High ambient temperature impacts on flowering time in Brassica napus through both H2A.Z-dependent and independent mechanisms.

Knowledge concerning the integration of genetic pathways mediating the responses to environmental cues controlling flowering initiation in crops is scarce. Here, we reveal the diversity in oilseed rape (OSR) flowering response to high ambient temperature. Using a set of different spring OSR varieties, we found a consistent flowering delay at elevated temperatures. Remarkably, one of the varieties assayed exhibited the opposite behaviour. Several FT-like paralogs are plausible candidates to be part of the florigen in OSR. We revealed that BnaFTA2 plays a major role in temperature-dependent flowering initiation. Analysis of the H2A.Z histone variant occupancy at this locus in different Brassica napus varieties produced contrasting results, suggesting the involvement of additional molecular mechanisms in BnaFTA2 repression at high ambient temperature. Moreover, BnARP6 RNAi plants showed little accumulation of H2A.Z at high temperature while maintaining temperature sensitivity and delayed flowering. Furthermore, we found that H3K4me3 present in BnaFTA2 under inductive flowering conditions is reduced at high temperature, suggesting a role for this hallmark of transcriptionally active chromatin in the OSR flowering response to warming. Our work emphasises the plasticity of flowering responses in B. napus and offers venues to optimise this process in crop species grown under suboptimal environmental conditions.

Brassica napus Roots Use Different Strategies to Respond to Warm Temperatures.

Elevated growth temperatures are negatively affecting crop productivity by increasing yield losses. The modulation of root traits associated with improved response to rising temperatures is a promising approach to generate new varieties better suited to face the environmental constraints caused by climate change. In this study, we identified several Brassica napus root traits altered in response to warm ambient temperatures. Different combinations of changes in specific root traits result in an extended and deeper root system. This overall root growth expansion facilitates root response by maximizing root-soil surface interaction and increasing roots' ability to explore extended soil areas. We associated these traits with coordinated cellular events, including changes in cell division and elongation rates that drive root growth increases triggered by warm temperatures. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed the main genetic determinants of these root system architecture (RSA) changes and uncovered the necessity of a tight regulation of the heat-shock stress response to adjusting root growth to warm temperatures. Our work provides a phenotypic, cellular, and genetic framework of root response to warming temperatures that will help to harness root response mechanisms for crop yield improvement under the future climatic scenario.