Efficacy of an integrated program (PIA-2) to reduce the risk for problems related to eating, weight and body image in female adolescents from Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the efficacy of an integrated program (PIA-2) to reduce the risk for problems related to eating, weight and body image in female adolescents from Argentina. METHOD: A quasi-experimental study was conducted by comparing an experimental group versus a control group. The final sample included 509 girls aged 13-18 (M = 15.39 and SD = 1.30) from nine schools located in three geographical regions. They provided data at three assessment time points: baseline, post-intervention and a 3-month follow-up. Dependent variables included skipping breakfast, physical activity, eating disorder risk and thin-ideal internalization. The program was carried out in three 90-minute sessions within usual school hours, at 1-week intervals. RESULTS: Participants who received the intervention decreased more than the control group in skipping breakfast month by month. However, a significant effect of the intervention was not found on physical activity, eating disorder risk, and thin-ideal internalization. DISCUSSION: The presence of mixed findings shows the need to adjust the intervention to enhance the results. The importance of working jointly with other Latin American countries is emphasized, in order to promote the growth of the field of prevention, regarding cultural particularities shared by our societies. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Integrated programs aimed at reducing risk factors for the entire spectrum of problems related to eating, weight and body image could lead to beneficial and more efficient effects. However, their development is still incipient in Latin America. PIA-2 Program, designed for female adolescents, produced positive results in one of the four variables studied, decreasing the weekly frequency of skipping breakfast among adolescents. This is pioneering research in Argentina and the region since very few studies on integrated prevention have been published in Latin America. It is crucial to continue with efforts aimed at developing programs that are suited to the specific needs of the population of Latin American countries. In this aspect, our study is undoubtedly an important contribution.

Confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance of the eating disorders examination-questionnaire across four male samples in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: The eating disorder examination-questionnaire (EDE-Q) is among the most widely used instruments in eating disorder research and clinical practice. However, the underlying structure remains a source of confusion, and contradictory results have emerged in studies among male populations. In the current study, we examined previously proposed models of EDE-Q structure in four community samples of Argentinian men. METHOD: A series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed for five previous factor structure models of the EDE-Q among 232 Argentinian male university students, 277 weightlifters, 275 cross-fit users, and 202 athletes. A multigroup CFA was conducted in the model we retained, to assess measurement invariance across groups. RESULTS: A respecified model of the brief eight-item one-factor proposal provided acceptable fit to the data over the original four-factor structure and three other proposed models. Results from the multigroup CFA showed that the retained model was invariant across samples. CONCLUSION: Our results provide support for retaining a one-factor EDE-Q structure over a multifactor solution for research purposes among male community samples in Argentina. These data underscore the importance of undertaking psychometric assessment of eating disorder symptom measures before their utilization in specific populations.

Prevention of eating disorders in argentine adolescents.

In the last few decades much effort has been devoted to developing prevention programs for eating disorders, as most individuals with these pathologies do not receive treatment and tend to become chronic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a cognitive dissonance and media literacy intervention aimed at preventing eating disorders in female adolescents. Eighty-eight female students (aged 12-17) from Argentina, participated in a 3-session program. Adolescents completed a baseline, post-intervention and a 6-month follow-up survey. A significant decrease in thin-ideal internalization, body image concerns, influence of advertising, drive for thinness and bulimic attitudes was found at post-intervention. In addition, the number of participants with disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors decreased at post-intervention. Results for body image concerns and drive for thinness were maintained at follow-up.

A cross-sectional model of eating disorders in Argentinean overweight and obese children.

Despite the fact that past research identified childhood obesity as an antecedent of eating disorders, not all obese children further develop this pathology. With this regard, our first purpose was to isolate which characteristics differentiate overweight children who have an eating disorder from those who have not. Second, considering that there is little evidence collected in Latin American countries, we provided overweight children data from an Argentinean sample. Specifically, we investigated if weight-teasing, perfectionism, disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors, and body image dissatisfaction are related to the occurrence of an eating disorder in 100 school-aged overweight/obese children (37 girls and 63 boys; mean age 10.85, SD 0.88). Participants completed self-report instruments and were interviewed between 1 and 2 months later to confirm the presence of eating disorders. Seventeen percent participants confirmed to have an eating disorder. Further, the multivariate logistic analysis revealed that perfectionism (Exp ß = 1.19) and disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors (Exp ß = 4.78) were jointly associated with the presence of an eating disorder. These results were maintained even when the overall model was adjusted for covariates such as age, gender, body mass index, and school type. Weight-teasing and body image dissatisfaction did not contribute to the multivariate model. Prevalence rates of ED and model findings were discussed.

Attitudes toward beef and vegetarians in Argentina, Brazil, France, and the USA.

Meat is both the most favored and most tabooed food in the world. In the developed world, there is a tension between its high nutritional density, preferred taste, and high status on the one hand, and concerns about weight, degenerative diseases, the ethics of killing animals, and the environmental cost of meat production on the other hand. The present study investigated attitudes toward beef, and toward vegetarians, among college students in Argentina, Brazil, France, and the USA. Across countries, men were more pro-beef, in free associations, liking, craving, and frequency of consumption. By country, Brazil and Argentina were generally the most positive, followed by France and then the United States. Ambivalence to beef was higher in women, and highest in Brazil. Only Brazilian and American women reported frequent negative associations to beef (e.g. "disgusting", "fatty"). Overall, most students had positive attitudes to beef, and the attitude to vegetarians was generally neutral. America and Brazilian women showed some admiration for vegetarians, while only French men and women had negative attitudes to vegetarians. In spite of frequent negative ethical, health, and weight concerns, in the majority of the sample, liking for and consumption of beef was maintained at a high level.

The Development of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Practice, Research, and Future Directions in Latin America.

Although Latin America countries are similar in many aspects, psychology has evolved in different ways, according to the characteristics related to politics, economics, and culture of each country. This is the context in which CBT has spread through the region since the 1980s. This article aims to offer a brief historical overview of CBT development in Latin America and the challenges of its current practice. The inclusion of CBT in undergraduate and graduate studies of psychology, the therapists training programs, cultural challenges, and the CBT ​​research were discussed in this paper. All things considered, the main challenge of CBT in Latin America is to constantly reaffirm the scientific foundations of the theory and to continue to work in the scientific production of knowledge and its dissemination.

Development and validation of a multicultural Spanish-language version of the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) in Argentina.

The utility of traditional eating disorder measures in the assessment of muscularity-oriented disordered eating has been questioned. To address this limitation, the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) was recently developed and validated in a sample of U.S. college men. We aimed to develop a multicultural Spanish-language version of the MOET for use in Latin American samples and validate its use in a sample of Argentinian college men. Combined translation procedures were used to develop a version suitable for different Spanish-speaking populations. A total of 235 students (Mage = 23.47, SD = 5.61) participated in this study by completing a survey including the MOET. A sub-sample (n = 121) completed the MOET again after 1 week. A confirmatory factor analysis of a re-specified model of the original single-factor MOET, allowing for residual correlation between items associated to dietary rules (items 4-12), resulted in an adequate fit (χ2/df = 2.10, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.93, RMSEA 0.05 [90% CI = 0.04, 0.06] SRMR = 0.08). Further, the multicultural Spanish-language version of the MOET yielded evidence of internal consistency (omega = 0.83, 95% CI [0.79, 0.88], Cronbach's α = 0.83), a 1-week Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was considered for test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.82), item analysis, convergent validity with measures of eating disorder psychopathology, body dissatisfaction and weight-related behaviors, as well as for divergent validity with an unrelated construct. The availability of a multicultural Spanish-language version of the MOET may have utility in both clinical and research efforts related to muscularity-oriented disordered eating among Latino men.

Body Mass Index and Nationality (Argentine vs. Spanish) Moderate the Relationship Between Internalization of the Thin Ideal and Body Dissatisfaction: A Conditional Mediation Model.

It is believed that Women's exposure to Western sociocultural pressures to attain a "thin-ideal" results in the internalization of a desire to be thin that consequently leads to body dissatisfaction (BD). It is also well documented that body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) correlates with BD. We tested for the first time a conditional mediation model where thin-ideal Awareness predicted BD through Internalization of the thin ideal and the path from Internalization to BD was hypothesized to be moderated by BMI and Nationality (Argentine vs. Spanish). The model was tested with a sample of 499 young women (age = 18 to 29) from Argentina (n = 290) and Spain (n = 209). Awareness and internalization were measured with the SATAQ-4 (Schaefer et al., 2015) and BD was measured with the BSQ (Cooper et al., 1987). The model was analyzed using PROCESS v3.1 (Hayes, 2018). As hypothesized, thin-ideal awareness predicted BD through internalization and the path from internalization to BD was moderated by BMI and nationality. Specifically, internalization predicted BD at all level of BMI and in both samples, but the relationship between internalization and BD increased with BMI and was also stronger among Spaniards than Argentines. We argue that the findings are congruent with theories that predict that economic development and modernization contribute to normative female BD through internalization of the thin ideal and that upward social comparisons or cognitive discrepancy between self-perceived body image and the sociocultural thin ideal interacts synergistically with thin-ideal internalization to increase BD.

Dimensiones del perfeccionismo (adaptativo y desadaptativo) en adolescentes con trastorno de la conducta alimentaria / Dimensions of perfectionism (adaptive and maladaptive) in adolescents with eating disorder

Resumen Este estudio analizó la asociación de las dimensiones adaptativa y desadaptativa del perfeccionismo con la presencia de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA), de riesgo de TCA, y algunas características inherentes a estos trastornos. Participaron 246 mujeres adolescentes, de 13 a 19 anos de edad, divididas en tres grupos: con TCA (n = 59), con riesgo de TCA (n = 17) y sin TCA o riesgo (n = 170); esto definido a través de la entrevista para Examinación de Trastornos Alimentarios (EDE). Las participantes completaron el Inventario de Trastornos Alimentarios (EDI-3) y la Escala Casi Perfecta-Revisada (APS-R). En congruencia con los modelos que sostienen la existencia de dos dimensiones bien delimitadas del perfeccionismo, las adolescentes con TCA y riesgo presentaron mayores puntuaciones que aquellas sin TCA en Discrepancia (dimensión desadaptativa), pero no en Altos estándares (dimensión adaptativa). Además se hallaron asociaciones positivas entre Discrepancia y todas las subescalas del EDI-3, excepto Miedo a madurar. No obstante, en el grupo con TCA también se hallaron asociaciones positivas de los Altos estándares y el Orden con la Búsqueda de delgadez, resultado que no permite afirmar el valor adaptativo de estas dos últimas dimensiones del perfeccionismo entre las adolescentes con TCA.

Abstract This study analyzed the association of adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism in women with eating disorders (ED), risk of ED, and inherent features of ED. The sample included 246 women aged between 13 and 19 years divided into three groups: with ED (n = 59), in risk of ED (n = 17), and without ED or risk (n = 170); for group assignation participants were interviewed with the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE). Participants completed the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-3) and the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R). According to the models that state the existence of two well defined dimensions of perfectionism, adoles cents in risk of ED and with ED got higher scores in Discrepancy (maladaptive dimension), but not in High standards (adaptive dimension). Besides positive associations were found between Discrepancy and all scales of EDI-3, except for Maturity fears; however also in the ED group positive associations were found between High standards and Order with Drive for thinness, result that do not allow to confirm the adaptive value of these two latter dimensions of perfectionism among adolescents with ED.

Validación argentina del Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 / Argentine validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3

En este estudio se presenta la adaptación y validación del Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) en mujeres con y sin trastorno alimentario. La muestra incluyó 58 pacientes mujeres con trastorno alimentario y 237 mujeres estudiantes universitarias de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (Argentina) de entre 18 y 34 años. En función de la presencia o ausencia de trastorno alimentario se formaron 2 grupos de comparación. Se halló que en ambos grupos la solución de 4 factores propuesta en la versión original de la escala es la más adecuada, excluyendo los ítems 19 y 20. La solución de 4 factores explica el 58% (mujeres con trastorno alimentario) y el 61% (mujeres sin trastorno alimentario) de la varianza total. El α de Cronbach de la escala total fue de 0.91 (mujeres con trastorno alimentario) y de 0.94 (mujeres sin trastorno alimentario). Asimismo, se observaron indicadores de validez concurrente y de constructo. En conclusión, la versión argentina del SATAQ-3 presentó indicadores adecuados de validez y consistencia interna, resultando un instrumento promisorio para la evaluación de diferentes dimensiones de las influencias socioculturales sobre la imagen corporal en mujeres con y sin trastorno alimentario.

In this study is presented the adaptation and validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) in women with and without eating disorders. The sample included 58 patients with eating disorders and 237 university students from Ciudad de Buenos Aires (Argentina), aged between 18 and 34. Two comparison groups were formed according to the presence or absence of eating disorders. In both groups, the four-factor solution proposed in the original version of the scale is the most appropriate (excluding items 19 and 20). This four-factor solution explained 58% (women with eating disorders) and 61% (women without eating disorders) of the total variance. Cronbach's α for the total scale was .91 (women with eating disorders) and .94 (women without eating disorders). Concurrent and construct validity were also evidenced. This study shows appropriate indicators of validity and internal consistency for the Argentine version of SATAQ-3. Therefore, it is a promising instrument for the assessment of different dimensions of sociocultural influence towards appearance among women with and without eating disorders.

Obesidad en Argentina: un desafío pendiente. Políticas de salud pública y tasas de prevalencia / Obesity in Argentina: a remaining challenge. Public health policies and prevalence rates

Resumen La Organización Mundial de la Salud plantea que las tasas de incidencia y prevalencia de obesidad están alcanzando cifras alarmantes a nivel mundial desde mediados del siglo pasado, convirtiéndola en un problema sanitario de primera magnitud. En esta misma línea, en Argentina, la obesidad se ha convertido en una grave amenaza para la salud pública. A partir de ello, se han generado a nivel nacional diferentes documentos y dispositivos orientados a la prevención y tratamiento del sobrepeso, la obesidad y las consecuencias asociadas. Estas medidas incluyen leyes, resoluciones, guías prácticas, planes y programas. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión de documentos y dispositivos provistos en el marco de políticas públicas de salud así como también tasas de prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad a nivel nacional. A partir de la revisión bibliográfica, se identificó una serie de políticas implementadas desde la nación para combatir la obesidad. Sin embargo, el relevamiento realizado a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo en los años 2005, 2009 y 2013, evidencia un ininterrumpido crecimiento de las tasas de sobrepeso y obesidad en Argentina. Se discuten los resultados y se proponen futuras líneas de trabajo en relación con esta problemática.

Abstract The World Health Organization raises that the incidence and prevalence of obesity rates are reaching alarming levels in most countries, since the middle of the last century, turning it into a health problem of first magnitude. In Argentina, obesity has also become a serious threat to public health. From this situation, it has been generated different documents and devices aimed at the prevention and treatment of overweight, obesity and associated consequences. These measures include laws, resolutions, practical guides, plans and programs. The aim of this study is to present a review of documents and devices provided by public health policies, and prevalence national rates of overweight and obesity. From the literature review, a series of implemented policies against obesity were identified. However, National Survey of Risk Factors conducted in 2005, 2009 and 2013, provides data that show an uninterrupted growth in rates of overweight and obesity in Argentina. Results are discussed and future lines of work related to this important health problem are proposed.

Perfeccionismo y baja autoestima a través del continuo de los trastornos alimentarios en adolescentes mujeres de Buenos Aires / Perfectionism and low self- esteem across the continuum of eating disorders in adolescent girls from Buenos Aires

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar y comparar hábitos y actitudes hacia la alimentación, perfeccionismo y autoestima en mujeres adolescentes con cuadros completos de trastornos alimentarios (TA), adolescentes con riesgo de trastorno alimentario (RTA), y adolescentes sin trastorno alimentario ni riesgo (NTA). Participaron del estudio 200 mujeres entre 13 y 19 años: 167 estudiantes de escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y 33 pacientes con diagnóstico de TA según el DSM IV-TR, que se encontraban en tratamiento en dos instituciones especializadas (una pública y una privada). Se conformaron tres grupos en función de la presencia de TA o de riesgo de TA evaluada a través de una entrevista diagnóstica basada en el Eating Disorder Examination (EDE): adolescentes con TA (n=46), adolescentes con riesgo de TA (n=17) y adolescentes sin TA ni riesgo de TA (n=137). Las participantes completaron los siguientes instrumentos: Cuestionario sociodemográfico y de sintomatología específica de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, Inventario de Trastornos Alimentarios- 3 (EDI- 3), Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg y Almost Perfect Scale- Revised (APS-R). En conjunto, los resultados apoyan la teoría del continuo en los TA. Las adolescentes con RTA presentaron puntuaciones intermedias en perfeccionismo y baja autoestima. Además, los resultados apoyan el carácter disfuncional de uno de los componentes del perfeccionismo (Discrepancia). La presencia de características psicológicas vinculadas con el desarrollo de los TA en adolescentes de población no clínica (RTA), refuerza la importancia de destinar esfuerzos a la prevención de los TA en la adolescencia.

The aim of this study was to analyze and compare habits, behaviours and eating attitudes, perfectionism and self-esteem in adolescent girls with eating disorder (ED) adolescents at risk of eating disorder (EDR), and adolescents without eating disorder neither risk (NED) . The sample included 200 women between 13 and 19 years of age: 167 students of high schools from Buenos Aires and 33 ED patients recruited from clinics specializing in treatment of ED. There were formed three groups according to the presence of ED or ED risk (which was evaluated through a semistructured interview based on the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE): adolescents with ED (n= 46), adolescents at risk for ED (n= 17) and adolescents without ED neither risk (n= 137). Participants completed: Sociodemographic and specific symptoms of eating disorders questionnaire, Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI 3), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, and Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R). Overall, the results support the continuum theory of ED. EDR group had intermediate scores on perfectionism and low self-esteem. Furthermore, the results support the dysfunctional nature of one of the components of perfectionism (Discrepancy). The presence of psychological characteristics associated with the development of ED in nonclinical adolescent population (EDR), reinforces the importance of making efforts to the prevention of ED in school context.

Perfeccionismo y desempeño académico en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad autónoma de Buenos Aires / Perfectionism and academic performance of university students in the autonomous city of Buenos Aires / Perfeccionismo e desempenho acadêmico em estudantes universitários da cidade autônoma de Buenos Aires

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la relación entre los perfiles de perfeccionismo y el desempeño académico en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. El desempeño ha sido operacionalizado a través de las variables promedio académico general percibido, calificación del último examen, cantidad de exámenes adeudados y años de carrera cursados. Participaron en la investigación 465 estudiantes pertenecientes a las carreras de Psicología (52,2%) Ingeniería (26,2%) y Medicina (21,6%). La distribución de la población de estudiantes en los distintos perfiles de perfeccionismo (adaptativo- PA, desadaptativo- PD y no perfeccionistas-NP) se presentó según las predicciones derivadas de la teoría y los estudios previos realizados por nuestro equipo de investigación. Respecto a la relación entre los diferentes perfiles y el desempeño académico, se encontró que los estudiantes con un perfil de PA presentaron un promedio percibido significativamente superior, y una cantidad de exámenes adeudados significativamente menor que los estudiantes de los restantes perfiles. No se evidenciaron diferencias significativas para estas variables entre los sujetos con un perfil de PD y los estudiantes NP. Para las restantes variables no se hallaron diferencias significativas entre los distintos perfiles de perfeccionismo. Se discuten las implicancias de estos hallazgos para futuras investigaciones en el área.

The aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between perfectionism and academic performance of university graduate students in the City of Buenos Aires. 465 university undergraduates participated in this study: Psychology students (52.2%), Engineering students (26.2%) and Medicine students (21.6%). The resulting scores used to set the different perfectionism profiles (adaptative perfectionists- AP, maladaptive perfectionists- MP, and non perfectionists- NP), are similar to those expected according to current theory and to our previous studies. Regarding the relationship between the different student profiles and their academic performance, it was found that students with an AP profile have a significantly higher average grades than those in the other two groups, and less pending exams. No significant differences were found in average grades between MP and NP. For the remaining variables, no significant differences were found between the different profiles of perfectionism. Implications of these findings for future research in the area are discussed.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre os perfis de perfeccionismo e o desempenho acadêmico em uma mostra de estudantes universitários da cidade de Buenos Aires. O desempenho foi operacionalizado através das variáveis média acadêmica geral percebida, nota da última prova, quantidade de provas pendentes e anos cursados. Participaram na pesquisa 465 estudantes pertencentes aos cursos de Psicologia (52,2%) Engenharia (26,2%) e Medicina (21,6%). A distribuição da população de estudantes nos diferentes perfis de perfeccionismo (adaptativo- PA, desadaptativo- PD e não perfeccionistas- NP) apresentou-se de acordo com as previsões derivadas da teoria e dos estudos prévios feitos pela nossa equipe de pesquisa. Com respeito à relação entre os diferentes perfis e o desempenho acadêmico, encontrou-se que os estudantes com um perfil de PA apresentaram uma médica percebida significativamente superior, e uma quantidade de provas pendentes significativamente menor que os estudantes dos outros perfis. Não se evidenciaram diferenças significativas para estas variáveis entre os sujeitos com um perfil de PD e os estudantes NP. Para as restantes variáveis não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os diferentes perfis de perfeccionismo. Discutem-se as implicações destes descobrimentos para pesquisas futuras na área.

Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Trastornos Alimentarios - 3 (EDI-3) en mujeres adolescentes de Argentina / Psychometric properties of the Eating Disorders Inventory - 3 (EDI-3) among female adolescents from Argentina

El objetivo de este estudio es explorar la estructura factorial y la consistencia interna del Inventario de Trastornos Alimentarios-3 (EDI-3) en adolescentes mujeres de Buenos Aires (Argentina). 725 estudiantes de escuelas secundarias, entre 13 y 19 años, completaron el EDI-3 y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Se evaluaron diferentes soluciones factoriales. La solución más satisfactoria se alcanzó al explorar, por un lado, los ítems de las tres escalas de riesgo de trastorno alimentario (buena estructura, varianza explicada 46,7%) y por el otro, los ítems de las escalas psicológicas (estructura parcialmente diferente de la teórica, varianza explicada: 44,1%). El cómputo por Índices (agrupación de distintas escalas propuesta por el autor) se adecua más a la versión original. Los coeficientes de consistencia interna fueron adecuados en la mayoría de las escalas. Al analizar la capacidad discriminante de los ítems, se observó un "efecto suelo" en algunas escalas, siendo esto esperable en población general. Se concluye que el EDI-3 resulta un instrumento estructuralmente válido para la evaluación de riesgo de trastorno alimentario en población general y, en consecuencia, su detección temprana. Se discute el uso del instrumento en población general.

The aim of this study is to explore the factor structure and internal consistency of the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3) among female adolescents from Buenos Aires (Argentina). 725 high school students, aged 13 to 19 years, completed the EDI-3 and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Different factor solutions were evaluated. The most satisfactory solution was reached to explore, first, the items of the three Eating Disorder Risk Scales (good structure, variance explained = 46.7%) and on the other, items of the Psychological Scales (with partial divergence from theoretical structure, variance explained = 44.1%). The computation of Composites (combining different scales proposed by the author) fitted more closely to the original version. Internal consistency coefficients for most scales were adequate. In analyzing the discriminatory power of the items, it was found a "floor effect" on some scales, this being expected in general population. We conclude that the EDI-3 is a valid instrument for the assessment of risk for eating disorders in general population and, consequently, its early detection. We discuss the use of this instrument in general population.

Risk of eating disorder in school children from Buenos Aires: its relationship with perfectionism / Riesgo de trastorno alimentario en niños escolarizados de Buenos Aires: su asociación con perfeccionismo

The aim of this study is to evaluate risk of eating disorder (ED) and perfectionism in school girls and boys, and to analyze whether there is an association between both variables. The sample was composed by 337 children (51% girls-49% boys) aged between 9 and 13 years. A two-stage study was carried out. In the first stage, the children completed the following instruments: Sociodemographic questionnaire, Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT), Cuestionario de Perfeccionismo Infantil-Child Perfectionism Questionnaire- and Child/adolescent Version of the Silhouette Rating Scale. They were weighed and measured by a nutritionist, according to the rules of the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría. In the second stage, the children at risk for ED and a control group were interviewed in order to confirm or not such risk. After the first stage, a possible risk for ED was identified in a 30.56% of children. After the second stage, the risk was confirmed in a 9.79% of the children from the total sample, with no gender differences in this variable. It was found a significant positive association between the ChEAT total scores and the total score of Perfectionism measure. Finally, it was concluded that perfectionism is a key variable associated to risk for ED in children.

El presente estudio se propone evaluar riesgo de trastorno alimentario (TA) y perfeccionismo en niñas y niños escolarizados y analizar si existe asociación entre ambas variables. La muestra estuvo conformada por 337 niños (51% niñas-49% varones) de entre 9 y 13 años. Se realizó un estudio en dos fases. En la primera, los niños completaron los siguientes instrumentos: Cuestionario sociodemográfico, Test de Actitudes Alimentarias para Niños (ChEAT), Cuestionario de Perfeccionismo Infantil y Escala de Siluetas para niños y adolescentes. Fueron pesados y medidos por una nutricionista, según normas de la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría. En la segunda fase, los niños en riesgo de TA y un grupo control fueron entrevistados con el fin de corroborar o no dicho riesgo. Tras la primera fase se identificó un 30.56% de niños con posible riesgo de TA. Luego de la segunda fase se confirmó el riesgo en un 9.79% de los niños de la muestra total, no existiendo diferencias por sexo en esta variable. Se halló una asociación significativa positiva entre la puntuación total del ChEAT y la puntuación total en la medida de Perfeccionismo. Finalmente, se puede concluir que el perfeccionismo constituye una variable asociada al riesgo de TA en niños.

Conductas y actitudes alimentarias, imagen corporal y perfeccionismo en estudiantes universitarias mujeres / Eating behaviors and attitudes, body image and perfectionism in female college students

Objetivo: comparar estudiantes universitarias mujeres con y sin riesgo de trastorno alimentario, en función de características asociadas a dichas patologías. Muestra: 83 mujeres de 19 a 31 años, estudiantes de una universidad pública de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Procedimiento: las participantes completaron un Cuestionario de datos, Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Thompson & Gray, 1995), Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (Garner, 1991; adaptación Rutsztein et al., 2006) y la Almost Perfect Scale Revised (Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi & Ashby, 2001; adaptación Arana, Keegan & Rutsztein, 2009). Resultados: las mujeres con riesgo de trastorno alimentario presentan mayor porcentaje de insatisfacción con la imagen corporal y vómitos autoinducidos, además de puntajes superiores en la mayoría de las subescalas del EDI-2 y en la subescala Discrepancia de la APS-R. Conclusiones: las mujeres con riesgo de trastorno alimentario presentan un mayor nivel de perfeccionismo desadaptativo. Estos hallazgos son relevantes para el desarrollo de tratamientos para sintomatología específica de trastorno alimentario.

Objective: to compare female university students with and without risk of eating disorders, based on characteristics associated with these disorders. Sample: 83 women aged 19 to 31 years old, students from a public university in the City of Buenos Aires. Procedure: Participants completed a Data questionnaire, Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Thompson & Gray, 1995), Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (Garner, 1991; adaptation Rutsztein et al., 2006) and the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi & Ashby, 2001; adaptation Arana, Keegan & Rutsztein, 2009). Results: Women presenting risk of eating disorders have a higher percentage of body image dissatisfaction and self-induced vomiting, as well as higher scores in most of the subscales of the EDI-2 and the Discrepancy subscale of the APS-R. Conclusions: Women presenting risk of eating disorders have a higher level of maladaptive perfectionism. These indings are relevant to the development of treatments for eating disorder symptomatology.

Perfeccionismo adaptativo y desadaptativo en trastornos alimentarios: un estudio de revisión / Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in eating disorders

Durante los últimos años se ha postulado al perfeccionismo como un constructo multidimensional con aspectos tanto adaptativos como desadaptativos. Dicha distinción, sin embargo, ha sido discutida por diversos autores sin existir actualmente un claro consenso acerca del tema. El presente trabajo intenta dar cuenta del modo en que se presentan estas dos dimensiones en el campo específico de los trastornos alimentarios. Con este objetivo se analizaron los estudios publicados desde el año 1991 que evaluaron perfeccionismo adaptativo y desadaptativo en dichos trastornos. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de los trabajos disponibles en las bases de datos EBSCO, PubMed y PsycINFO. Tal como ocurre en el campo del estudio del perfeccionismo en general, los estudios sobre la multidimensionalidad del constructo en trastornos alimentarios arrojan resultados diversos y dispares entre sí. Tal como predice la teoría que postula la existencia de dos dimensiones claramente distinguibles de perfeccionismo, algunos estudios indican una asociación entre los trastornos alimentarios y la dimensión desadaptativa de perfeccionismo. Otros trabajos, sin embargo, señalan asociaciones entre dichos trastornos y la dimensión adaptativa de perfeccionismo. Se analizan los resultados de estos últimos a los ines de realizar un aporte a la discusión sobre la multidimensionalidad del constructo.

Trastornos alimentarios: Detección en adolescentes mujeres y varones de Buenos Aires. Un estudio de doble fase / Eating disorders: Detection in female and male adolescents in Buenos Aires. A two-stage study

El presente estudio se propone comparar hábitos, conductas y actitudes alimentarias, así como grado de satisfacción con la imagen corporal que presentan mujeres y varones de escuelas medias de Buenos Aires (Argentina). También estimar la prevalencia de trastornos alimentarios. Se trata de un estudio de doble fase en el que participaron 454 estudiantes, mujeres y varones entre 13 y 18 años, provenientes de cuatro escuelas secundarias. En la primera fase, los participantes completaron voluntariamente los siguientes instrumentos: Cuestionario sociodemográfico y de sintomatología específica de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) y Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS). En la segunda fase, se realizó una entrevista diagnóstica semiestructurada basada en el Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) con cada uno de aquellos estudiantes identificados como "probables casos", con el fin de confirmar o no, la presencia de trastorno alimentario. Al comparar ambos grupos, se encontró que una proporción significativamente mayor de mujeres se encuentra insatisfecha con su imagen corporal, realizó dietas en el último año y se provoca vómitos con el fin de mantener o bajar de peso. Las mujeres presentaron puntajes significativamente mayores en cinco subescalas del EDI-2 (Búsqueda de delgadez, Bulimia, Insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, Ineficacia y Conciencia interoceptiva). En cambio, los hombres puntuaron significativamente más alto en Perfeccionismo. Finalmente, se determinó que una proporción significativamente mayor de mujeres presenta algún tipo de trastorno alimentario (14.1% vs. 2.9%).

The aim of the study is to compare habits, behaviours and eating attitudes, as well as the degree of satisfaction with body image present in female and male students from high schools in Buenos Aires (Argentina). Also, to identify those adolescents who present eating disorders. A two-stage study was carried out with a sample conformed by 454 female and male students, between 13 and 18 years of age, from four high schools. In the first stage, the subjects voluntarily completed the following instruments: Sociodemographic and specific symptoms of eating disorders questionnaire, Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) and Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS). In the second stage, a semi-structured interview based on Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) was conducted with each of those students identified like "probable cases", in order to confirm or not the presence of an eating disorder. When compared both groups, there was found a significantly higher proportion of female students that are unsatisfied with their body image, went on a diet the last year, and self-induced vomiting in order to maintain or lose weight. Female students show significantly higher scores in five subscales of EDI-2 ("Drive for thinness", "Bulimia", "Body dissatisfaction", "Ineffectiveness" and "Interoceptive awareness"). However, male students show a significantly higher score in "Perfectionism". Finally, it was determined that a significantly higher proportion of female students present some type of eating disorder: (14.1% vs. 2.9%).

Perfeccionismo positivo / negativo y calidad de vida percibida en estudiantes de Psicología, Medicina e Ingeniería de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Positive / negative perfectionism and perceived quality of life in Psychology, Medicine and Engineering students of the city of Buenos Aires

El objetivo del presente estudio es dar cuenta de la relación entre el perfeccionismo en sus tres dimensiones (Altos Estándares -AE-, Orden -O- y Discrepancia-D-) y la calidad de vida percibida (CV) en tres muestras de estudiantes universitarios de las carreras de Psicología, Medicina e Ingeniería de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. La muestra estuvo conformada por 476 estudiantes que completaron los siguientes instrumentos: cuestionario sociodemográfico, la almost Perfect Scale-revised (APS-R, Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, & Ashby, 2001; adaptación: Arana, Keegan, & Rutsztein, 2009) y el Inventario de Calidad de Vida Percibida (ICV, Mikulic, 2006). Los resultados sugieren una asociación signiicativa para un aspecto del perfeccionismo positivo (O) y una alta CV percibida, y para el perfeccionismo negativo (D) en relación a una baja CV percibida. Diferencias halladas en las diversas carreras para estas dimensiones indican la necesidad de atender a las variables contextuales especíicas para el análisis de este constructo.

The aim of this study is to account for the relationship between perfectionism in its three dimensions (High Standards -HS-, Order -O-, and Discrepancy -D-) and the perceived quality of life (QL) in three samples of university students of Psychology, Medicine and Engineering of the City of Buenos Aires. The sample consisted of 476 students who completed the following in struments: Socio-demographic questionnaire, the Almost Perfect Scale-revised (APS-R, Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, & Ashby, 2001; adaptation: Arana, Keegan, & Rutsztein, 2009) and the Inventario de Calidad de Vida Percibida (ICV, Mikulic, 2006). Results suggest a signiicant association for one aspect of positive perfectionism (O) and a perceived high QL, and for negative perfectionism (D) and a perceived low QL. Differences found for these dimensions in the students of each career indicate the need to pay attention to specific contextual variables for the analysis of this construct.

Detección de trastornos alimentarios en niños: adaptación lingüística y conceptual del Children's Eating Attitudes Test (CHEAT) / Detection of eating disorders in children: linguistic and conceptual adaptation of the Children´S Eating Attitudes Test (CHEAT)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar la adaptación lingüística y conceptual del Children`s Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT, Maloney, McGuire, & Daniels, 1988), uno de los instrumentos de screening más utilizados internacionalmente para detectar trastornos alimentarios (TA) en niños. Con este fin, se procedió a realizar una traducción del instrumento del idioma original -inglés- al idioma local-castellano-. Este primer borrador fue administrado a una primera prueba piloto con niños de entre 9 y 12 años, tras la cual se realizaron modificaciones en la mayoría de los reactivos a fin de adecuarlos al nivel de comprensión y a las expresiones lingüísticas propias de los niños de nuestro medio. A continuación, cinco expertos en TA analizaron el segundo borrador obtenido y evaluaron la adecuación de los ítems para detectar TA en niños. Por último se procedió a evaluar la versión final en una segunda prueba piloto con niños de entre 12 y 13 años. Se mantuvo dicha versión, dado que no se detectaron dificultades. Finalmente, puede concluirse que se cuenta con una adaptación lingüística y conceptualmente adecuada a niños y niñas de nuestro contexto cultural.

The purpose of this work is to present the linguistic and conceptual adaptation of the Children´s Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT, Maloney, McGuire & Daniels, 1988), one of the best known screening instruments to detect eating disorders (ED) in children. With this end, a translation from the original language -english- to the local one -spanish- was performed. The first draft was tested with children between the ages of 9 to 12 years old, and after that some of the items had to be modified in order to obtain a reliable test of the understanding and linguistic expressions used by the local children. Next, five experts in ED analyzed a second draft and evaluated and assessed the adequacy of the items to evaluate ED in children. Last, a final test was conducted with children between the ages of 12 and 13 years old. This last version was approved due to the fact that there weren´t difficulties found. Finally, the conclusion was that now there is a conceptually adequate linguistic adaptation for children in our environment.