Drug-induced Sweet's syndrome: A case/non-case study in the French pharmacovigilance database.

AIMS: Sweet's syndrome is an acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis first described in 1964 by Robert Douglas Sweet. The pathophysiological mechanism is not fully established; however, several cases of Sweet's syndrome have been reported following drug administration. METHODS: To investigate the existence of pharmacovigilance signals between drugs and the occurrence of Sweet's syndrome, we performed a case/non-case study on reports of 'acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis' registered in the French pharmacovigilance database. Reporting odds ratio (ROR) with its 95% confidence interval were calculated. RESULTS: Amongthe 994 789 reports recorded in the database, 136 were Sweet's syndrome, of which 50.7% were men and the median age was 59 years (range 15-91). A total of 224 drugs were mentioned as suspects: 21.0% were antibacterials, 19.2% were antineoplastics and 12.1% were immunosuppressants. Median time to onset from drug initiation to the development of Sweet's syndrome was 15 days (range 1-1095). The highest RORs were observed with bortezomib (74.04 [40.8-134.2]), azacitidine (72.14 [29.4-176.9]), perfilgrastim (67.05 [21.2-211.6]), azathioprine (55.46 [34.8-88.4]) and bendamustine (35.84 [11.4-112.8]). CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacovigilance signals have been observed between the occurrence of Sweet's syndrome and colony-stimulating factors, immunosuppressants, antineoplastics and antibiotics. Clinicians should be aware of the potential associations with these drugs and should be encouraged to report any case of drug-induced Sweet's syndrome.

Adverse drug reactions in infants, children and adolescents exposed to antidepressants: a French pharmacovigilance study.

PURPOSE: Despite their frequent use in children and adolescents, the evidence for efficacy and safety of antidepressants (ATDs) in this population is scarce and off-label prescribing common. The aim of this study was to describe reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated to ATDs over a 30-year period using the French Pharmacovigilance Database (FPVD). METHODS: We performed an analysis of ADRs registered in the FPVD from 1985 to 2016, occurred in children and adolescents receiving an ATD. Descriptive statistics were used to obtain an overview of ADRs types and characteristics, and data were stratified by age. RESULTS: Among the 45,070 pediatric cases reports registered into the FPVD, we identified 1366 reports (3.0%) in which ATDs were "suspected" as the cause of 2922 ADRs. ADRs were more frequently reported in female (n = 743; 55.5%) and adolescents (n = 627; 49.3%). Neuropsychiatric ADRs were the most reported, mainly sleepiness, agitation, and suicidal thinking and behavior, followed by gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disorders, mainly vomiting, abdominal pain, hepatitis, nausea, and three unexpected ADRs of pancreatitis. There was an increase of annual reporting between 1986 and 2003, followed by a plateau state then a decrease from 2003 to 2012, and a rapid escalation until 2016, while an increase in the number of reporting of suicidal thinking and behavior was observed after 2003, highlighting a possible impact of black box warnings on reporting practices and ATD use. CONCLUSION: This pediatric pharmacovigilance study underscored the high prevalence of neuropsychiatric and gastrointestinal ADRs, including three unexpected cases of pancreatitis.

[Surveillance system on drug abuse: Interest of the French national OPPIDUM program of French addictovigilance network]. / Dispositif pharmacoépidémiologique de surveillance des substances psychoactives : intérêts du programme national OPPIDUM du Réseau français d'addictovigilance.

It is important to assess drug abuse liability in 'real life' using different surveillance systems. OPPIDUM ('Observation of illegal drugs and misuse of psychotropic medications') surveillance system anonymously collects information on drug abuse and dependence observed in patients recruited in specialized care centers dedicated to drug dependence. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the utility of OPPIDUM system using 2015 data. OPPIDUM is a cross-sectional survey repeated each year since 1995. In 2015, 5003 patients described the modality of use of 10,159 psychoactive drugs. Among them, 77% received an opiate maintenance treatment: 68% methadone (half of them consumed capsule form) and 27% buprenorphine (39% consumed generic form). Brand-name buprenorphine is more often injected than generic buprenorphine (10% vs. 2%) and among methadone consumers 7% of methadone capsule consumers have illegally obtained methadone (vs. 9% for syrup form). The proportion of medications among psychoactive drugs injected is important (42%), with morphine representing 21% of the total psychoactive drugs injected and buprenorphine, 16%. OPPIDUM highlighted emergent behaviors of abuse with some analgesic opioids (like tramadol, oxycodone or fentanyl), pregabalin, or quetiapine. OPPIDUM highlighted variations of drugs use regarding geographic approaches or by drug dependence care centers (like in harm reduction centers). OPPIDUM clearly demonstrated that collection of valid and useful data on drug abuse is possible, these data have an interest at regional, national and international levels.

Drug-induced Depression: a Case/Non Case Study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database.

Depression is a complex disorder with heterogeneous clinical anomalies whose neurobiological understanding still remains unclear. Medications have been implicated as potential causes of depression but for many of them, data are controversial. The present study aims to investigate association bet ween drugs and reports of depression. We used the case/non case method in the French pharmacovigilance database (FPVD) to identify drugs associated with depression. Cases were reports of depression in the FPVD between January 2007 and December 2011. Non cases were all other reports during the same period. Data were expressed as reporting odds ratio (ROR) with their 95% confidence interval. Of the 114,692 reports recorded in the FPVD during the studied period, we identified 474 cases of depression. For the majority of the patients, they were considered as "non serious" (56%) and evolution was favorable (64%). Significant RORs were found for antiepileptics (topiramate, levetiracetam), anti-infective and especially anti-retroviral drugs (efavirenz, emtricitabine, tenofovir, etravirine, raltegravir), interferons and other agents including isotretinoin, methylphenidate, sodium oxybate, varenicline, montelukast, flunarizine, adalimumab, anastrozole. Taking into account the limits of the methodology, the present study described associations with mainly expected drugs belonging to various therapeutic classes but it also found a signal with some anti-retrovirals. On the contrary, we did not find some assumed associations like cardiovascular medications, antimalarial. For most of the drugs, one or more mechanisms were found to explain these depressogenic effects on the basis of animal and human literature. Even if such associations need to be confirmed by further prospective studies, cautions are necessary for many drugs to early detect depressive symptoms.

Implementation of an automated signal detection method in the French pharmacovigilance database: a feasibility study.

PURPOSE: In France, early detection of adverse effects does not currently involve any automatic signal detection method. The present objective was to assess the feasibility and measure the potential benefit of the incorporation of an automatic signal detection tool (GPS(pH0)) in the French pharmacovigilance system. METHODS: GPS(pH0) was first applied to the data collected from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2008 and then to the data collected from 1 January 2000 to 31 March 2009. A total of 1,414 original signals were detected. They were shared out for further expertise among 32 centres, i.e. the 31 Regional Pharmacovigilance Centres and the French medicine agency (AFSSAPS) pharmacovigilance department. RESULTS: The participating centres (n = 28) analysed 1,292 signals in May 2009. Overall, 277 signals whether known or unknown were thus considered worth following up. Half of the other 893 categorised signals were "well-known" (35.7%) and non-interpretable/non-pertinent signals (36.6%); 4% were not categorised because of a lack of time. Analysis of the signals was time-consuming, but the working time estimated by the participants was highly variable (median time: 6 h; minimum: 2 h maximum: 26 h). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study are in favour of the integration of an automated signal detection tool to complement the current pharmacovigilance activities. The Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical for drug classification poses difficulties in many situations; the international proprietary name might be more efficient. The variability observed in the time needed for analysis suggests that a standardised methodology should be employed. Overall, the findings of this prospective study will contribute to refining the signal management procedure to be implemented in the future.

Methylprednisolone-related liver injury: A descriptive study using the French pharmacovigilance database.

PURPOSE: Hepatotoxicity associated with methylprednisolone (MP) is rarely reported in the literature. The aim of the present study was to review the characteristics of acute liver injury associated with intravenous (IV) or oral MP registered in the French pharmacovigilance database (FPD). METHODS: All cases with MP coded as suspected, concomitant, or interacting drug associated with liver injury as the adverse effect reported up to May 2016 were extracted from the FPD. Cases were identified using the "Drug related hepatic disorders" Standard Medical Query. RESULTS: A total of 97 cases of liver injury associated with MP were analysed; 58.8% were women and the median age was 46 years (range: 1-91). MP was used for an autoimmune disease in 47.6% of cases including 26 cases of multiple sclerosis, and was IV in 79.4% of cases. Nearly three-quarters of patients (73,2%) had a hepatocellular type of injury, the severity of which was mainly mild (45%) or moderate (31%). Most patients (92%) spontaneously and fully recovered within a mean 38.4 days. A rechallenge using the IV route was performed in 13 patients and for 10 (76.9%) this was positive (the initial type of injury was hepatocellular for all these cases). Regarding IV route of administration (n=77), MP was coded as the only suspected drug in 22% of cases. DISCUSSION: The results suggest that IV MP causality should be considered in case of acute liver injury while data for oral MP is insufficient; systematic liver monitoring for high-dose IV MP may be recommended.