Can a Liquid Biopsy Detect Circulating Tumor DNA With Low-passage Whole-genome Sequencing in Patients With a Sarcoma? A Pilot Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: A liquid biopsy is a test that evaluates the status of a disease by analyzing a sample of bodily fluid, most commonly blood. In recent years, there has been progress in the development and clinical application of liquid biopsy methods to identify blood-based, tumor-specific biomarkers for many cancer types. However, the implementation of these technologies to aid in the treatment of patients who have a sarcoma remains behind other fields of cancer medicine. For this study, we chose to evaluate a sarcoma liquid biopsy based on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). All human beings have normal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) circulating in the blood. In contrast with cfDNA, ctDNA is genetic material present in the blood stream that is derived from a tumor. ctDNA carries the unique genomic fingerprint of the tumor with changes that are not present in normal circulating cfDNA. A successful ctDNA liquid biopsy must be able to target these tumor-specific genetic alterations. For instance, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are common in lung cancers, and ctDNA liquid biopsies are currently in clinical use to evaluate the status of disease in patients who have a lung cancer by detecting EGFR mutations in the blood. As opposed to many carcinomas, sarcomas do not have common recurrent mutations that could serve as the foundation to a ctDNA liquid biopsy. However, many sarcomas have structural changes to their chromosomes, including gains and losses of portions or entire chromosomes, known as copy number alterations (CNAs), that could serve as a target for a ctDNA liquid biopsy. Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) amplification in select lipomatous tumors or parosteal osteosarcoma is an example of a CNA due to the presence of extra copies of a segment of the long arm of chromosome 12. Since a majority of sarcomas demonstrate a complex karyotype with numerous CNAs, a blood-based liquid biopsy strategy that searches for these CNAs may be able to detect the presence of sarcoma ctDNA. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is a next-generation sequencing technique that evaluates the entire genome. The depth of coverage of WGS refers to how detailed the sequencing is, like higher versus lower power on a microscope. WGS can be performed with high-depth sequencing (that is, > 60×), which can detect individual point mutations, or low-depth sequencing (that is, 0.1× to 5×), referred to as low-passage whole-genome sequencing (LP-WGS), which may not detect individual mutations but can detect structural chromosomal changes including gains and losses (that is, CNAs). While similar strategies have shown favorable early results for specific sarcoma subtypes, LP-WGS has not been evaluated for applicability to the broader population of patients who have a sarcoma. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: Does an LP-WGS liquid biopsy evaluating for CNAs detect ctDNA in plasma samples from patients who have sarcomas representing a variety of histologic subtypes? METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted at a community-based, tertiary referral center. Nine paired (plasma and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded [FFPE] tissue) and four unpaired (plasma) specimens from patients who had a sarcoma were obtained from a commercial biospecimen bank. Three control specimens from individuals who did not have cancer were also obtained. The paired and unpaired specimens from patients who had a sarcoma represented a variety of sarcoma histologic subtypes. cfDNA was extracted, amplified, and quantified. Libraries were prepared, and LP-WGS was performed using a NextSeq 500 next-generation sequencing machine at a low depth of sequencing coverage (∼1×). The ichorCNA bioinformatics algorithm, which was designed to detect CNAs from low-depth genomic sequencing data, was used to analyze the data. In contrast with the gold standard for diagnosis in the form of histopathologic analysis of a tissue sample, this test does not discriminate between sarcoma subtypes but detects the presence of tumor-derived CNAs within the ctDNA in the blood that should not be present in a patient who does not have cancer. The liquid biopsy was positive for the detection of cancer if the ichorCNA algorithm detected the presence of ctDNA. The algorithm was also used to quantitatively estimate the percent ctDNA within the cfDNA. The concentration of ctDNA was then calculated from the percent ctDNA relative to the total concentration of cfDNA. The CNAs of the paired FFPE tissue and plasma samples were graphically visualized using aCNViewer software. RESULTS: This LP-WGS liquid biopsy detected ctDNA in 9 of 13 of the plasma specimens from patients with a sarcoma. The other four samples from patients with a sarcoma and all serum specimens from patients without cancer had no detectable ctDNA. Of those 9 patients with positive liquid biopsy results, the percent ctDNA ranged from 6% to 11%, and calculated ctDNA quantities were 0.04 to 5.6 ng/mL, which are levels to be expected when ctDNA is detectable. CONCLUSION: In this small pilot study, we were able to detect sarcoma ctDNA with an LP-WGS liquid biopsy searching for CNAs in the plasma of most patients who had a sarcoma representing a variety of histologic subtypes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results suggest that an LP-WGS liquid biopsy evaluating for CNAs to identify ctDNA may be more broadly applicable to the population of patients who have a sarcoma than previously reported in studies focusing on specific subtypes. Large prospective clinical trials that gather samples at multiple time points during the process of diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance will be needed to further assess whether this technique can be clinically useful. At our institution, we are in the process of developing a large prospective clinical trial for this purpose.

A Shadow of Doubt: Is There Implicit Bias Among Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty and Residents Regarding Race and Gender?

BACKGROUND: Orthopaedic surgery continues to be one of the least diverse medical specialties. Recently, increasing emphasis has been placed on improving diversity in the medical field, which includes the need to better understand existing biases. Despite this, only about 6% of orthopaedic surgeons are women and 0.3% are Black. Addressing diversity, in part, requires a better understanding of existing biases. Most universities and residency programs have statements and policies against discrimination that seek to eliminate explicit biases. However, unconscious biases might negatively impact the selection, training, and career advancement of women and minorities who are underrepresented in orthopaedic surgery. Although this is difficult to measure, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) by Project Implicit might be useful to identify and measure levels of unconscious bias among orthopaedic surgeons, providing opportunities for additional interventions to improve diversity in this field. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) Do orthopaedic surgeons demonstrate implicit biases related to race and gender roles? (2) Are certain demographic characteristics (age, gender, race or ethnicity, or geographic location) or program characteristics (geographic location or size of program) associated with the presence of implicit biases? (3) Do the implicit biases of orthopaedic surgeons differ from those of other healthcare providers or the general population? METHODS: A cross-sectional study of implicit bias among orthopaedic surgeons was performed using the IAT from Project Implicit. The IAT is a computerized test that measures the time required to associate words or pictures with attributes, with faster or slower response times suggesting the ease or difficulty of associating the items. Although concerns have been raised recently about the validity and utility of the IAT, we believed it was the right study instrument to help identify the slight hesitation that can imply differences between inclusion and exclusion of a person. We used two IATs, one for Black and White race and one for gender, career, and family roles. We invited a consortium of researchers from United States and Canadian orthopaedic residency programs. Researchers at 34 programs agreed to distribute the invitation via email to their faculty, residents, and fellows for a total of 1484 invitees. Twenty-eight percent (419) of orthopaedic surgeons and trainees completed the survey. The respondents were 45% (186) residents, 55% (228) faculty, and one fellow. To evaluate response biases, the respondent population was compared with that of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons census. Responses were reported as D-scores based on response times for associations. D-scores were categorized as showing strong (≥ 0.65), moderate (≥ 0.35 to < 0.65), or slight (≥ 0.15 to < 0.35) associations. For a frame of reference, orthopaedic surgeons' mean IAT scores were compared with historical scores of other self-identified healthcare providers and that of the general population. Mean D-scores were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test to determine whether demographic characteristics were associated with differences in D-scores. Bonferroni correction was applied, and p values less than 0.0056 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Overall, the mean IAT D-scores of orthopaedic surgeons indicated a slight preference for White people (0.29 ± 0.4) and a slight association of men with career (0.24 ± 0.3), with a normal distribution. Hence, most respondents' scores indicated slight preferences, but strong preferences for White race were noted in 27% (112 of 419) of respondents. There was a strong association of women with family and home and an association of men with work or career in 14% (60 of 419). These preferences generally did not correlate with the demographic, geographic, and program variables that were analyzed, except for a stronger association of women with family and home among women respondents. There were no differences in race IAT D-scores between orthopaedic surgeons and other healthcare providers and the general population. Gender-career IAT D-scores associating women with family and home were slightly lower among orthopaedic surgeons (0.24 ± 0.3) than among the general population (0.32 ± 0.4; p < 0.001) and other healthcare professionals (0.34 ± 0.4; p < 0.001). All of these values are in the slight preference range. CONCLUSION: Orthopaedic surgeons demonstrated slight preferences for White people, and there was a tendency to associate women with career and family on IATs, regardless of demographic and program characteristics, similar to others in healthcare and the general population. Given the similarity of scores with those in other, more diverse areas of medicine, unconscious biases alone do not explain the relative lack of diversity in orthopaedic surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Implicit biases only explain a small portion of the lack of progress in improving diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging in our workforce and resolving healthcare disparities. Other causes including explicit biases, an unwelcoming culture, and perceptions of our specialty should be examined. Remedies including engagement of students and mentorship throughout training and early career should be sought.

Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcoma: A Multi-Institutional Validation of Prognostic Nomograms.

BACKGROUND: Prognostic nomograms for patients with resected extremity soft tissue sarcoma (STS) include the Sarculator and Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSKCC) nomograms. We sought to validate these two nomograms within a large, modern, multi-institutional cohort of resected primary extremity STS patients. METHODS: Resected primary extremity STS patients from 2000 to 2017 were identified across nine high-volume U.S. institutions. Predicted 5- and 10-year overall survival (OS) and distant metastases cumulative incidence (DMCI), and 4-, 8-, and 12-year disease-specific survival (DSS) were calculated with Sarculator and MSKCC nomograms, respectively. Predicted survival probabilities stratified in quintiles were compared in calibration plots to observed survival assessed by Kaplan-Meier estimates. Cumulative incidence was estimated for DMCI. Harrell's concordance index (C-index) assessed discriminative ability of nomograms. RESULTS: A total of 1326 patients underwent resection of primary extremity STS. Common histologies included: undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (35%), fibrosarcoma (13%), and leiomyosarcoma (9%). Median tumor size was 8.0 cm (IQR 4.5-13.0). Tumor grade distribution was: Grade 1 (13%), Grade 2 (9%), Grade 3 (78%). Median OS was 172 months, with estimated 5- and 10-year OS of 70% and 58%. C-indices for 5- and 10-year OS (Sarculator) were 0.72 (95% CI 0.70-0.75) and 0.73 (95% CI 0.70-0.75), and 0.72 (95% CI 0.69-0.75) for 5- and 10-year DMCI. C-indices for 4-, 8-, and 12-year DSS (MSKCC) were 0.71 (95% CI 0.68-0.75). Calibration plots showed good prognostication across all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Sarculator and MSKCC nomograms demonstrated good prognostic ability for survival and recurrence outcomes in a modern, multi-institutional validation cohort of resected primary extremity STS patients. External validation of these nomograms supports their ongoing incorporation into clinical practice.

A Randomized Trial of Preoperative Practice in a Simulated Operative Environment: 3D Printed Pilon Model Improves Resident Performance.

This study assessed the effect of preoperative planning using a 3D-printed periarticular fracture model on operative performance. A complex pilon fracture was 3D-printed, and a preoperative plan was developed. Orthopaedic surgery residents (n = 20) were randomized into two groups. Group 1 performed routine preoperative planning, while Group 2 was also practiced using a 3D-printed construct before performing fixation of the 3D-printed model. Resident performance was assessed using a video motion capture system and evaluated by blinded reviewers. Three residents (3D group) completed fixation within the allotted 45 minutes. The 3D group had less hand distance traveled for step 1 (89 m vs. 162 m, p = 0.04). The 3D group had better performance on three of the four components and more acceptable reductions (6 vs. 0, p = 0.009). Average global rating scale was higher in the 3D group (3.0 vs. 1.7, p = 0.0095). Use of 3D-printed models for preoperative planning improved resident performance. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 31(3):187-192, 2022).

Resident Education and Wellness: A Strategy for Future Pandemics.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presented a novel challenge to modern healthcare systems and medical training. Resource allocation and risk mitigation dramatically affected resident training. The objective of this article is to develop new strategies to maintain a healthy, competent residency program while combating the unique challenges to resident education and wellness. In 2020, our institution implemented a revolving 3-Team system. While the "Inpatient-Team" delivered direct care, the "Back-up Team" and "Quarantine-Team" managed the telemedicine virtual clinic and education-wellness strategy, respectively. Our 3-Team system allowed delivery of safe, high-quality patient care while optimizing resident education, research, and wellness. The efficient use of technology led to both improved virtual education outside of the hospital and intentional wellness opportunities despite social distancing restrictions. Utilization of virtual platforms for patient care, education, research, and wellness grew out of necessity in this pandemic, yet represent an opportunity for lasting improvement. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 31(3):150-154, 2022).

Predictive Accuracy of the ACS-NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator for Pathologic Humerus Fracture Fixation.

Pathologic fractures are associated with poor outcomes. This article investigated the prevalence of underestimation of risk by the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) Surgical Risk Calculator (SRC) in patients with pathologic humerus fractures. Two hundred seven (207) patients were identified and analyzed using the ACS-NSQIP SRC. Predicted and actual outcomes were then compared. Average hospitalization was 6 ± 10 days. Ten patients (5%) had a mild adverse event (AE), and 15 (7%) had a serious AE. The ACS-NSQIP SRC underestimated hospitalizations (p < 0.001), but not serious AE (p = 0.601), mild AE (p = 0.948), cardiac complications (p = 0.817), pneumonia (p = 0.713), surgical site infection (p = 0.692), urinary tract infection (p = 0.286), venous thromboembolism (p = 0.554), acute renal failure (p = 0.191), discharge to acute care facility (p = 0.865), readmission (p = 1.0), reoperation (0.956) or mortality (p = 0.872). Negative outcomes were limited in this cohort, and the SRC demonstrated acceptable accuracy. Future investigation of the calculator in other orthopaedic populations is warranted. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 28(4):250-256, 2019).

Open Reduction vs Distal Femoral Replacement Arthroplasty for Comminuted Distal Femur Fractures in the Patients 70 Years and Older.

BACKGROUND: The ideal management of distal femur fractures in the elderly is unclear. Acute arthroplasty has the theoretical advantage of earlier mobilization. We examined the outcomes of patients 70 years and older who underwent open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) vs distal femoral replacement (DFR) for comminuted, intra-articular distal femur fractures. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients with AO/OTA classification 33C distal femur fractures treated with either ORIF or DFR was performed. Outcomes including all-cause reoperation, length of stay, fracture union, postoperative complications, use of ambulatory device and living situation at 1 year, and mortality were evaluated. RESULTS: The study cohort included 38 patients: 10 underwent DFR and 28 ORIF. Mean patient age for both cohorts was 82 years. No difference in comorbidities or mechanism of injury was found between groups. The incidence of reoperation was 11% in the ORIF group and 10% in the DFR group. In the ORIF group, the average time to fracture union was 24 weeks, with a nonunion incidence of 18%. Twenty-three percent of ORIF group were wheelchair dependent vs none in the DFR cohort, although not statistically significant. Differences between the groups with respect to all-cause reoperation, living situation or need for ambulatory device at 1 year, and 1-year mortality did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Nearly 1 in 5 patients older than 70 years developed a nonunion after ORIF of an intra-articular distal femur fracture. At 1-year follow-up, all patients in DFR group were ambulatory while 1 in 4 in the ORIF group were wheelchair bound.

What factors influence applicants' rankings of orthopaedic surgery residency programs in the National Resident Matching Program?

BACKGROUND: In accordance with the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons' strategic goal of enriching our field by building a more diverse orthopaedic workforce, the specialty needs further information delineating the factors important to the applicant pool as a whole and more specifically to women and other underrepresented minority groups. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: This study aims to identify (1) factors important to residency applicants selecting an orthopaedic residency program; (2) differences in factor importance for men, women, and minorities, and (3) the importance of different information sources used when making his or her rank list. METHODS: All 742 applicants who applied to the authors' orthopaedic surgery residency program in the 2013 National Resident Matching Program were queried. The response rate was 28% (207 of 742). Respondents were asked to rank, on a 5-point Likert scale, 37 factors that may have affected their rank lists to differing degrees. Respondents also identified the importance of sources of information used to make their rank lists, factors that residency programs considered important when ranking applicants, and their level of agreement with various sex- and racial-specific statements regarding orthopaedic training. RESULTS: The most important factors affecting rank lists were perceived happiness/quality of life of current residents, resident camaraderie, and impression after an away rotation. Women weighed their personal interactions and a program's proximity to family and friends more heavily when determining a rank list. Sixty-eight percent of women eliminated residency programs from their options based on perceived sex biases versus less than 1% of men. Applicants valued information obtained from away rotations at an institution and in talking with current residents most when determining his or her rank list. CONCLUSIONS: Programs should consider interpersonal factors, like quality of life and resident camaraderie as factors in attracting applicants. They also should minimize perceived biases and emphasize interactions with current residents during the application process to meet their goals of attracting an exceptional and more diverse orthopaedic workforce.

Health Literacy Awareness Among Orthopaedic Surgery Residents: A COERG Survey.

Musculoskeletal health literacy (HL) is an emerging concept in orthopaedic patient care. Estimated rates of low musculoskeletal HL in patients surpass those of general HL. Studies in other specialties suggest that medical trainees are ill equipped to interact with low HL patients, often with detrimental patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to (1) establish the current state of HL awareness among orthopaedic surgery trainees, (2) characterize the current state of HL training in orthopaedic surgery programs, and (3) evaluate the desire for formalized HL training among orthopaedic surgery trainees. Methods: This study was endorsed by the Collaborative Orthopaedic Education Research Group board. A 17-item questionnaire was administered anonymously to orthopaedic residents through a secure online platform in the 2020 to 2021 academic year. All participation was voluntary. Results: One hundred ninety-two residents (42%) from 19 orthopaedic programs completed the survey. Most residents felt "somewhat comfortable" with issues related to HL. Most residents reported no specific training in HL issues during residency (77.5%). Of the 43 residents (22.3%) who did receive formal training, most of these individuals felt that the training is effective (N = 42, 97.7%). Role playing/standardized patient encounters were reported as the most effective form of HL training. Residents felt it was somewhat important to receive formal HL training in residency (median = 4.0, interquartile range = 3.0-5.0), and there was a modest desire for formalized training (39%). Discussion: This study is the first to characterize orthopaedic resident perceptions of HL issues in practice and training. Residents were somewhat confident in their understanding of HL concepts, and those who received formal training felt it was effective. However, there remains a low rate of formal orthopaedic resident training in HL issues, which may be an area for improvement in orthopaedic training paradigms.

Benefits of an Orthopedic Education Research Collaborative: An Innovative Approach.

Background Graduate Medical Education (GME) research in orthopedic surgery is an important but underrepresented subject in the medical literature. It was unknown if orthopedic residency leaders were interested in a surgical education research collaborative (orthopedic collaborative). The objectives of this study were to assess the potential benefit of an orthopedic collaborative from orthopedic residency leaders and investigate the factors associated with the support of a research collaborative within a surgical subspecialty. Methodology An anonymous 19-question survey-based study was distributed through REDCap (Nashville, TN, USA) to orthopedic residency leaders in the United States, from July to October 2020. The main outcome was perceived benefit. Additional aspects included program characteristics, challenges in performing resident education research, and organizational issues such as authorship, frequency of study requests, and governance. Results Almost all orthopedic faculty leadership (99%, 73/74) stated that resident education and faculty development research projects would benefit from an orthopedic education research collaborative. In comparison to unsupportive respondents, younger age (P = 0.006), 15 or fewer years in practice (P = 0.04), and having 0 to 100 peer-reviewed publications (P = 0.047) were associated with support for an orthopedic collaborative. Conclusions Challenges related to survey-based study quality and generalizability at single institutions can benefit from multi-institutional collaboration to develop high-quality studies that capture a representative sample to support orthopedic surgery program development.

Genomic alterations and clinical outcomes in patients with dedifferentiated liposarcoma.

PURPOSE: Patients with unresectable dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) have poor overall outcomes. Few genomic alterations have been identified with limited therapeutic options. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Patients treated at Levine Cancer Institute with DDLPS were identified. Next generation sequencing (NGS), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing were performed on tumor tissue collected at diagnosis or recurrence/progression. Confirmation of genomic alterations was performed by orthologous methods and correlated with clinical outcomes. Univariate Cox regression was used to identify genomic alterations associated with clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Thirty-eight DDLPS patients with adequate tissue for genomic profiling and clinical data were identified. Patient characteristics included: median age at diagnosis (66 years), race (84.2% Caucasian), and median follow-up time for the entire cohort was 12.1 years with a range from approximately 3.5 months to 14.1 years. Genes involved in cell cycle regulation, including MDM2 (74%) CDK4 (65%), and CDKN2A (23%), were amplified along with WNT/Notch pathway markers: HMGA2, LGR5, MCL1, and CALR (19%-29%). While common gene mutations were identified, PDE4DIP and FOXO3 were also mutated in 47% and 34% of patients, respectively, neither of which have been previously reported. FOXO3 was associated with improved overall survival (OS) (HR 0.37; p = 0.043) along with MAML2 (HR 0.30; p = 0.040). Mutations that portended worse prognosis included RECQL4 (disease-specific survival HR 4.67; p = 0.007), MN1 (OS HR = 3.38; p = 0.013), NOTCH1 (OS HR 2.28, p = 0.086), and CNTRL (OS HR 2.42; p = 0.090). CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the largest retrospective reports analyzing genomic aberrations in relation to clinical outcomes for patients with DDLPS. Our results suggest therapies targeting abnormalities should be explored and confirmation of prognostic markers is needed. Dedifferentiated liposarcoma is one of the most common subtypes of soft tissue sarcoma yet little is known of its molecular aberrations and possible impact on outcomes. The work presented here is an evaluation of genetic abnormalities among a population of patients with dedifferentiated liposarcoma and how they corresponded with survival and risk of metastases. There were notable gene mutations and amplifications commonly found, some of which had interesting prognostic implications.

Evaluation of the patient presenting with a malignant spinal tumor.

Malignant spinal tumors are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Most of these lesions are caused by metastatic or hematopoietic disease processes. It is useful for the practicing surgeon to have a framework for evaluating and treating these conditions. Equally important is the ability to recognize the rare patient who presents with a primary spinal malignancy, which requires a significantly different treatment protocol.

American Orthopaedic Association's (AOA) Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors (CORD) 2020 Summer Conference: Top Abstracts.

In a continuing collaboration between the American Orthopaedic Association's (AOA) Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors (CORD) and JBJS, the following 10 abstracts highlight the scientific research presented at AOA's virtual annual national meeting held this past June 2020. These abstracts embody CORD's purpose and mission:"The American Orthopaedic Association's Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors (CORD) program strives to recognize best practices in orthopaedic residency education and fellowship education based on ACGME [Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education]-defined essential knowledge and skills in each of the residency education competency areas. CORD provides a forum for academic orthopaedic leaders to exchange ideas, discuss solutions to challenges, and find ways to teach residents in orthopaedic programs effectively." We hope that this education-related research will inspire further inquiry to advance the development of future orthopaedic surgeons.

Supplemental Essays for Residency Applications: The Modern Day Typewriter.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate one institution's use of a supplemental essay and its effect on the total number and demographics of applicants as compared to previous years. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort review of candidates applying to our institution's Orthopedic Surgery residency program in the 2020 to 2021 cycle was performed. All applicants were presented a prompt for a short supplemental essay. Only candidates who completed the essay were considered for an invitation to interview. Differences in proportions of female and under-represented minority (URM) applicants associated with the year of application and with essay completion were evaluated. A similar analysis was also performed to assess differences in demographics of interviewees between years. SETTING: A single academic medical center providing tertiary care. PARTICIPANTS: All orthopedic residency applicants from the 2019 to 2020 and 2020 to 2021 cycles. RESULTS: Of 863 applicants in 2021, 506 (59%) completed the supplemental essay. URM status was significantly associated with application year and essay completion. However, demographics of eligible applicants and interviewees were not significantly associated with the application year, nor were the proportion of female or URM candidates offered an interview. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis based on use of the supplemental essay in one application cycle demonstrated that it was effective in reducing the application review burden by approximately 41.4% without adversely affecting the demographics of the interviewee pool.

Perceptions of the Universal Interview Offer Day in the Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Interview Process.

INTRODUCTION: The American Orthopaedic Association's Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors recommended implementing a universal offer day (UOD) in the 2020 residency match. Although this decision was an attempt to benefit applicants, it is important to assess how this endeavor was perceived. METHODS: Questionnaires for applicants and program directors asked about the perception of the UOD and the experience with it. Responses were included from 383 applicants (43% response rate) and 84 program directors (45% response rate). RESULTS: Applicant Survey: Most of the students (81.5%) were worried or very worried about the interview offer process. Most of the applicants (64.0%) stated that the UOD decreased their stress. The majority (93.2%) indicated that they would like to see the UOD continue in future years. Program Director Survey: Most of the program directors (83.1%) mentioned that they would like to see the UOD continued, and 86.8% indicated that they would participate in a similar process if implemented in future cycles. DISCUSSION: Benefits of a standardized interview offer date include decreased stress and fewer clinical interruptions. Advantages can also extend to scheduling conflicts and over-interviewing. These favorable results, along with positive experiences from other specialties implementing a UOD, encourage the continued use of this approach for offering interviews. DATA AVAILABILITY: N/A. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: N/A.

Postinterview Communication in Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Interviews: A Survey of Match Applicants.

Background: To maintain the integrity of the match, postinterview communication (PIC) from programs to applicants is monitored and discouraged. The most recent report on the prevalence of PIC in orthopaedics found that 64% of surveyed applicants in 2014 and 2015 had received some form of PIC during their match cycle. In July 2019, the American Orthopaedic Association's Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors (AOA/CORD) released a guideline recommending the elimination of all PIC in any form. The goal of this follow-up study was to determine the current prevalence of PIC with orthopaedic surgery applicants and assess the perspectives of medical students who recently applied for orthopaedic surgery residency positions. Methods: A 35-question survey was e-mailed to all orthopaedic surgery residency applicants of 4 geographically diverse residency programs in postmatch March 2020. The survey was open for 1 month, and the responses were reported using descriptive statistics. Results: Of the 229 respondents (21% response rate), 91 (39.7%) received PIC during the 2019 to 2020 residency match cycle. The program director was most commonly identified (80.2%) as the person who communicated with the applicants. At the interview day, 198 respondents (86.5%) were told that programs would not be contacting the applicants with PIC. However, over a quarter of respondents (25.3%) who received PIC answered that those programs contacted applicants after announcing they would not. Nearly half of the respondents (48.5%) agreed or strongly agreed that PIC causes added stress on applicants, and over half (52.9%) agreed or strongly agreed that all programs should stop participating in any form of PIC. Conclusions: Although the prevalence of PIC seems to have decreased since the 2014 and 2015 match, there is still room for improvement toward eliminating PIC. The AOA/CORD position statement from July 2019 should be disseminated to all members of the residency selection team to ensure consistency from all programs. The primary limitation of this study was the 21% response rate. Level of Evidence: Level IV (survey study).

Workplace Hazards in Orthopaedic Surgery Training: A Nationwide Resident Survey Involving Sharps-related Injuries.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical specialties are at an increased risk for occupational hazards, including sharps-related injuries. The objective of this study was to report the frequency of sharps injuries and evaluate which characteristics influence the number of injuries and reporting behaviors. METHODS: A web-based, anonymous survey was available for 10 weeks to 46 US orthopaedic surgery residency programs (1,207 potential residents) participating in an education research collaborative. The survey was divided into the following areas: demographics, training and attitudes concerning occupational hazards, and sharps injuries and reporting. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the above variables on experiencing sharps injuries with significance threshold set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: In this study, 518 surveys were included yielding a response rate of 42.9% (518/1,207). Nearly 80% of the residents recalled some form of safety training during intern orientation and 62% of the respondents felt that they received adequate occupation safety training specifically related to orthopaedic surgery. Four hundred seventeen residents (80.5%) experienced a sharps injury (mean 2.8). Nearly 20% of the respondents experienced ≥5 sharps injuries. Needle sticks (38.8%) were responsible for the greatest percentage of injuries, followed by Kirschner wires (33.6%), scalpel (22.5%), and bone (17.3%). Only 42% of the residents consistently reported all injuries. Reasons included feelings of no risk (63.1%), too much hassle (58.9%), embarrassment (14.5%), other (8.7%), forgot (5.8%), and unclear what to do (3.3%). Inadequate safety training specific to orthopaedic surgery (odds ratio, 2.32 [95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 4.46]; P = 0.012) and greater training seniority (odds ratio, 2.04 [95% confidence interval, 1.64 to 2.52]; P < 0.0001) were associated with acquiring five or more sharps injuries. DISCUSSION: Sharps injuries are a prevalent and concerning reality for orthopaedic surgical trainees. Despite this common occurrence, only 42% of the residents always reported their injuries. Inadequate training specific to orthopaedic surgery and each subsequent year of postgraduate training are associated with increased sharps injuries. STUDY TYPE: Level III, retrospective observational survey.

Attitudes and trends in the use of radiolucent spinal implants: A survey of the North American Spine Society section of spinal oncology.

Background: In spinal oncology, titanium implants pose several challenges including artifact on advanced imaging and therapeutic radiation perturbation. To mitigate these effects, there has been increased interest in radiolucent carbon fiber (CF) and CF-reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK) implants as an alternative for spinal reconstruction. This study surveyed the members of the North American Spine Society (NASS) section of Spinal Oncology to query their perspectives regarding the clinical utility, current practice patterns, and recommended future directions of radiolucent spinal implants. Methods: In February 2021, an anonymous survey was administered to the physicians of the NASS section of Spinal Oncology. Participation in the survey was optional. The survey contained 38 items including demographic questions as well as multiple-choice, yes/no questions, Likert rating scales, and short free-text responses pertaining to the "clinical concept", "efficacy", "problems/complications", "practice pattern", and "future directions" of radiolucent spinal implants. Results: Fifteen responses were received (71.4% response rate). Six of the participants (40%) were neurosurgeons, eight (53.3%) were orthopedic surgeons, and one was a spinal radiation oncologist. Overall, there were mixed opinions among the specialists. While several believed that radiolucent spinal implants provide substantial benefits for the detection of disease recurrence and radiation therapy options, others remained less convinced. Ongoing concerns included high costs, low availability, limited cervical and percutaneous options, and suboptimal screw and rod designs. As such, participants estimated that they currently utilize these implants for 27.3% of anterior and 14.7% of all posterior reconstructions after tumor resection. Conclusion: A survey of the NASS section of Spinal Oncology found a lack of consensus with regards to the imaging and radiation benefits, and several ongoing concerns about currently available options. Therefore, routine utilization of these implants for anterior and posterior spinal reconstructions remains low. Future investigations are warranted to practically validate these devices' theoretical risks and benefits.