (SD) LDLc: 80.3 (37.3) mg/dl and mean (SD) HbA1c: 6.8% (1.6%). At baseline, the GDMT varied from 62.4% for patients with ischemic heart disease, 48.6% for ischemic stroke and 36.1% for heart failure. CONCLUSION: This study will establish the feasibility of delivering contextually relevant, and evidence-based C-QIP strategy and assess whether it is acceptable to the target populations. The study results will inform a larger scale confirmatory trial of a comprehensive CVD care model in low-resource settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials Registry India: CTRI/2022/04/041847; Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT05196659.

The Acetylene Bridge in Intramolecular Singlet Fission: A Boon or A Nuisance?

Various analogues of the alkylsilylacetylene group are frequently used as auxiliary groups to enhance the solubility and stability of the acene dimer core, widely used as platforms to investigate intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) mechanisms. However, while in the 2,2'-linked dimers they are primarily auxiliary groups, these are essential fragments of the bridging units in 6,6'/5,5'-linked dimers, the two preferred choices for dimerization. The starkly different iSF dynamics observed in the two variants raise the question of what role the acetylene bridges play. Here, we systematically designed a set of (oligo-)para-phenylene bridged 2,2'-linked pentacene dimers with an additional acetylene fragment in the bridging unit to mimic the structure of 6,6'-linked dimers. Contrasting the results with previously reported analogous 2,2'-linked and 6,6'-linked pentacene dimers reveals that the acetylene bridges contribute to significant conformational freedom. This effect provides a mechanism to promote spin evolution within the triplet pair to achieve free triplets but also offers new parasitic pathways for triplet-pair recombination, revealing that this structural motif can be both a boon and a nuisance. Additionally, our analysis reveals that these bridges directly modify the electronic states, highlighting significant pitfalls of the standard chromophore-bridge-chromophore framework used to design and interpret photophysics of iSF materials.

Controlling Intramolecular Singlet Fission Dynamics via Torsional Modulation of Through-Bond versus Through-Space Couplings.

Covalent dimers, particularly pentacenes, are the dominant platform for developing a mechanistic understanding of intramolecular singlet fission (iSF). Numerous studies have demonstrated that a photoexcited singlet state in these structures can rapidly and efficiently undergo exciton multiplication to form a correlated pair of triplets within a single molecule, with potential applications from photovoltaics to quantum information science. One of the most significant barriers limiting such dimers is the fast recombination of the triplet pair, which prevents spatial separation and the formation of long-lived triplet states. There is an ever-growing need to develop general synthetic strategies to control the evolution of triplets following iSF and enhance their lifetime. Here, we rationally tune the dihedral angle and interchromophore separation between pairs of pentacenes in a systematic series of bridging units to facilitate triplet separation. Through a combination of transient optical and spin-resonance techniques, we demonstrate that torsion within the linker provides a simple synthetic handle to tune the fine balance between through-bond and through-space interchromophore couplings that steer iSF. We show that the full iSF pathway from femtosecond to microsecond timescales is tuned through the static coupling set by molecular design and structural fluctuations that can be biased through steric control. Our approach highlights a straightforward design principle to generate paramagnetic spin pair states with higher yields.

Structural Study of Diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivative Thin Films: Influence of Deposition Method, Substrate Surface, and Aging.

We report the morphology and microstructure of n-dialkyl side-chain-substituted thiophene DPP end-capped with phenyl groups (Ph-TDPP-Ph) thin films and compare the influence of deposition method and substrate surface using thermally oxidized Si and graphene substrates as well as monolayer graphene surfaces with an underlying self-assembled octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayer, complemented by an aging study of spin-coated films over a 2 weeks aging period. A distinct difference in morphology was observed between spin-coated and vacuum-deposited thin films, which formed a fiber-like morphology and a continuous layer of terraced grains, respectively. After an initial film evolution, all combinations of deposition method and substrate type result in well-ordered thin films with almost identical crystalline phases with slight variations in crystallinity and mosaicity. These findings point toward strong intermolecular forces dominating during growth, and the templating effect observed for other oligomer films formed on graphene is consequently ineffective for this material type. Upon aging of spin-coated films, a noticeable evolution involving two different morphologies and crystalline phases were observed. After several days, the thin film evolved into a more stable crystal phase and a fiber-like morphology. Moreover, slight variation in optical spectra were elucidated on the basis on density functional theory calculations. These results demonstrate that thin-film properties of DPP derivatives can be tailored by manipulating the film formation process.

Voltage-Induced Single-Molecule Junction Planarization.

Probing structural changes of a molecule induced by charge transfer is important for understanding the physicochemical properties of molecules and developing new electronic devices. Here, we interrogate the structural changes of a single diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) molecule induced by charge transport at a high bias using scanning tunneling microscope break junction (STM-BJ) techniques. Specifically, we demonstrate that application of a high bias increases the average nonresonant conductance of single Au-DPP-Au junctions. We infer from the increased conductance that resonant charge transport induces planarization of the molecular backbone. We further show that this conformational planarization is assisted by thermally activated junction reorganization. The planarization only occurs under specific electronic conditions, which we rationalize by ab initio calculations. These results emphasize the need for a comprehensive view of single-molecule junctions which includes both the electronic properties and structure of the molecules and the electrodes when designing electrically driven single-molecule motors.

Bacterial Pigment Prodigiosin Demonstrates a Unique Antiherpesvirus Activity That Is Mediated through Inhibition of Prosurvival Signal Transducers.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is among the most prevalent viral infections worldwide and remains incurable. While nucleoside analogs are used to relieve symptoms of infection, they suffer from having serious adverse effects and are unable to abolish the virus from the host. Here, we demonstrate a unique antiviral effect of prodigiosin (PG), a natural secondary metabolite produced by Serratia marcescens, on HSV infection. We show that PG naturally exerts antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections. PG treatment resulted in robust inhibition of viral replication in vitro and ex vivo in cultured porcine corneas. Additionally, PG protected against HSV-1 infection and disease progression in a murine model of ocular infection. In our quest to determine the molecular mechanisms of its antiviral activity, we show that PG specifically inhibits NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways and promotes accelerated cell death in HSV-infected cells. Our findings reveal novel antiviral properties of PG, suggesting its high potential as an alternative treatment for herpetic diseases. They also provide new information on antiviral effects of HSV-bacterial metabolite interactions.IMPORTANCE In this article, we provide a new role for a commonly found bacterial pigment in controlling herpes simplex virus infection, for which diverse and multimodal antiviral agents are needed to prevent drug resistance. Serratia marcescens is a red pigment (prodigiosin)-producing Gram-negative bacillus that is naturally found in soil and water. It is associated with many kinds of human infections, including wound and eye infections, and meningitis. Taking cues from previous studies on prodigiosin, including possible proapoptotic anticancer properties, we investigated how it might affect HSV infection. Interestingly, we found that it is a potent virucidal compound that disrupts host signaling pathways needed for HSV growth and survival. The mode of antiviral action suggests potentially broad activity against enveloped viruses. Our results also indicate that interactions with commensal bacteria may inhibit HSV infection, underscoring the importance of studying these microbial metabolites and their implications for viral pathogenesis and treatment.

Electrochemical Evaluation of Diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivatives for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries.

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) employing nonaqueous electrolytes could potentially operate at much higher cell voltages, and therefore afford higher energy and power densities, than RFBs employing aqueous electrolytes. The development of such high-voltage nonaqueous RFBs requires anolytes that are electrochemically stable, especially in the presence of traces of oxygen and/or moisture. The inherent atmospheric reactivity of anolytes mandates judicious molecular design with high electron affinity and electrochemical stability. In this study, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based TDPP-Hex-CN4 is proposed as a stable redox-active molecule for anolytes in nonaqueous organic RFBs. We demonstrate organic RFBs using TDPP-Hex-CN4 as anolyte with unisol blue (UB) 1,4-bis(isopropylamino)anthraquinone and 1,4-di-tert-butyl-2,5-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)benzene (DBBB) as catholytes. Cyclic voltammetry measurements with scans repeated over 200 cycles were performed to establish the electrochemical stability of the redox pairs. Symmetric flow-cell studies show that TDPP-Hex-CN4 exhibits stable capacity up to 700 cycles. Redox flow cells employing TDPP-Hex-CN4 /UB and TDPP-Hex-CN4 /DBBB as redox pairs demonstrate that DPP derivatives are propitious materials for anolytes in all organic nonaqueous RFBs.

Enzymatic response of Moina macrocopa to different sized zinc oxide particles: An aquatic metal toxicology study.

Zinc oxide particles (ZnOPs) of both nanometer and sub-micron sizes are important components of high demand consumer products such as sunscreen, paint, textile, food packaging, and agriculture. Their ultimate discharge in the aquatic ecosystem is nearly unavoidable. For sustainable use of ZnOPs, there is an urgent need to assess its ecotoxicity using ecological indicator organisms. Moina macrocopa, an important component of the aquatic ecosystem is one such less explored indicator organism. In the present investigation, ZnOPs of two different sizes (250 ± 20 and 500 ± 50 nm) were selected for risk assessment as most of the previous reports were based on the use of 10-100 nm ZnOPs. ZnOPs of 500 nm were more lethal than that of 250 nm size, with respective LC50 of 0.0092 ± 0.0012 and 0.0337 ± 0.0133 mg/L against M. macrocopa after 48 h of exposure. We further used a sublethal concentration of 500 nm (0.00336 mg/L) and 250 nm (0.00092 mg/L) ZnOPs followed by measurement of enzymatic biomarkers of toxicity (acetylcholinesterase, digestive enzymes, antioxidant enzymes). A size-dependent variation in enzymatic response to 250 and 500 nm ZnOPs was seen. Exposure to ZnOPs inhibited acetylcholinesterase and digestive enzymes (trypsin, amylase), and elevated antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione S-transferase) levels. The exposure also decreased the superoxide dismutase activity and increased that of ß-galactosidase. Microscopic investigation revealed the accumulation of ZnOPs in the digestive tract of M. macrocopa that possibly disrupts enzyme activities. The present study will contribute to establishing regulatory policy on the maximum permissible limit of ZnOPs in different water bodies.

A novel screening method for potential naringinase-producing microorganisms.

Naringinase has high industrial importance, and the progress in naringinase research is still quite slow. The unavailability of an effective, simple screening method, which will be applicable to different microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, is one of the main reasons for this gap. Therefore, a simple plate assay was developed for effective screening of microorganisms for naringinase by exposing to iodine vapors. This plate assay will fill the technological void for simple screening method and will lead to screen more potent industrially important naringinase-producing microorganisms.

Production and characterization of multifacet exopolysaccharide from an agricultural isolate, Bacillus subtilis.

This study aims to explore the fermentative production and physicochemical properties of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced from agricultural isolate, Bacillus subtilis S1 in submerged culture. The structural characterization (Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 13 C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry) revealed that the EPS is an acidic heteropolymer consisting of glucose, glucuronic acid, pyruvic acid, and succinic acid. The non-Newtonian shear thickening nature of EPS with a 1.55 × 107  Da molecular weight is confirmed by rheology analysis. The extracted EPS was 61.3% amorphous with partial crystallinity (38.7%) as confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The EPS shows two-step decomposition and thermal stability up to 300 °C as confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The EPS has a small Z-average particle size (74.29 nm), high porosity (92.99%), high water holding (92.39%), and absorption capacity (1,198%). The biocompatible nature is confirmed by cytotoxic testing on the human keratinocytes cell line. The demonstrated unique characteristics of Bacillus EPS presents it as a choice of biomaterial for diverse applications.

Resonant Transport in Single Diketopyrrolopyrrole Junctions.

We study the single-molecule transport properties of small bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole oligomers (DPP n, n = 1-4) with lengths varying from 1 to 5 nm. At a low bias voltage, the conductance decays exponentially as a function of length indicative of nonresonant transport. However, at a high bias voltage, we observe a remarkably high conductance close to 10-2 G0 with currents reaching over 0.1 µA across all four oligomers. These unique transport properties, together with density functional theory-based transport calculations, suggest a mechanism of resonant transport across the highly delocalized DPP backbones in the high bias regime. This study thus demonstrates the unique properties of diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives in achieving highly efficient long-range charge transport in single-molecule devices.

Extracellular red Monascus pigment-mediated rapid one-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its application in biomedical and environment.

The development of a safe and eco-friendly method for metal nanoparticle synthesis has an increasing demand, due to emerging environmental and biological harms of hazardous chemicals used in existing nanosynthesis methods. The present investigation reports a rapid one-step, eco-friendly and green approach for the formation of nanosized silver particles (AgNPs) using extracellular non-toxic-colored fungal metabolites (Monascus pigments-MPs). The formation of nanosized silver particles utilizing Monascus pigments was confirmed after exposure of reaction mixture to sunlight, by visually color change and further established by spectrophotometric analysis. The size, shape, and topography of synthesized MPs-AgNPs were well-defined using different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, i.e., FE-SEM, HR-TEM, and DLS. The average size of MPs-AgNPs was found to be 10-40 nm with a spherical shape which was highly stable and dispersed in the solution. HR-TEM and XRD confirmed crystalline nature of MPs-AgNPs. The biocidal potential of MPs-AgNPs was evaluated against three bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus and it was observed that the MPs-AgNPs significantly inhibited the growth of all three bacterial pathogens. The anti-biofilm activity of MPs-AgNPs was recorded against antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa. Besides, the colorimetric metal sensing using MPs-AgNPs was studied. Among the metals tested, the selective Hg2+-sensing potential at micromolar concentration was observed. In conclusion, this is the rapid one-step (within 12-15 min), environment-friendly method for synthesis of AgNPs and synthesized MPs-AgNPs could be used as a potential antibacterial agent against antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens.

Facile Synthesis and Chain-Length Dependence of the Optical and Structural Properties of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Oligomers.

Here, we report the synthesis, optical properties, and solid-state packing of monodisperse oligomers of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) up to five repeating units. The optical properties of DPP oligomers in solution and the solid state were investigated by a combination of steady-state and transient spectroscopy. Transient absorption spectroscopy and time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) measurements show that the fluorescence lifetime decreases with an increase in the oligomer size from monomer to trimer, thereby reaching saturation for pentameric DPP oligomers. The solid-state packing and crystallinity were probed by using advanced techniques, which included grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to elucidate the structure-property trend. Collectively, our chain-length dependent studies establish the fundamental correlation between the structure and property and provide a comprehensive understanding of the solid-state properties in DPP-DPP based conjugated systems.

Mechanistic approach for fabrication of gold nanoparticles by Nitzschia diatom and their antibacterial activity.

The problem of chemically synthesized nanoproducts motivated scientific community to explore ecofriendly methods of nanosynthesis. Diatoms belong to a group of aquatic, unicellular, photosynthetic microalgae have been scarcely investigated as a source of reducing and capping agents for nanosynthesis of pesticides and antibiotics. The present study reports a novel ecofriendly method for the fabrication of bioactive gold nanoparticles using locally isolated Nitzschia diatoms. The diatom-fabricated gold nanoparticles show characteristic ruby red colored with sharp absorbance peak at 529 nm. Electron microscopy confirmed irregular shape of gold nanoparticles, with average size of 43 nm and zeta potential of -16.8 mV. The effects of gold nanoparticles on diatom viability were investigated using light and electron microscopy. The mechanistic approach to shed light on how diatoms reacted after exposure to gold metal salt revealed that exposure to gold chloride triggers elevated levels of catalase and peroxidase (12.76 and 14.43 unit/mg protein, respectively) to relieve reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress induced by gold salt exposure. Investigation studies on mechanisms behind Nitzschia-mediated gold nanoparticles fabrication outlined the role of diatom proteins, polysaccharides in reduction, and stabilization of nanoparticles as confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Bioactivity of gold nanoparticles was accessed by coupling them with antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin), which increased their antibacterial activity compared to individual nanoparticles and antibiotics (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus). Overall, the present novel phyco-nanotechnological approach is a promising tool to be used as sustainable strategy in green nanotechnology as well as to reduce use of antibiotics in microbial control.

Tetraphenylethene-Based Conjugated Fluoranthene: A Potential Fluorescent Probe for Detection of Nitroaromatic Compounds.

This study reports the synthesis and photophysical properties of a star-shaped, novel, fluoranthene-tetraphenylethene (TFPE) conjugated luminogen, which exhibits aggregation-induced blue-shifted emission (AIBSE). The bulky fluoranthene units at the periphery prevent intramolecular rotation (IMR) of phenyl rings and induces a blueshift with enhanced emission. The AIBSE phenomenon was investigated by solvatochromic and temperature-dependent emission studies. Nanoaggregates of TFPE, formed by varying the water/THF ratio, were investigated by SEM and TEM and correlated with optical properties. The TFPE conjugate was found to be a promising fluorescent probe towards the detection of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs), especially for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (PA) with high sensitivity and a high Stern-Volmer quenching constant. The study reveals that nanoaggregates of TFPE formed at 30 and 70% water in THF showed unprecedented sensitivity with detection limits of 0.8 and 0.5 ppb, respectively. The nanoaggregates formed at water fractions of 30 and 70% exhibit high Stern-Volmer constants (Ksv=79,998 and 51,120 M(-1), respectively) towards PA. Fluorescence quenching is ascribed to photoinduced electron transfer between TFPE and NACs with a static quenching mechanism. Test strips coated with TFPE luminogen demonstrate fast and ultra-low-level detection of PA for real-time field analysis.

Heart-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein, in Early Detection of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Comparison with CK-MB, Troponin I and Myoglobin.

The study aimed to investigate whether heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) measurement provides additional diagnostic value to that of conventional cardiac markers in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within first 6 h after the onset of symptoms. The study included 120 subjects: 60 AMI cases and 60 age and sex matched controls. The cases and controls were further divided into 2 subgroups depending on the time since onset of chest pain as (1) subjects within 3 h and (2) between 3 and 6 h of onset of chest pain. In all the cases and controls, serum H-FABP concentration was measured by Immunoturbidimetric method, serum Troponin I and myoglobin concentrations by Chemiluminescence immunoassay and serum CK-MB concentration by Immuno-inhibition method. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of H-FABP were significantly greater than CK-MB and myoglobin but were lesser than Troponin I in patients with suspected AMI in both within 3 h and 3-6 h groups. Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated greatest diagnostic ability for Troponin I (AUC = 0.99, p < 0.001) followed by H-FABP (AUC = 0.906, p < 0.001) within 3 h and 3-6 h after the onset of chest pain. In conclusion, the diagnostic value of H-FABP is greater than CK-MB and myoglobin but slightly lesser than troponin I for the early diagnosis of AMI within first 6 h of chest pain. H-FABP can be used as an additional diagnostic tool for the early diagnosis of AMI along with troponin I.

Vesicular Nanostructure Formation by Self-Assembly of Anisotropic Penta-phenol-Substituted Fullerene in Water.

A study on self-assembly of anisotropically substituted penta-aryl fullerenes in water has been reported. The penta-phenol-substituted amphiphilic fullerene derivative [C60Ph5(OH)5] exhibited self-assembled vesicular nanostructures in water under the experimental conditions. The size of the vesicles was observed to depend upon the kinetics of self-assembly and could be varied from ∼300 to ∼70 nm. Our mechanistic study indicated that the self-assembly of C60Ph5(OH)5 is driven by extensive intermolecular as well as water-mediated hydrogen bonding along with fullerene-fullerene hydrophobic interaction in water. The cumulative effect of these interactions is responsible for the stability of vesicular structures even on the removal of solvent. The substitution of phenol with anisole resulted in different packing and interaction of the fullerene derivative, as indicated in the molecular dynamics studies, thus resulting in different self-assembled nanostructures. The hollow vesicles were further encapsulated with a hydrophobic conjugated polymer and water-soluble dye as guest molecules. Such confinement of π-conjugated polymers in fullerene has significance in bulk heterojunction devices for efficient exciton diffusion.

Biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles as a novel colorimetric probe for melamine detection in raw milk.

Nanoparticles have emerged as a promising analytical tool for monitoring food adulteration and safety. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using leaves' extract of Jatropha gossypifolia. AgNPs revealed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 419 nm and have spherical and grain shape with size range between 18 and 30 nm. A selective and rapid method of melamine detection in raw milk was developed with the use of these biofunctionalized AgNPs. The color change, deviation in SPR spectra, and change in the absorption ratio (A500 /A419 ) of AgNPs occurred after an AgNPs-melamine interaction. The detection limit for melamine up to 2 µM (252 ppb) was attained with this method, which is quite lower than safety level recommendations of regulatory bodies demonstrating sensitivity of the method. Dynamicx light scattering and transmission electron microscopy analyses exhibited an increase in hydrodynamic diameter and size of AgNPs after melamine interaction. Melamine sensing by AgNPs was investigated by different physicochemical and thermal analyses.

Innovative approach for urease inhibition by Ficus carica extract-fabricated silver nanoparticles: An in vitro study.

In the present study, a rapid, low-cost, and ecofriendly method of stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis using leaves extract of Ficus carica (F. carica), a plant with diverse metabolic consortium, is reported for the first time. An absorption peak at 422 nm in UV-Vis spectroscopy, a spherical shape with an average size of 21 nm in transmission electron microscopy, and crystalline nature in X-ray powder diffraction studies were observed for the synthesized AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that proteins of F. carica might have a vital role in AgNP synthesis and stabilization. AgNPs were found to inhibit urease, a key enzyme responsible for the survival and pathogenesis of the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori. Inhibition of urease by AgNPs was monitored spectrophotometrically by the evaluation of ammonia release. The urease inhibition potential of AgNPs can be explored in the treatment of H. pylori by preparing novel combinations of standard drugs with AgNPs- or AgNPs-encapsulated drug molecules.

Mosquito larvicidal and pupaecidal potential of prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens and understanding its mechanism of action.

Mosquitoes spread lethal diseases like malaria and dengue fever to humans. Considering mosquito vector control as one of the best alternatives to reduce new infections, here we have analyzed the effect of purified pigment prodigiosin extracted from Serratia marcescens (NMCC 75) against larval and pupal stages of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Mosquito larvicidal activities of purified prodigiosin revealed LC50 values of 14 ± 1.2, 15.6 ± 1.48, 18 ± 1.3, 21 ± 0.87 µg/ml against early IInd, IIIrd, IVth instar and pupal stages of Ae. aegypti, respectively. LC50 values for An. stephensi were found to be 19.7 ± 1.12, 24.7 ± 1.47, 26.6 ± 1.67, 32.2 ± 1.79 µg/ml against early IInd, IIIrd, IVth instar and pupae of An. stephensi, respectively. Further investigations toward understanding modes of action revealed variations in the activities of esterases, acetylcholine esterases, phosphatases, proteases and total proteins in the fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti indicating intrinsic difference in biochemical features due to prodigiosin treatment. Although there was no inhibition of enzymes like catalase and oxidase but may have profound inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase or H(+)-V-ATPase which is indicated by change in the pH of midgut and caeca of mosquito larvae. This reduced pH may be possibly due to the proton pump inhibitory activity of prodigiosin. Pure prodigiosin can prove to be an important molecule for mosquito control at larval and pupal stages of Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi. This is the first report on the mosquito pupaecidal activity of prodigiosin and its possible mechanism of action.