Development and Validation of a Risk Prediction Tool for In-hospital Mortality After Thoracic Endovascular Repair in Patients with Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury Using the Aortic Trauma Foundation Registry.

BACKGROUND: The objective of our present effort was to use an international blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI) registry to create a prediction model identifying important preoperative and intraoperative factors associated with postoperative mortality, and to develop and validate a simple risk prediction tool that could assist with patient selection and risk stratification in this patient population. METHODS: For the purpose of the present study, all patients undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for BTAI and registered in the Aortic Trauma Foundation (ATF) database from January 2016 as of June 2022 were identified. Patients undergoing medical management or open repair were excluded. The primary outcome was binary in-hospital all-cause mortality. Two predictive models were generated: a preoperative model (i.e. only including variables before TEVAR or intention-to-treat) and a full model (i.e. also including variables after TEVAR or per-protocol). RESULTS: Out of a total of 944 cases included in the ATF registry until June 2022, 448 underwent TEVAR and were included in the study population. TEVAR for BTAI was associated with an 8.5% in-hospital all-cause mortality in the ATF dataset. These study subjects were subsequently divided using 3:1 random sampling in a derivation cohort (336; 75.0%) and a validation cohort (112; 25.0%). The median age was 38 years, and the majority of patients were male (350; 78%). A total of 38 variables were included in the final analysis. Of these, 17 variables were considered in the preoperative model, 9 variables were integrated in the full model, and 12 variables were excluded owing to either extremely low variance or strong correlation with other variables. The calibration graphs showed how both models from the ATF dataset tended to underestimate risk, mainly in intermediate-risk cases. The discriminative capacity was moderate in all models; the best performing model was the full model from the ATF dataset, as evident from both the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (Area Under the Curve 0.84; 95% CI 0.74-0.91) and from the density graph. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we developed and validated a contemporary risk prediction model, which incorporates several preoperative and postoperative variables and is strongly predictive of early mortality. While this model can reasonably predict in-hospital all-cause mortality, thereby assisting physicians with risk-stratification as well as inform patients and their caregivers, its intrinsic limitations must be taken into account and it should only be considered an adjunctive tool that may complement clinical judgment and shared decision-making.

Outcomes of elective use of the chimney endovascular technique in pararenal aortic pathologic processes.

OBJECTIVE: In the treatment of pararenal abdominal aortic aneurysms and aortic pathologic processes, chimney endovascular aneurysm repair (CHEVAR) represents an alternative technique for urgent cases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcomes of CHEVAR in the elective setting. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected records of 165 consecutive asymptomatic CHEVAR patients who were treated between March 2009 and January 2018 with the Endurant stent graft (Medtronic, Santa Rosa, Calif). A total of 244 chimney grafts (CGs) were implanted. The primary end point was clinical success, defined as freedom from procedure-related mortality, persistent type IA endoleak, occlusion or high-grade stenosis (>70%) of CGs, and any chimney technique-related secondary procedure for the entire follow-up period. Secondary clinical success included patients with successful treatment of a primary end point with a secondary endovascular procedure. RESULTS: All 244 targeted chimney vessels were successfully cannulated. Total perioperative morbidity was 7.8% (n = 13), including 3 (1.8%) cases of bowel ischemia, 1 (0.6%) patient with renal ischemia, and 1 patient (0.6%) with stroke. Median follow-up was 25.5 ± 2.2 months. Both 30-day and follow-up procedure-related mortality rates were 1.8% (n = 3). Primary and secondary freedom from persistent type IA endoleak rates were 96.4% (n = 159) and 99.4% (n = 164), respectively. Primary and secondary CG patency rates were 92.2% (n = 225) and 95.9% (n = 234), respectively. The rate of reinterventions related to the chimney technique was 10.9% (n = 18), and 83.3% of them were performed by endovascular means. The estimated cumulative primary patency and freedom from persistent type IA endoleak were 87.5% and 95.3%, respectively, and the primary and secondary clinical successes rates at midterm were 80.3% and 87.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The elective use of CHEVAR with the Endurant stent graft in our series showed favorable midterm clinical results, which are similar to the published results of other total endovascular modalities. A prospective randomized trial of elective treatment of pararenal abdominal aortic aneurysms and aortic pathologic processes with current endovascular options is needed to assess the value of CHEVAR in the elective setting.

The PROTAGORAS 2.0 Study to Identify Sizing and Planning Predictors for Optimal Outcomes in Abdominal Chimney Endovascular Procedures.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to identify predictors of adequate pre-operative sizing and planning for chimney endovascular aortic repair (ChEVAR) in order to reduce the incidence of persistent type Ia endoleaks (IaELs) without influencing chimney graft (CG) patency. METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent ChEVAR between January 2009 and December 2017 at a single centre were evaluated retrospectively. Included were patients treated with one device combination (Medtronic Endurant mated with Getinge Advanta V12/iCast) and placement of single or double CG. The freedom from IaEL related re-interventions and primary CG patency was estimated by measuring aortic stent graft oversizing (OS), total neck length (TNL), and a composite parameter (L-OS: TNL [mm] + OS [%]). RESULTS: Seventy-three patients who underwent placement of 101 CGs (45 single, 28 double) met the inclusion criteria. The median radiological follow up was 25.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 12-48) months. Freedom from IaEL related re-intervention was achieved in 94.6% with a median OS of 38.5% (IQR 30%-44%, p = .004), TNL 19 mm (16-25 mm, p = .62), and L-OS 59 (51-65, p = .018). Primary CG patency was achieved in 95% of the cases with a median OS of 36% (29%-42%, p = .008), TNL 19 mm (15.5-26 mm, p = .91), and L-OS 57 (50-64, p = .005). By using the receiver operating characteristic curve, an optimal cut off to prevent IaEL related re-interventions was identified by an OS of 30% (p < .001; L-OS 55, p = .006) and to avoid CG stenosis/occlusions by OS 42% (p < .001; L-OS 65, p < .001). In multivariable analysis, aortic endograft OS was the only independent parameter preventive for IaEL related re-intervention (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.61-0.99). CONCLUSION: With the Endurant-Advanta V12/iCast combination, an aortic stent graft OS of at least 30% (range 30%-42%) should be used to avoid type Ia endoleaks and likewise to ensure CG patency.

Preliminary Clinical and Radiologic Outcome of Matched Patients with Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms Treated by Low-Profile vs Standard Profile Branched Aortic Endografts.

BACKGROUND: Durability of low-profile branched aortic stent-grafts (LPSG) in the treatment of patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA) remains unclear. Objective of this study is to compare the outcomes of LPSG with standard profile branched aortic stent-grafts (SPSG). METHODS: Between January 2016 and January 2020, 225 consecutive patients with TAAA were treated by branched endovascular aortic repair (BEVAR). Twenty-four patients who were treated with a LPSG were compared to 24 patients who received SPSG as a control group. Control patients were selected according to aneurysm size (maximum aneurysm diameter) and extension (Crawford classification) as well as availability of adequate preoperative and postoperative CT-angiograms at 24 months. The primary endpoint was ongoing clinical success defined as successful implantation and freedom from aneurysm- or procedure-related death, secondary intervention, type I or III endoleak, infection, thrombosis, aneurysm expansion or rupture and conversion. Secondary endpoints were radiological changes of the branched endograft (migration, shortening, scoliosis, lordosis, and fracture). RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 22.6 (LPSG) and 26.2 months (SPSG), no significant difference was found in terms of technical success (100% in both groups), late mortality (4.2% vs 0%), aneurysm diameter increase (4.2% in both groups) and reinterventions (25% vs 37.5%). Infection, thrombosis, aneurysm expansion or rupture and conversion were not observed. Radiological analysis of aortic graft remodeling showed no fracture and no significant migration, shortening, scoliosis and lordosis of the LPSG (6.1 mm, 7.5 mm, 12.8° and 6.1°) compared to SPSG (3.9 mm, 5.1 mm, 7.9° and 5.6°) after 2 years. CONCLUSION: The clinical and radiological findings of the present study showed no increased mortality and complications for the matched patients who underwent treatment with low-profile vs standard-profile BEVAR. This study provides preliminary evidence of safety and efficacy of low-profile branched endografts in patients with demanding iliac access vessels.

Are Thoracic Wall Blocks Efficient After Video-Assisted Thoracoscopy Surgery-Lobectomy Pain? A Comparison Between Serratus Anterior Plane Block and Intercostal Nerve Block.

OBJECTIVES: Video-assisted thoracoscopy surgery-lobectomy is less invasive than conventional thoracotomy and is associated with fewer complications. However, the pain related is classified as moderate and requires adequate treatment. Ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) provides analgesia by blocking the lateral branches of the intercostal nerves, avoiding the complications of epidural analgesia and paravertebral block. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the SAPB compared with the intercostal nerve block (ICNB). DESIGN: This was a non-randomized prospective study, in which surgery-lobectomy pain after video-assisted thoracoscopy was treated with the following multimodal approach: SAPB or ICNB, morphine-patient controlled analgesia, and paracetamol. SETTING: The study was undertaken in a single community hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The study comprised 40 patients. INTERVENTIONS: Execution of ultrasound-guided SAPB. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Nineteen (47.5%) men and 21 (52.5%) women were enrolled, and the mean age was 67.22 ± 11 years. Both groups showed any visual analog scale values >4, which was significantly lower in the SAPB group at the 6th hour and at the 12th and 24th hours only during coughing (p < 0.05). The sedation score was significantly lower in the ICNB group at 0 and at the 2nd and 4th hours; it was lower in the SAPB group at the 6th hour. All patients had a sedation score <1, and they all were awake and oriented. After 24 hours, the total morphine requirement was 19.3 ± 14.4 mg and 11.3 ± 8.5 mg (p = 0.038); after 48 hours, it was 12.2 ± 7.9 mg and 8.2 ± 5.8 mg in the ICNB and SAPB groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The multimodal approach of SAPB, morphine-patient controlled analgesia, and paracetamol is effective, safe, and time efficient.

Prognostic interaction between age and sex on outcomes following carotid endarterectomy.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic interaction between age and sex on peri-operative and follow-up outcomes following elective carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis. Patients and methods: A retrospective review of all patients admitted to a single vascular unit who underwent elective CEA between January, 2015 and December, 2019 was performed. The primary endpoints of the study were overall survival (from index operation) and cumulative stroke rate at thirty days. Results: A total of 383 consecutive patients were included in this study; of these 254 (66.4%) were males. At baseline, males were younger (mean age 73.4±11 vs. 76.3±10 years, p=.01) and with lower proportion of octogenarians (20.4% vs. 28.7%, p=.05). The rate of stroke in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (males vs. females) were as follows: a) whole cohort 1.9% vs. 2% (p=1.00) and 2.7% vs. 1.3% (p=.66), respectively; b) ≥80 years old 3.7% vs. 0% (p=1.00) and 4% vs. 5.9% (p=1.00), respectively; c) <80 years old 1.2% vs. 3.3% (p=.47) and 2.5% vs. 0% (p=.55), respectively. The 3-year survival estimates were significantly lower for males (84% vs. 92%, p=.03). After stratification by age groups, males maintained inferior survival rates in the strata aged <80 years (85% vs. 97%, p=.005), while no differences were seen in the strata aged ≥80 years (82% vs. 79%, p=.92). Using multivariate Cox proportional hazards, age (HR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.29-3.3, p=.002) and male gender (HR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.16-5.5, p=.02) were associated with increased hazards of all-cause mortality. Conclusions: In this study of elective CEA for asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis, similar peri-operative neurologic outcomes were found in both males and females irrespective of age. Despite being usually older, females have superior long-term survival rates.

Use of Stainless-Steel, Balloon-Expandable Chimney Grafts Is Durable Though Caution Is Required When Lining Angulated Renal Arteries.

PURPOSE: To analyze the overall performance of flexible nitinol stents used to line chimney grafts (CGs) during chimney endovascular aneurysm repair (chEVAR) of pararenal pathologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of all 116 elective patients (mean age 74.3±7.2 years; 103 men) who underwent chEVAR with balloon-expandable Advanta V12/iCAST CGs in combination with the Endurant stent-graft between January 2009 and December 2017 at a single center. CG lining with a nitinol stent was electively performed in 43 target vessels of 32 patients. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the primary outcomes of CG patency and freedom from reintervention (FFR) at the patient level and according to the use of a stent to line the CG. Estimates are reported with the 95% confidence interval (CI). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to identify any confounding effect between the presence/absence of a stent lining or according to the number of CGs. RESULTS: The mean radiological follow-up was 27.3 months (range 22.1-32.6). During this time, 8 CGs (4.7%) became occluded, 6 of them were lined with stents. Restoration of patency was possible in 3 of the 4 occluded stents that were associated with symptoms. First-year primary patency estimates were 96.9% (95% CI 92.5% to 100%) for the unlined group vs 77.1% (95% CI 58% to 95.3%; p=0.001) for the lined group, while FFR was 87.6% (95% CI 79.9% to 95.2%) vs 83.4% (95% CI 68.1% to 98.6%; p=0.82), respectively. Lining represented an independent risk factor for CG occlusion (OR 9.9, p=0.006). CONCLUSION: CG lining performed mainly in angulated renal arteries during chEVAR was significantly associated with CG occlusion. These findings highlight the importance of not having the distal part of the CG impinge on the angulated segment of the target vessel.

Successful Off-Label Use of an Iliac Branch Device to Rescue an Occluded Aortofemoral Bypass Graft.

PURPOSE: To report an alternative approach for rescue of an occluded aortofemoral bypass using the Gore Excluder Iliac Branch Endoprosthesis (IBE). CASE REPORT: A 52-year-old man presented with acute right limb ischemia because of displaced and occluded iliac stents and was treated with aortofemoral bypass. On the third postoperative day, there was early bypass failure due to distal embolization from aortic thrombus. After fluoroscopy-guided balloon thrombectomy of the bypass, an endovascular bailout strategy was used. The Gore Excluder IBE was deployed below the renal arteries (with the external iliac limb opening in the surgical prosthesis and the gate opening within the aortic lumen). After antegrade catheterization of the gate, a Gore Viabahn endoprosthesis was inserted as the bridging endograft and deployed so that it landed just above the preimplanted aortoiliac kissing stents without overlapping them. Completion angiography showed technical success without complications; results were sustained at 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: The Gore Excluder IBE may represent a versatile solution for the rescue of complex cases when open surgery would be associated with a considerable risk. This off-label application of a well-recognized endovascular device is safe and feasible and may prove useful as a valuable alternative in properly selected patients.

Custom-Made Unibody Conical Endografts for Elective Endovascular Repair of Saccular Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with Narrow Aortic Bifurcations-Novel Implementation of the Aortoaortic Concept.

The aortoaortic concept for endovascular repair (EVAR) of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is nearly forgotten but may constitute a valuable option for focal pathologies. Herein, we describe our experience using custom-made (CM) unibody conical endografts for saccular AAAs with narrow (≤20 mm wide) aortic bifurcation (AB) in three patients. Given the narrow AB, the option for a bifurcated stent graft was reputed not optimal. Therefore, we decided to further suggest the construction of a CM unibody conical stent graft with respect to unique anatomical characteristics of the patients. Technical success rate was 100%, and computed tomography angiography at first-month follow-up showed complete sealing proximally and distally with excellent conformability of the endografts in all the cases. All the patients were free from any-type endoleak (EL) and had no evidence of any endograft-related complication (i.e., fracture, thrombosis, or migration) or required any reintervention at their longest follow-up. We conclude that in the proper anatomic setting, the use of CM unibody conical endografts for elective EVAR of saccular AAAs with narrow AB is technically feasible with excellent short-term safety regarding ELs or migration.

Endovascular treatment of proximal para-anastomotic aneurysms after previous surgical repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysms by the chimney technique.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the use of chimney grafts in the treatment of para-anastomotic aneurysms after previous abdominal aortic aneurysms open repair with short neck. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of consecutive patients who underwent endovascular repair for proximal aortic para-anastomotic aneurysms following previous open repair for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms was performed. All included patients had a short infrarenal aortic neck (<10 mm) excluding standard endovascular aortic repair. Five patients were symptomatic at the admission needed urgent treatment. RESULTS: Twelve patients with para-anastomotic aneurysms underwent placement of chimney grafts. The median time between the original operations to redo endovascular procedure was 11 years (interquartile range, 9.5 years). The mean infrarenal length was 4.3 mm (1-9 mm). A total of 28 chimneys grafts were deployed for the 12 patients. The technical success rate was 91.7%. At a median radiologic follow-up of 16 months (2.0-29.4, 95% confidence interval), one patient died, while two late endoleaks and two reinterventions at one and three years for type Ia endoleak were performed by proximal extension and triple chimney graft placement. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study show that ch-endovascular aortic repair is a safe technique for patients who suffered from proximal para-anastomotic aneurysms and having short neck unsuitable for standard endovascular repair. Longer follow up warranted to evaluate the durability of ch-endovascular aortic repair for this specific indication.

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) Is Not Able to Identify Vulnerable Plaques in Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerotic Disease.

OBJECTIVES: Contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been suggested as an imaging tool for detection of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease (ACAD) at high risk of cerebral embolisation. The objective of this study was to evaluate CEUS and immunohistochemical (IHC) patterns in ACAD (i.e., without any neurologic symptoms in the last 6 months) and their correlations with histology. METHODS: CEUS analysis was classified on a semiquantitative basis using a three-point classification scale. Plaque morphology was assessed using the American Heart Association (AHA) classification of atherosclerotic plaques, then accordingly assigned as non-vulnerable (AHA Type IV/V) or vulnerable (AHA Type VI). IHC analysis for intra-plaque neo-angiogenesis (IPN) was identified by CD34/VEGF immunostaining and classified on a semiquantitative basis using a four-point classification scale. Both CEUS and IHC analyses were performed and scored by single observers. RESULTS: Fifty-eight consecutive asymptomatic patients (mean age 73 years, 33 males) undergoing carotid endarterectomy were included in the final analysis. Nineteen had AHA Class IV/V plaques, and the remaining 39 had AHA Class VI plaques. There were two main findings of the study: (a) histologically proven vulnerable plaques compared with histologically proven non-vulnerable plaques had denser IPN (p = .004), but did not show more pronounced contrast enhancement; (b) the correlation between IHC analysis and CEUS analysis was significant for both vulnerable and non-vulnerable plaques (p = .04 and p = .01, respectively), but it was direct for AHA Type IV/V plaques and inverse for AHA Type VI plaques. CONCLUSIONS: The main findings of the study were that histologically proven vulnerable plaques (i.e., AHA Class VI) as compared with histologically proven non-vulnerable plaques (i.e., AHA Class IV/V) had denser neo-vascularisation, but not more pronounced contrast enhancement.

Endovascular Exclusion of Hypogastric Aneurysms Using Distal Branches of the Internal Iliac Artery as Landing Zone: A Case Series.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to report an alternative endovascular technique to exclude aneurysms of the internal iliac artery in the setting of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease using the anterior division of the hypogastric artery (HGA) or the superior gluteal artery (SGA) as distal landing zone for the stent graft. METHODS: Three patients with HGA aneurysms in the setting of AAA that were excluded with placement of a self-expandable covered stent. In 2 patients, the AAA had been already treated with resulting exclusion of 1 HGA, while in the remaining we treated the hypogastric aneurysm before the AAA. We used as distal landing zone the anterior division of the HGA or the SGA. We adopted a "stent-within-a-stent" or "telescope" technique to manage diameter discrepancy between proximal and distal landing zone. RESULTS: Computed tomography angiography (CTA) at 6 and 12 months showed regular placement and patency of the stent grafts placed and absence of detectable endoleaks (EL). None of the patients developed pelvic ischemic complication at longest follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The procedure seems to be safe and effective, with optimal primary patency of the stent grafts, freedom from type 1 and 2 endoleaks, and absence of pelvic ischemic complications in the short-term and mid-term.

Treatment of Complex Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with Parallel Graft-Endovascular Aneurysm Repair. Retrospective Analysis of a Single Center Experience and Midterm Results.

BACKGROUND: We sought to evaluate the midterm results of parallel-graft-endovascular aneurysm repair (pg-EVAR) for complex aortic anatomy in high-risk candidates for open surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurism (AAA). METHODS: Clinical and radiographic information on 35 patients treated by pg-EVAR between March 2010 and December 2015 was retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. All patients presented with symptomatic aneurysms and were treated within 3 days of clinical presentation. Primary end points included primary chimney graft patency, overall survival, and freedom from all reintervention. RESULTS: Overall, 55 chimney grafts were placed into 47 renal arteries and 8 superior mesenteric arteries in 35 patients. An endurant stent graft was used as the main body component in all cases. At 36 months, primary chimney graft patency was 88%, overall survival of patients was 71%, and the rate of freedom from all reintervention was 78%. CONCLUSIONS: Considering our midterm results, pg-EVAR seems to be a safe and effective treatment for patients with complex anatomies and at poor risk for open repair.

Hybrid Treatment of a True Right Subclavian Artery Aneurysm Involving the Vertebral Artery using a Covered Stent.

Subclavian artery aneurysms (SAAs) are rare but potentially life- and limb-threatening. We present the case of a 69-year-old man with a true right SAA; the vertebral artery branched off the aneurysm and was the dominant one. A hybrid (combined open surgical and endovascular) repair was performed; the vertebral artery was anastomosed end to side to the common carotid artery through a right supraclavicular incision, then using a percutaneous high brachial artery access, a covered stent was deployed to exclude the SSA. The procedure was technically successful, and computed tomography angiography at 24 months showed regular placement of the endograft with blood flow within it and absence of any endograft-related complication (i.e., stent fracture/thrombosis/displacement or any-type detectable endoleak). This hybrid treatment is safe and feasible with good midterm results and may represent a valuable, less invasive alternative to conventional open surgical approaches.

Urgent Use of Gore Excluder Iliac Branch Endoprosthesis with Left Transaxillary Approach for Preservation of the Residual Hypogastric Artery: A Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Preservation of the residual hypogastric artery (HGA) in patients with previous endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) may require complex operative strategies. We report an alternative technique to preserve the residual HGA with the Gore Excluder Iliac Branch endoprosthesis (IBE) in urgent situations. METHODS: We report the case of 2 high-risk patients (unfit for open surgery), with previous EVAR and exclusion of 1 HGA, treated in emergency setting. Both patients met the anatomical requirements for Gore IBE use. Due to lack of the native aortic bifurcation, we used a transaxillary approach to deploy a covered stent (Gore Viabahn) in the target HGA. RESULTS: Technical success was 100%. Computed tomography angiography at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year showed regular placement of all endografts and patency of all residual HGAs without evidence of any endograft-related complication (i.e., stent fracture, stent thrombosis or stent displacement). There was not any detectable type 1, 2, or 3 endoleak at longest follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our case series shows the technical feasibility and the good results of this approach, which may prove useful when the native aortoiliac carrefour is no longer available. The procedure seems to be safe and effective, with optimal primary patency of the stent grafts, freedom from type 1, 2, and 3 endoleaks, and absence of pelvic ischemic complications.

Prospective randomized study on the efficacy of three-dimensional reconstructions of bronchovascular structures on preoperative chest CT scan in patients who are candidates for pulmonary segmentectomy surgery: the PATCHES (Prospective rAndomized sTudy efficaCy of tHree-dimensional rEconstructions Segmentecomy) study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary segmentectomy, when combined with hilar and mediastinal lymphadenectomy, is currently considered the gold standard treatment for early-stage lung tumors (NSCLC) smaller than 2 cm in diameter. The preoperative planning for segmentectomies usually includes a contrast-enhanced CT with 2D reconstructions (axial, coronary, and sagittal). Recent technological advances allow 3D (volume rendering) reconstructions of preoperative CT scans, intended to improve the surgeon's understanding of the segmental anatomy. The study aims to investigate the added value of 3D reconstruction in enhancing the surgeon's understanding of anatomical structures, thus facilitating surgical planning and improving oncological outcomes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Patients will be randomized into two groups: 1. Group 2D: the preoperative workup for these patients will consist of a contrast-enhanced chest CT with two-dimensional (2D) reconstructions (axial, coronary, and sagittal); 2. Group 3D: the preoperative workup for these patients will consist of a contrast-enhanced chest CT with two-dimensional (2D) reconstructions (axial, coronary, and sagittal) and a 3D reconstruction (volume rendering) of the same chest CT employing dedicated software. The primary endpoints will be negative margin (R0) resection rate, resection margin (staple line-to-tumor distance), and thoracotomy conversions. We will use Fisher's exact test for binary outcomes and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous outcomes. For subgroup analyses, we will use regression. Multivariable analyses will be based on logistic regression for binary outcomes and linear regression for continuous outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The protocol and the model informed consent forms have been reviewed and approved by the ethics committee (N.: 1-2023) concerning scientific content and compliance with applicable research and human subject regulations. A Subcommittee on Publications was established to review all publications and report its recommendations to the steering committee. The anonymized participant-level dataset and statistical code for generating the results will not be publicly available. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT05716815; Prospective rAndomized sTudy efficaCy tHree-dimensional rEconstructions Segmentectomy - Full-Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov). Jan 19, 2023.

Prolonged air leak after video-assisted thoracic anatomical pulmonary resections: a clinical predicting model based on data from the Italian VATS group registry, a machine learning approach.

Background: Prolonged air leak (PAL) is a frequent complication after lung resection surgery and has a high clinical and economic impact. A useful risk predictor model can help recognize those patients who might benefit from additional preventive procedures. Currently, no risk model has sufficient discriminatory capacity to be used in common clinical practice. The aim of this study is to identify predictive risk factors for PAL after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) anatomical resections in the Italian VATS group database and to evaluate their clinical and statistical performance. Methods: We processed data collected in the second edition of the Italian VATS group registry. It includes patients that underwent a thoracoscopic anatomical resection for benign or malignant diseases, between November 2015 and December 2020. We used recursive feature elimination (RFE), using a backward selection process, to find the optimal combination of predictors. The study population was randomly split based on the outcome into a derivation (80%) and an internal validation cohort (20%). Discrimination of the model was measured using the area under the curve, or C-statistic. Calibration was displayed using a calibration plot and was measured using Emax and Eavg, the maximum and the average difference in predicted versus loess calibrated probabilities. Results: A cohort of 6,236 patients was eligible for the study after application of the exclusion criteria. Five-day PAL rate in this patient cohort was 11.3%. For the construction of our predictive model, we used both preoperative and intraoperative variables, with a total of 320 variables. The presence of variables with missing values greater than 5% led to 120 remaining predictors. RFE algorithm recommended 8 features for the model that are relevant in predicting the target variable. Conclusions: We confirmed significant prognostic risk factors for the prediction of PAL: decreased DLCO/VA ratio, longer duration of surgery, male sex, the need for adhesiolysis, COPD, and right side. We identified middle lobe resections and ground glass opacity as protective factors. After internal validation, a C statistic of 0.63 was revealed, which is too low to generate a reliable score in clinical practice.

A Delphi Consensus report from the "Prolonged Air Leak: A Survey" study group on prevention and management of postoperative air leaks after minimally invasive anatomical resections.

OBJECTIVES: This study reports the results of an international expert consensus process evaluating the assessment of intraoperative air leaks (IAL) and treatment of postoperative prolonged air leaks (PAL) utilizing a Delphi process, with the aim of helping standardization and improving practice. METHODS: A panel of 45 questions was developed and submitted to an international working group of experts in minimally invasive lung cancer surgery. Modified Delphi methodology was used to review responses, including 3 rounds of voting. The consensus was defined a priori as >50% agreement among the experts. Clinical practice standards were graded as recommended or highly recommended if 50-74% or >75% of the experts reached an agreement, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 32 experts from 18 countries completed the questionnaires in all 3 rounds. Respondents agreed that PAL are defined as >5 days and that current risk models are rarely used. The consensus was reached in 33/45 issues (73.3%). IAL were classified as mild (<100 ml/min; 81%), moderate (100-400 ml/min; 71%) and severe (>400 ml/min; 74%). If mild IAL are detected, 68% do not treat; if moderate, consensus was not; if severe, 90% favoured treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This expert consensus working group reached an agreement on the majority of issues regarding the detection and management of IAL and PAL. In the absence of prospective, randomized evidence supporting most of these clinical decisions, this document may serve as a guideline to reduce practice variation.

Predicting a Prolonged Air Leak After Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery, Is It Really Possible?

Validation of predictive risk models for prolonged air leak (PAL) is essential to understand if they can help to reduce its incidence and complications. This study aimed to evaluate both the clinical and statistical performances of 4 existing models. We selected 4 predictive PAL risk models based on their scientific relevance. We referred to these models as Chicago, Bordeaux, Leeds and Pittsburgh model, respectively, according to the affiliation place of the first author. These predicting risk models were retrospectively applied to patients recorded on the second edition of the Italian Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Group registry. Predictions for each patient were calculated based on the logistic regression coefficient values provided in the original manuscripts. All models were tested for their overall performance, discrimination, and calibration. We recalibrated the original models with the re-estimation of the model intercept and slope. We used curve decision analysis to describe and compare the clinical effects of the studied risk models. Better statistical metrics characterize the models developed on larger populations (Chicago and Bordeaux models). However, no model has a valid benefit for threshold probability greater than 0.30. The Net benefit of the most performing model (Bordeaux model) at the threshold probability of 0.11 is 23 of 1000 patients, burdened by 333 false positive cases. One of 1000 is the Net benefit at the threshold probability of 0.3. The use of PAL scores based on preoperative predictive factors cannot be currently used in a clinical setting because of a high false positive rate and low positive predictive value.

Coverage of visible intercostal and lumbar segmental arteries can predict the volume of cerebrospinal fluid drainage in elective endovascular repair of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic disease: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to identify anatomical and physiological factors that could predict the amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage in patients undergoing elective endovascular repair of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic disease. METHODS: All consecutive elective endovascular procedures performed for descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic disease between January 2015 and December 2017 were included in the study. Routine use of CSF drainage was established in all patients. The goal of drainage was to reach a spinal fluid pressure of 10-12 mmHg by draining in 5-15-ml aliquots. The number of visible intercostal and lumbar segmental arteries (SAs) was evaluated before and after endovascular repair. The covering ratio of SAs was calculated as covered preoperative SAs/total preoperative SAs. RESULTS: Twenty-four consecutive patients were included in the final analysis. The indication for the intervention was a descending thoracic aneurysm in 13 cases, a thoracoabdominal aneurysm in 4 cases and a chronic type B dissection in 7 cases. The procedure performed was thoracic endovascular aortic repair in 20 cases and fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair in 4 cases. None of the patients developed spinal cord ischaemia. The mean volume of CSF drained was 46 ml. The mean length of aortic coverage was 231 mm. The mean number of total preoperative SAs and of covered preoperative SAs was, respectively, 22 and 9. The volume of CSF drained was significantly correlated with all these variables (length of aortic coverage, total visible SAs and covered SAs), but the most powerful correlation was individuated with the covering ratio of SAs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the percentage of intercostal and lumbar SAs covered by placement of a stent graft can predict the volume of CSF drained in patients undergoing elective endovascular repair of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic disease.