Evidence of validity of the revised Helping Alliance Questionnaire based on the internal structure in a Brazilian clinical sample.

The revised Helping Alliance Questionnaire (HAq-II) is among the most used instruments that measure therapeutic alliance. Despite its use in research, this instrument is not validated for the Brazilian population. The aim of this study was to explore the evidence of validity of the HAq-II based on the internal structure in a sample of Brazilian psychiatric patients. An ambulatory convenience sample of 204 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 81 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was randomized between two different types of treatment. The HAq-II was completed by patients (patient version) and by 33 therapists who performed the interventions (therapist version) between the second and third sessions. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to investigate two models: (1) a one-dimensional therapeutic alliance model and (2) a two-dimensional model considering the factors 'positive alliance' and 'negative alliance'. The internal consistency of the HAq-II was measured by Cronbach's alpha. To investigate discriminant validity, we used the t-test for independent samples, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The analysis showed that the best model of the instrument was one-dimensional. Cronbach's alpha for both versions displayed values above 0.89. The Brazilian version of the HAq-II presented properties similar to those found in the original version. However, studies related to the one-dimensional model with other samples are necessary.

Mental disorders, comorbidities, and suicidality at 30 years of age in a Brazilian birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: Studies on mental disorders prevalence and comorbidity, including suicidality, are scarce in low and middle-income settings. We aimed to describe the pattern of comorbidity between mental disorders and their association with suicidality. METHODS: In 1982, all hospital deliveries in Pelotas (Southern Brazil) were identified (n = 5914) and have been prospectively followed. Participants were evaluated for the presence of common mental disorders (CMD) at the ages of 18-19, 23 and 30 years. In 2012-13 (30 years of age), trained psychologists evaluated 3657 individuals for disorders using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. RESULTS: Prevalence of suicidal wishing, suicidal planning and lifetime suicidal attempt was 4.9%, 3.8% and 6.6%, respectively. Suicidal wishing was most strongly associated with having joint major depressive episode (MD) and lifetime suicidal attempt (OR = 26.4, 95%CI:13.9-50.4) with comorbid MD with mania/hypomania (OR = 21.2, 95%CI:6.93-65.1). Suicidal planning was most strongly associated with having joint MD and lifetime suicidal attempt (OR = 44.7, 95%CI:22.6-88.4), with comorbid MD and social anxiety disorder (OR = 30.6, 95%CI:13.0-72.0), and joint social anxiety disorder with lifetime suicidal attempt (OR = 26.3, 95%CI:8.33-82.7). Independently of other disorders, prospective and cross-sectional measures of CMD were associated with higher rates of suicidality. LIMITATIONS: We do not have data on suicide deaths in follow-up and the diagnostic instrument used at 30 years of age was not used in all previous follow-up. CONCLUSION: MD and social anxiety have independent and combined associations with suicidality, and also with they occur with lifetime suicidal attempt and other mental disorders.

Genomic ancestry and the social pathways leading to major depression in adulthood: the mediating effect of socioeconomic position and discrimination.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that there is an association between ethnicity/skin color and depression; however, many contextual and individual variables, like sense of discrimination and socioeconomic position (SEP), might influence the direction of this association. We assessed the association between African ancestry and major depression among young adults that have been followed-up since birth in a Southern Brazilian city, and the mediating effect of SEP and discrimination. METHODS: In 1982, all hospital deliveries in Pelotas (Southern Brazil) were identified; liveborns were examined and their mothers interviewed (n = 5914). In 2012-13, at 30 years of age, we used the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) for major depression diagnosis. In addition, DNA samples were genotyped for approximately 2.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using Illumina (CA, USA) HumanOmni2.5-8v1 array. Genomic ancestry estimation was based on approximately 370 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mutually available for the Pelotas cohort and selected samples (used as reference panels) of the HapMap and Human Genome Diversity (HGDP). We estimated prevalence ratios (PR) using Poisson regression models and evaluated the association between percentage of African ancestry and major depression. We used G-computation for mediation analysis. RESULTS: At 30 years, 3576 individuals were evaluated for major depression (prevalence = 7.9 %). Only individuals in the highest SEP, who had a percentage of African ancestry between >5-30 % and >30 % had a prevalence of major depression 2.16 (PR = 2.16 95 % CI [1.05-4.45]) and 2.74 (PR = 2.74 95 % CI [1.06-7.06]) times higher, than those with 5 % or less, respectively. Among these subjects, sense of discrimination by skin color, captured 84 % of the association between African ancestry and major depression. CONCLUSION: SEP is an important effect modifier of the positive association between African ancestry and major depression. In addition, this association is predominantly mediated by the sense of feeling discriminated by skin color.

Low birth weight, preterm birth and small for gestational age association with adult depression: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on the effects that low birth weight, premature birth and intrauterine growth have on later depression. AIMS: To review systematically the evidence on the relationship of low birth weight, smallness for gestational age (SGA) and premature birth with adult depression. METHOD: We searched the literature for original studies assessing the effect of low birth weight, premature birth and SGA on adult depression. Separate meta-analyses were carried out for each exposure using random and fixed effects models. We evaluated the contribution of methodological covariates to heterogeneity using meta-regression. RESULTS: We identified 14 studies evaluating low birth weight, 9 premature birth and 4 SGA. Low birth weight increased the odds of depression (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.21-1.60). Premature birth and SGA were not associated with depression, but publication bias might have underestimated the effect of the former and only four studies evaluated SGA. CONCLUSIONS: Low birth weight was associated with depression. Future studies evaluating premature birth and SGA are needed.

Deficiency of vitamin D is associated with antenatal depression: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Approximately 6 to 13% of women suffer from antenatal depression (AD) around the world. AD can lead to several health problems for mother-baby. Vitamin D is a molecule that appears to have great preventive/therapeutic potential against neuropsychiatric disorders. The present study aimed to analyze the association between deficiency of vitamin D and AD in pregnant women in a city in the south of Brazil (Pelotas, RS). We hypothesize that pregnant women with a positive AD diagnosis have deficient levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a cohort study (CEP/UCPEL 47807915.4.0000.5339). From this cohort, 180 pregnant women at up to 24 weeks gestation were selected (130 non-depressed and 50 depressed), and the diagnosis of depression was made using the MINI-Plus. Blood was collected and stored for the later analysis of vitamin D (25(OH)D) by chemiluminescence method. The SPSS program was used for data analysis, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In our study, we showed a significant association between Major Depressive Episode current in the antenatal period and vitamin D deficiency (OR: 0.9; CI 95%: 0.9;1.0, p=0.003). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that vitamin D deficiency may be involved in major depressive disorder in the antenatal period, in this way it advised a follow-up of vitamin D levels in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle to minimize mental health problems in women and prevent developmental deficits in children.

[Birth conditions and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) in adults in the Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohorts of 1982 and 1993]. / Condições de nascimento e transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (TDAH) em adultos nas coortes de nascimento de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1982 e 1993.

This study evaluates the association of birth conditions with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) in adults using data from two birth cohorts in the city of Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. In 1982 and 1993 all births in the city were identified and have been prospectively monitored. In the follow-ups at 30 and 22 years of the 1982 (n = 3,574) and 1993 (n = 3,780) cohorts, respectively, participants were examined, and trained psychologists applied the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). Those individuals who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria were defined as positive for ADHD. Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment was used to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) adjusted for sex, maternal skin color, family income, maternal age, maternal schooling during pregnancy, maternal marital status, parity, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. The prevalence of adult ADHD was 4.4% and 4.5% in the 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively. The prevalence of ADHD was higher in those born with lower weight, but no linear trend was observed, and those born with weight between 3,000 and 3,499 grams (PR = 1.40; 95%CI: 1.05-1.86) had the highest risk. For gestational age, we observed an inversely proportional relationship for the presence of ADHD: preterm infants had a 33% higher risk (95%CI: 0.90-1.96) of being considered as having ADHD than those born at 39 or more weeks, but as the confidence interval included nullity, this association may have occurred at random. These results indicate that birth weight and gestational age may be associated with adult ADHD.

Este artigo avaliou a associação das condições de nascimento com o transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (TDAH) em adultos utilizando dados de duas coorte de nascimento da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Em 1982 e 1993, todos os nascimentos ocorridos na cidade foram identificados e prospectivamente acompanhados. Nos acompanhamentos aos 30 e 22 anos das coortes 1982 (n = 3.574) e 1993 (n = 3.780), respectivamente, os participantes foram examinados e psicólogos treinados aplicaram a Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). Aqueles indivíduos que preencheram os critérios diagnósticos do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-5) foram definidos como positivos para TDAH. A regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância foi usada para estimar a razão de prevalência (RP) ajustadas para sexo, cor da pele materna, renda familiar, idade materna, escolaridade materna durante a gestação, estado civil materno, paridade e tabagismo materno durante a gestação. A prevalência do TDAH adulto foi de 4,4% e 4,5% nas coortes de 1982 e 1993, respectivamente. A prevalência de TDAH foi maior naqueles que nasceram com menor peso, mas não foi observada tendencia linear. Além disso, aqueles que nasceram com peso entre 3.000 e 3.499 gramas (g) (RP = 1,40, IC95%: 1,05-1,86) apresentaram maior risco para o transtorno. Para a idade gestacional, observamos uma relação inversamente proporcional acerca da presença de TDAH, os pré-termos apresentaram risco 33% maior (IC95%: 0,90-1,96) de ser considerado com TDAH do que os nascidos com 39 ou mais semanas, mas como o intervalo de confiança incluiu a nulidade, essa associação pode ter ocorrido ao acaso. Tais resultados indicam que o peso ao nascer e a idade gestacional podem estar associados ao TDAH adulto.

El presente estudio evaluó la asociación de las condiciones de nacimiento con el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) en adultos utilizando datos de dos cohortes de nacimiento de la ciudad de Pelotas. En 1982 y 1993 se identificaron todos los nacimientos de la ciudad y se les ha hecho un seguimiento prospectivo. En los seguimientos a los 30 y 22 años de las cohortes de 1982 (n = 3.574) y 1993 (n = 3.780), respectivamente, los participantes fueron examinados y psicólogos capacitados aplicaron la Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). Aquellas personas que cumplieron con los criterios de diagnóstico del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-5) se definieron como positivos para TDAH. Se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con ajuste robusto de la varianza para estimar la razón de prevalencia (RP) ajustada por sexo, color de piel materna, ingreso familiar, edad materna, educación materna en la gestación, estado civil materno, paridad y tabaquismo materno en la gestación. La prevalencia del TDAH en adultos fue de 4,4% y 4,5 %, en las cohortes de 1982 y 1993, respectivamente. La prevalencia de TDAH fue mayor en aquellos que nacieron con menor peso, pero no se observó una tendencia lineal, y aquellos que nacieron con peso entre 3.000 y 3.499 gramos (RP = 1,40; IC95%: 1,05-1,86) presentaron el mayor riesgo. Para la edad gestacional, se observó una relación inversamente proporcional para la presencia de TDAH, los niños prematuros presentaron un 33 % más de riesgo (IC95 %: 0,90-1,96), de ser considerado como teniendo TDAH que los nacidos con 39 o más semanas, pero como el intervalo de confianza incluyó la nulidad, esa asociación puede haber ocurrido al azar. Tales resultados indican que el peso al nacer y la edad gestacional pueden estar asociados con el TDAH en adultos.

Early motor development: risk factors for delay in a population study in Southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess risk factors associated with motor development delay at three months of age. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with mothers and their three-month-old babies in Southern Brazil. The Bayley-III Scale of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) were used to assess motor development. RESULTS: We evaluated 756 mothers and their three-month-old babies. The overall mean motor development assessed by the BSID-III and the AIMS was 104.7 (SD 13.5) and 55.4 (SD 25.4), respectively. When assessed by the BSID-III, the lowest motor development scores were among babies born by cesarean delivery (p = 0.002), prematurely (p < 0.001), and with low birth weight (p < 0.001). When assessed by the AIMS, babies born prematurely (p = 0.002) and with low birth weight (p=0.004) had the lowest motor development means. After a cluster analysis, we found that babies born by cesarean delivery, with low birth weight, and prematurely had more impaired motor development compared with children born without any risk factors. CONCLUSION: Identifying risk factors allows the implementation of early interventions to prevent motor development delay and, therefore, reduce the probability of other future problems.

Family perception of the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder patient and the family accommodation.

BACKGROUND: Family members tend to modify their routine by assisting or participating in the patient's rituals. These behaviors have been identified as family accommodation (FA). AIMS: The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between family accommodation of relatives of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients and their perceptions about the obsessions and compulsions of the patient. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study with family members of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in a Southern Brazilian city. The family perception of the OCD symptoms and their accommodation were assessed through the Family Accommodation Scale for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - Interviewer-Rated (FAS-IR). RESULTS: The level of family accommodation was higher in those family members who lived with the patient when compared to those who did not live with them (p = .011). The obsessions associated with higher levels of family accommodation were: contamination (p < .001), hoarding/saving (p = .001), symmetry/exactness (p = .001), religious (p = .019), and diverse (p = .003). Regarding compulsions, the perception of all symptoms was associated with higher levels of family accommodation (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The family accommodation is present in family members of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder patients, regardless of the type of obsessive/compulsive symptom perceived.

Are adolescents more likely to have antenatal anxiety disorders than adult women? A comparison between two samples.

BACKGROUND: The literature reports that teenage pregnancy is considered a risk factor for anxiety disorders (ADs). However, research on this topic is limited. This study aimed to investigate if pregnant adolescents presented a greater likelihood of having ADs by comparing two samples of pregnant women in a southern city of Brazil. We also observed the prevalence rates of antenatal ADs among adolescents and adult women. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 1852 women from two different studies: 995 pregnant adolescents attending prenatal care in the public health system (convenience sample) and 857 pregnant women from a population-based study. We used the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Plus) to assess antenatal ADs, using the Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) modules. The primary aim of this study was tested through multivariate analysis using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of ADs was 11.0 % among pregnant adolescents and 13.8 % among adult pregnant women. Both samples presented similar rates of ADs (p = 0.065). In the adjusted analysis, maternal age did not predict antenatal ADs (PR = 0.97; p = 0.853). LIMITATIONS: Considering the particularities of each study where the samples came from, it was not possible to include other ADs such as panic disorder or phobias. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that pregnancy in adolescence does not increase the likelihood of antenatal ADs. However, we emphasize the importance of an adequate psychological screening and care in pregnancy in order to prevent possible psychiatric disorders.

Major depressive episode in mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based study in the Southern Brazil.

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed individuals and families, causing adverse psychological effects, especially in young adults, women, and parents. This study aimed to verify the prevalence of current major depressive episode (CMDE) in mothers of preschoolers (up to five years old) and its associated stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic in a municipality in the Southern Brazil. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study with mothers. All mothers were interviewed by telephone call during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I. Plus) to assess the presence of CMDE. Statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square test and a multivariate logistic regression. We evaluated 666 mothers. The prevalence of CMDE was 12.3%. Mothers with financial losses had 2.1 (95%CI: 1.3-3.4) more odds of presenting CMDE than those financially stable. We observed that financial losses were determinant for the higher prevalence of depression in mothers.

Antenatal depression: Efficacy of a pre-post therapy study and repercussions in motor development of children during the first 18 months postpartum. Study: "Pregnancy care, healthy baby".

AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy of brief psychotherapeutic interventions of cognitive behavioral therapy to treat antenatal depression and verify the association between interventions and motor development of infants at 3 and 18 months of age. METHODS: Pre-post-intervention study nested a randomized clinical trial, both of which are extracts from a population-based cohort study of a southern Brazilian city. The major depressive episode was measured through Mini Plus, the severity of depressive symptoms by BDI-II and motor development using Bayley-III and AIMS. The follow-ups occurred during the gestational period (T2) and at 3 (T3) and 18 months (T4) after delivery. RESULTS: Data were analyzed from 336 women in the control group (not intervened) and 108 from the group of depressed women who received intervention for antenatal depression. The effectiveness of the interventions for a major depressive episode was around 80% for both models in the two follow-up stages (3 and 18 months postpartum). In addition, the children whose mothers received intervention presented 3.7 (95% CI 0.7-6.6) points higher in Bayley-III at 3 months old when compared to the children in the control group (p = 0.01). There was no difference between the two psychotherapy models tested, both being equally effective (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We found that the brief psychotherapeutic interventions of cognitive behavioral therapy for gestational depression were effective in causing remission of the condition both in the short and long term, besides indirectly causing benefits also to the children, with regard to their motor development.

Suicide risk and prematurity: A study with pregnant adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between mood and anxiety disorders, and suicide risk during pregnancy and their relationship with premature birth in a population of pregnant adolescents attending prenatal care in the public health system of Pelotas, a southern city in Brazil. METHODS: This was a cohort study with all pregnant adolescents attending antenatal public services in the urban area of Pelotas between October 2009 and May 2011. The first assessment occurred between the 20th and 22 nd week of pregnancy and the second occurred one month after delivery. We used the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) to assess mood and anxiety disorders and suicide risk. RESULTS: A total of 645 pregnant women aged between 12 and 19 years old were interviewed. An anxiety disorder was present in 9.1% of the pregnant adolescent, and 28.5% had a mood disorder. The prevalence of suicide risk was 12.6%, and 15.3% of the babies were born premature. A multivariate analysis adjusted for maternal education, number of previous pregnancies and previous preterm birth indicated that adolescents who had suicide risk during pregnancy were approximately twice as likely to give birth prematurely when compared to those who were not diagnosed with suicide risk (PR 1.79; CI 1.06-3.03). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that pregnant adolescents who were at risk of suicide during pregnancy were more likely to have premature babies. It is important to pay attention to the mental health of this specific population to prevent obstetric complications and consequently improve the health of the children.

Brief cognitive behavioral therapy in pregnant women at risk of postpartum depression: Pre-post therapy study in a city in southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum depression (PPD) affects a high number of women, often the first manifestation of a mood disorder that will occur later in life, bringing serious consequences for the patient and her offspring. Depression today is the leading cause of disability worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a preventive cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for PPD. METHODS: Pre-post therapy study, as part of a population-based cohort study. Pregnant women without a diagnosis of depression participated, who were divided into two groups: risk of depression (CBT) and a control group (without therapy). The preventive therapy consisted of six sessions of CBT, administered weekly. The Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45) was used in all sessions. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Beck Depression Inventory-II were used on three occasions. The final statistical analyses were performed by Poisson regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of PPD in the risk group was 5.5% and in the control group 2.2%, with no difference between the groups (PR 1.66 95% CI 0.44-6.18). The OQ-45 averages gradually reduced during the therapy sessions, indicating therapeutic progress. Schooling was an associated factor, both with the manifestation of PPD and with the greater effectiveness of the therapy. LIMITATIONS: Rate of 40.5% refusal to preventive treatment and absence of a group with similar characteristics in another therapy model. CONCLUSIONS: Brief cognitive behavioral therapy applied by mental health professionals with basic training was effective in preventing the manifestation of PPD.

Maternal-fetal attachment and perceived parental bonds of pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: The parental bond is characterized by the perception of care and protection received by parental figures throughout human development. During the gestational period, the intensity in which the woman manifests behaviors and feelings for the fetus was denominated maternal-fetal attachment (MFA). In this perspective, the literature indicates that there is association between MFA and the pregnant woman's perception about the bond established with her parents. AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the association between MFA and perceived parental bonds of pregnant women in the city of Pelotas/RS (Brazil). STUDY DESIGN: This is a cohort study with 839 women during their gestational period. All women answered to the Parental Bonding Instrument to investigate the perceived parental bonds, and the MFA was assessed through the Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale. RESULTS: The main results showed that perceived paternal overprotection was associated with a higher MFA after adjustment (B 2.00 CI95% 0.30; 3.70). Additionally, the pregnant women who were in the first trimester of pregnancy (p < 0.001), who did not live with a partner (p = 0.018), and who did not feel supported by the baby's father during pregnancy (p = 0.014) presented lower scores of MFA. CONCLUSION: This study showed the importance of the paternal role in the women's life, considering the perception of the bond with their father during their development, an adequate support by the father of the baby, and the presence of a partner during pregnancy. As a result, the paternal role may influence the feelings and behaviors of greater affection, care, and concern regarding the fetus.

Changes in young children's oral health-related behaviours and caregiver knowledge: A cluster randomized controlled trial in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention to improve young children's oral health-related behaviours and caregiver knowledge. METHODS: This paper reports on findings from a cluster randomized controlled trial, 12 months after of baseline, conducted in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Two Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) and 170 caregiver-child dyads were assigned to an intervention group, and two PHCs and 174 dyads were assigned to a control group. Children's oral hygiene behaviours, sugar consumption and use of dental services were the outcomes analysed as well as changes in caregiver knowledge. The impact of the intervention was assessed using multilevel mixed-effects model regressions and the change rate ratios (IRR) were expressed. RESULTS: There were positive and significant changes in favour of the intervention group in children's oral hygiene behaviours, use of dental services, and caregivers' knowledge of oral health. For example, children in the intervention group were more likely to have brushed with fluoride toothpaste at least two times a day (IRR 1.43, 95% CI 1.06-1.92), to have brushed their teeth before bedtime (IRR 1.37, 95% CI 1.02-1.84), and to have used dental services for preventive care (IRR 2.54, 95% CI 2.02-3.19) than children in the control group. CONCLUSION: This intervention had positive effects on children's oral health-related behaviours and caregivers' oral health knowledge.

How sex differences in schooling and income contribute to sex differences in depression, anxiety and common mental disorders: The mental health sex-gap in a birth cohort from Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Reasons for the higher rates of depression, anxiety and common mental disorders among women are unclear. We investigated the mediating effect of schooling and personal income and the effect modification of maternal schooling and family income at baseline. METHODS: In 1982, the maternity hospitals of Pelotas (Southern Brazil) were daily visits and those livebirths whose family lived in the urban area of the city were examined and their mothers interviewed. At 30 years, the presence of major depression (MD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was assessed using the Mini-International Psychiatric Interview, and common mental disorders (CMD) with the self-rated questionnaire. We used Mantel-Haenszel test to assess effect modification and a counterfactual framework using inverse probability weights (IPW) and G-computation to analyze mediation. RESULTS: Income at 30 years captured part of the association of sex with MD (16.5%), GAD (14.2%), and CMD (18.0%). Schooling at 30 years was higher in women (p<0.001), and therefore inversely mediated the association with MD (-5.4%), GAD (-4.8%), and CMD (-6.7%). If we fixed the mediator to earning more than 3 minimum salaries, the effect of sex, was reduced in 64.9%, 56.7% and 31.4%, for MD, GAD and CMD, respectively, and 62.4%, 13.6% and 23.8%, if fixed to 12 or more years of schooling. LIMITATIONS: We were not able to evaluate mental health and socioeconomic changes, or assess a bidirectional effect CONCLUSION: Personal income and schooling at 30 years, are important mediators and effect modifiers of the association between sex and MD, GAD, and CMD.

Common Mental Disorders and Contemporary Factors: 1982 Birth Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the association between common mental disorders and socio-demographic variables, smoking habits and stressful events among the 30-year-old members of a 1982 cohort. METHOD: Mental disorder was analyzed by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Poisson regression was used to analyze the unadjusted and adjusted associations. RESULTS: Low level of education and stressful events increased the prevalence of mental disorders for both genders. Lower income for women and unemployment for men also remained associated with CMD. CONCLUSION: It was possible to describe the association between contemporary factors and mental disorders in a young population, to which prevention and control measures, through public policies proposed to the areas of Primary Care, Mental Health and Education, can represent a better quality of life and health.

Condições de nascimento e transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (TDAH) em adultos nas coortes de nascimento de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1982 e 1993 / Birth conditions and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) in adults in the Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohorts of 1982 and 1993 / Condiciones de nacimiento y trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) en adultos en las cohortes de nacimiento de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1982 y 1993

Este artigo avaliou a associação das condições de nascimento com o transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (TDAH) em adultos utilizando dados de duas coorte de nascimento da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Em 1982 e 1993, todos os nascimentos ocorridos na cidade foram identificados e prospectivamente acompanhados. Nos acompanhamentos aos 30 e 22 anos das coortes 1982 (n = 3.574) e 1993 (n = 3.780), respectivamente, os participantes foram examinados e psicólogos treinados aplicaram a Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). Aqueles indivíduos que preencheram os critérios diagnósticos do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-5) foram definidos como positivos para TDAH. A regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância foi usada para estimar a razão de prevalência (RP) ajustadas para sexo, cor da pele materna, renda familiar, idade materna, escolaridade materna durante a gestação, estado civil materno, paridade e tabagismo materno durante a gestação. A prevalência do TDAH adulto foi de 4,4% e 4,5% nas coortes de 1982 e 1993, respectivamente. A prevalência de TDAH foi maior naqueles que nasceram com menor peso, mas não foi observada tendencia linear. Além disso, aqueles que nasceram com peso entre 3.000 e 3.499 gramas (g) (RP = 1,40, IC95%: 1,05-1,86) apresentaram maior risco para o transtorno. Para a idade gestacional, observamos uma relação inversamente proporcional acerca da presença de TDAH, os pré-termos apresentaram risco 33% maior (IC95%: 0,90-1,96) de ser considerado com TDAH do que os nascidos com 39 ou mais semanas, mas como o intervalo de confiança incluiu a nulidade, essa associação pode ter ocorrido ao acaso. Tais resultados indicam que o peso ao nascer e a idade gestacional podem estar associados ao TDAH adulto.

This study evaluates the association of birth conditions with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) in adults using data from two birth cohorts in the city of Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. In 1982 and 1993 all births in the city were identified and have been prospectively monitored. In the follow-ups at 30 and 22 years of the 1982 (n = 3,574) and 1993 (n = 3,780) cohorts, respectively, participants were examined, and trained psychologists applied the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). Those individuals who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria were defined as positive for ADHD. Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment was used to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) adjusted for sex, maternal skin color, family income, maternal age, maternal schooling during pregnancy, maternal marital status, parity, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. The prevalence of adult ADHD was 4.4% and 4.5% in the 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively. The prevalence of ADHD was higher in those born with lower weight, but no linear trend was observed, and those born with weight between 3,000 and 3,499 grams (PR = 1.40; 95%CI: 1.05-1.86) had the highest risk. For gestational age, we observed an inversely proportional relationship for the presence of ADHD: preterm infants had a 33% higher risk (95%CI: 0.90-1.96) of being considered as having ADHD than those born at 39 or more weeks, but as the confidence interval included nullity, this association may have occurred at random. These results indicate that birth weight and gestational age may be associated with adult ADHD.

El presente estudio evaluó la asociación de las condiciones de nacimiento con el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) en adultos utilizando datos de dos cohortes de nacimiento de la ciudad de Pelotas. En 1982 y 1993 se identificaron todos los nacimientos de la ciudad y se les ha hecho un seguimiento prospectivo. En los seguimientos a los 30 y 22 años de las cohortes de 1982 (n = 3.574) y 1993 (n = 3.780), respectivamente, los participantes fueron examinados y psicólogos capacitados aplicaron la Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). Aquellas personas que cumplieron con los criterios de diagnóstico del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-5) se definieron como positivos para TDAH. Se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con ajuste robusto de la varianza para estimar la razón de prevalencia (RP) ajustada por sexo, color de piel materna, ingreso familiar, edad materna, educación materna en la gestación, estado civil materno, paridad y tabaquismo materno en la gestación. La prevalencia del TDAH en adultos fue de 4,4% y 4,5 %, en las cohortes de 1982 y 1993, respectivamente. La prevalencia de TDAH fue mayor en aquellos que nacieron con menor peso, pero no se observó una tendencia lineal, y aquellos que nacieron con peso entre 3.000 y 3.499 gramos (RP = 1,40; IC95%: 1,05-1,86) presentaron el mayor riesgo. Para la edad gestacional, se observó una relación inversamente proporcional para la presencia de TDAH, los niños prematuros presentaron un 33 % más de riesgo (IC95 %: 0,90-1,96), de ser considerado como teniendo TDAH que los nacidos con 39 o más semanas, pero como el intervalo de confianza incluyó la nulidad, esa asociación puede haber ocurrido al azar. Tales resultados indican que el peso al nacer y la edad gestacional pueden estar asociados con el TDAH en adultos.

Ausência de acompanhamento familiar e fatores associados nos partos da zona urbana de uma cidade do sul do Brasil: fato ou ficção? / Absence of family support and associated factors in the urban births of a city in Southern Brazil: fact or fiction?

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência e identificar os fatores associados à ausência do acompanhante de parto em mulheres no sul do Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com 466 parturientes, pertencentes a uma coorte de mulheres da zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas, RS. Aos 18 meses pós-parto, foi aplicado um questionário estruturado com dados sociodemográficos, gestacionais e questões relacionadas ao parto. Foi realizada regressão logística para ajustes de possíveis fatores de confusão. Resultados: A prevalência da ausência de acompanhante de parto entre as mulheres foi de 22,3%. As parturientes com até 8 anos de estudo (RP=2,0 [IC95% 1,1-3,8]), que não viviam com um companheiro (RP=2,3 [IC95% 1,2-4,3]), que realizaram o pré-natal no setor público (RP=1,9 [IC95% 1,0-3,7]) e que tiveram um parto via cesárea (RP=6,0 [IC95% 2,9-12,4]) apresentaram maior probabilidade de ausência de acompanhante de parto. Conclusão: Os resultados apontam evidências relevantes para o seguimento da verificação da presença do acompanhante de parto no sul do Brasil, indicando a necessidade de melhor aproveitamento e adesão desta prática. Além disso, a lei que aprova a presença do acompanhante de parto no Brasil parece não estar sendo colocada em prática de modo integral, desrespeitando um direito das parturientes e impactando nos benefícios para a saúde materno-infantil.

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the prevalence and identify the factors associated with the absence of birth companions among women in Southern Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 466 parturient women in a cohort of women from the urban area of the city of Pelotas, RS. At 18 months postpartum, a structured questionnaire was applied with sociodemographic, gestational data and questions related to childbirth. Logistic regression was performed to adjust for possible confounding factors. Results: The prevalence of the absence of a birth companion among women was 22.3%. Parturient women with up to 8 schooling years (PR=2.0 [95%CI 1.1-3.8]), who did not live with a partner (PR=2.3 [95%CI 1.2-4.3]), who performed their prenatal care in the public sector (PR=1.9 [95%CI 1.0-3.7]) and who had a cesarean delivery (PR=6.0 [95%CI 2.9-12.4]) were more likely to not have had a birth companion. Conclusion: The results shows relevant evidence for the verification of the presence of a companion in Southern Brazil, indicating the need for better use and adherence to this practice. In addition, the law that approves the presence of the birth companion in Brazil does not seem to be being fully implemented, disrespecting a right of parturient women and impacting the benefits for for maternal and child health.

Early motor development: risk factors for delay in a population study in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess risk factors associated with motor development delay at three months of age. METHODS Cross-sectional study with mothers and their three-month-old babies in Southern Brazil. The Bayley-III Scale of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) were used to assess motor development. RESULTS We evaluated 756 mothers and their three-month-old babies. The overall mean motor development assessed by the BSID-III and the AIMS was 104.7 (SD 13.5) and 55.4 (SD 25.4), respectively. When assessed by the BSID-III, the lowest motor development scores were among babies born by cesarean delivery (p = 0.002), prematurely (p < 0.001), and with low birth weight (p < 0.001). When assessed by the AIMS, babies born prematurely (p = 0.002) and with low birth weight (p=0.004) had the lowest motor development means. After a cluster analysis, we found that babies born by cesarean delivery, with low birth weight, and prematurely had more impaired motor development compared with children born without any risk factors. CONCLUSION Identifying risk factors allows the implementation of early interventions to prevent motor development delay and, therefore, reduce the probability of other future problems.