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Introduction: Heterosexual couples are at high risk for HIV acquisition in sub-Saharan Africa, and HIV self-testing (HST) is an additional approach to expand access to HIV testing services. However, it is not well known how gender equality is associated with HST.Methods: We used intervention-arm data from a cluster-randomised controlled HST intervention trial (N = 1 618) conducted in Uganda to determine the association between attitudes towards intimate partner violence (IPV), decision-making power and male partner's uptake of HST among heterosexual couples expecting a child in south-central Uganda. The original study question was to assess the impact of providing pregnant women with HST kits to improve male partner's HIV testing rates. For this analysis, the primary exposures were gender equality (measured by male partner's and female partner's attitudes towards IPV and the female partner's household decision-making power), and the primary outcome was the male partner's uptake of HST. Multivariate logistic regression was used for analysis.Results: We found that male partner HST uptake did not vary depending on male partner's attitudes towards IPV or decision-making power; however, male partner HST uptake did depend on the female partner's attitude towards IPV, with 1.76 times more testing (95% CI 1.06-2.92) in couples where the woman had "medium" versus "high" acceptance of IPV, and 1.82 times more testing (95% CI 1.08-3.08) in couples where the woman had "low" versus "high" acceptance of IPV.Conclusions: This study shows the importance of appropriate negative attitudes by women to IPV in increasing male partner's HST uptake to integrate HST into national health care policies.
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Infecções por HIV , Teste de HIV , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Gestantes , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , Autoteste , Parceiros Sexuais , UgandaRESUMO
Compared to the general population, persons living with HIV (PLWH) have higher rates of tobacco use and an increased risk of morbidity from tobacco-related diseases. We conducted a single-arm pilot study of the real-world feasibility of integrating a smoking cessation decisional algorithm within routine clinic visits to engage non-treatment-seeking smokers in smoking cessation therapies. Smokers had an initial study visit during routine care followed by phone contacts at one and three months. Participants completed a baseline survey, followed by the algorithm which resulted in a recommendation for a smoking cessation medication, which was prescribed during the visit. Follow-up phone surveys assessed changes in smoking behavior and use of cessation medications at 1 and 3 months. Participants' (N = 60) self-reported smoking decreased from a baseline average of 14.4 cigarettes/day to 7.1 cigarettes/day at 3 months (p = .001). Nicotine dependence (FTND) decreased from 5.6 at baseline to 3.6 at 3 months (p < .001). Twenty-seven (45%) made a 24-h quit attempt and 39 (65%) used cessation medication. Insurance prior-authorization delayed medication receipt for seven participants and insurance denial occurred for one. Motivational status did not significantly influence outcomes. The algorithm was successful in engaging participants to use cessation medications and change smoking behaviors.
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Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Fumantes/psicologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Fumar/psicologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Adulto , Algoritmos , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Autorrelato , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tabagismo/etnologia , Tabagismo/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Higher gender equality is associated with many human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preventive behaviors, including HIV testing. HIV self-testing is a relatively new testing technology that could assist with HIV prevention. However, there are no studies examining gender equality and HIV self-testing. We examined the associations between gender equality and couples' uptake of HIV self-testing among heterosexual couples expecting a child in central Kenya. METHODS: This analysis used data from a HIV self-testing randomized intervention trial among pregnant women attending antenatal care and their male partners. The primary exposures were gender equality (measured by the male partner's attitudes toward intimate partner violence, and the woman's report on her household decision making power), and the primary outcome was couples' uptake of HIV self-testing. Generalized linear mixed models framework was used to account for site-level clustering. RESULTS: In comparison to male partners reporting high acceptance of intimate partner violence, couples with male partners reporting medium acceptance (odds ratio, 2.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-5.63) or low acceptance (odds ratio, 2.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-5.21) were significantly more likely to use HIV self-testing. Gender equality measured by decision making power was not associated with couples' uptake of HIV self-testing. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first of its kind to examine the association between gender equality and couples' HIV self-testing. This holds important implications for HIV self-testing as we strive to achieve the United Nations Programme on HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome goal that 90% of individuals living with HIV should know their status.
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Autoavaliação Diagnóstica , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Heterossexualidade/psicologia , Relações Interpessoais , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico/estatística & dados numéricos , Parceiros Sexuais/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Tomada de Decisões , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Heterossexualidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Quênia , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Gravidez , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico/provisão & distribuição , Testes Sorológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Individuals suffering from autoimmune disorders possess a hyperactive cellular phenotype where tolerance to self-antigens is lost. Autophagy has been implicated in both the induction and prevention of autoimmunity, and modulators of this cellular recycling process hold high potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this study, we determine the effects of a loss of autophagy in dendritic cells (DCs), as well as both B cells and DCs, in a TLR7-mediated model of autoimmunity, similar to systemic lupus erythematosus, where both cell types are critical for disease. Although a loss of DC autophagy slowed disease, the combined loss of autophagy in both cell types resulted in a lethal sepsis-like environment, which included tissue inflammation and hyperproduction of inflammasome-associated cytokines. Ablation of B cell signaling reversed this phenotype, indicating that activation of these cells is an essential step in disease induction. Thus, autophagy plays a dichotomous role in this model of disease.
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Autoimunidade , Autofagia/fisiologia , Linfócitos B/fisiologia , Células Dendríticas/fisiologia , Inflamação/etiologia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/fisiologia , Receptor 7 Toll-Like/fisiologia , Animais , Interleucina-18/biossíntese , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/etiologia , Linfadenopatia/etiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Esplenomegalia/etiologiaRESUMO
Retention in care remains a major problem for people living with HIV and it is well known that retention in high quality HIV care improves clinical outcomes. This project used an outreach coordinator to perform phone and letter interventions to improve retention in patients at risk of falling out of care. Sixty-one (5%) patients were at risk in 2015 and received an intervention by the outreach coordinator. Fifty (82%) had a visit and 22 (36%) met the HRSA definition of retention. The mean time per patient was 59 min; therefore, it took 2.7 h to achieve each retained patient or 1.2 h for each patient with a visit. By calculation, minutes over 75 appeared to be the point of diminishing returns. Cost analysis resulted in a cost of less than $100 per patient.
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Relações Comunidade-Instituição , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Pacientes Desistentes do Tratamento/psicologia , Retenção nos Cuidados , Adulto , Agendamento de Consultas , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cooperação do Paciente , Projetos Piloto , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , TelefoneRESUMO
Patients who are retained in HIV care have a higher likelihood of viral suppression and increased survival. Lab markers have been used as surrogate markers for clinical visits to estimate retention, but the accuracy of these markers at predicting retention in care has not been validated. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using patients newly diagnosed with HIV in the Emergency Department of Interim Louisiana Public Hospital (ILPH). Retention in care was defined as two clinical visits to an HIV provider separated by at least three months within a one-year period as per the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) definition. Retention by lab markers was defined as two documented labs, either a CD4 count or an HIV viral load, separated by at least three months within the same one-year period. Ninety-nine patients were newly diagnosed with HIV; 36 patients (36%) were retained at 1 year using the HRSA definition and 40 patients (40%) using lab markers. The sensitivity and specificity of using lab markers among the newly diagnosed were 100% and 93.7%, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 90% and 100%, respectively. Among the 99 patients, 56 were linked to the HIV clinic associated with our hospital, of which 63% (36) were retained at year 1 using the HRSA definition and 70% (39) using lab markers. The sensitivity and specificity of using lab markers among linked patients were 100% and 85%, respectively. The PPV and NPV were 92% and 100%, respectively. Lab markers slightly overestimate currently accepted definitions of retention. While lab markers may be the easiest way to estimate retention at the population level, further study should be done before lab markers are accepted as the gold standard surrogate measure for retention.
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Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Visita a Consultório Médico , Cooperação do Paciente , Carga Viral , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Louisiana , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Smoking rates are two to three times higher among people living with HIV and AIDS compared with the general population, but the prevalence of tobacco use among this population in the Charleston, SC region has not been established. To understand cigarette use, previous quit attempts, historic use of cessation therapies, and interest in cessation, a quality improvement project was implemented to survey smoking behaviors among this population. METHODS: During January-May 2010, HIV-infected patients arriving to the Medical University of South Carolina Infectious Diseases clinic were asked to complete a survey. Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected and analyzed using χ(2), and one-way analysis of variance models. RESULTS: Of unduplicated clinic encounters, 514 (75%) of patients completed the smoking survey. Less than half of responders were current (205, 40%) or former (42, 8%) smokers, with smoking prevalence higher for Caucasian males. Among current smokers, 170 (85%) reported having ever attempted to quit with the majority making a quit attempt without medication therapy (143, 83%). Nearly half of all current smokers (97, 49%) reported an active interest in speaking with a physician about quitting. Smoking status did not have meaningful relationships with HIV biomarkers, even when stratified by race and gender. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports that high rates of smoking exist in the south among people living with HIV and AIDS and demonstrated a need for smoking cessation interventions among these patients. These data have potentiated the hiring of a clinical pharmacist to aid in implementation of smoking cessation therapies in a more systematic and formal way.
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Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Fumar/epidemiologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ambulatório Hospitalar , Distribuição por Sexo , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , South Carolina/epidemiologia , Carga Viral , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
A retrospective chart review of patients who agreed to a rapid HIV test in the emergency department in the initial year of institution of the rapid test was conducted. Out of 8,204 patients, 99 were newly diagnosed with HIV in the first year of the institution of the rapid HIV test (1.2%). Eighty-five (86%) had a documented referral to the infectious disease clinic, and 59 (60%) were linked to care within one year of diagnosis. The majority (58%) of the patients with a new diagnosis of HIV had been seen in the Interim Louisiana State University Public Hospital (ILPH) healthcare system in the five years prior to their diagnosis. Forty-nine percent of the patients met diagnostic criteria of AIDS at diagnosis. Rapid HIV testing in the emergency department is an effective way to find previously undiagnosed patients and link them to subspecialty care.
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Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/diagnóstico , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/terapia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Orleans/epidemiologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The popularity of e-cigarettes (vaping) has soared, creating a public health crisis among teens and young adults. Chronic vaping can induce gut inflammation and reduce intestinal barrier function through the production of the proinflammatory molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This is particularly concerning for people with HIV (PWH) as they already face impaired immune function and are at a higher risk for metabolic dysregulation, diabetes, and chronic liver disease. Furthermore, PWH experience unhealthy behaviors, making it crucial to understand the systemic metabolic dysregulation and pathophysiological mechanisms associated with vaping in this population. Here, we employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics to investigate the upper respiratory, circulation, and gut metabolic profiles of PWH who vape (n = 7) and smoke combustible tobacco/marijuana (n = 6) compared to control participants who did not vape or smoke (n = 10). This hypothesis-generating exploratory study revealed systemic alterations in purine, neurotransmitter, and vitamin B metabolisms and tissue-specific changes in inflammatory pathways and cryptic sulfur cycling associated with vaping and combustible tobacco/marijuana smoking in PWH. In addition, this study provides the first link between microbial-derived metabolite 2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate (DHPS) and vaping/smoking (tobacco and marijuana)-induced metabolic dyshomeostasis in the gut. These findings highlight the importance of identifying the full biological and clinical significance of the physiological changes and risks associated with vaping.
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Population genetics continues to identify genetic variants associated with diseases of the immune system and offers a unique opportunity to discover mechanisms of immune regulation. Multiple genetic variants linked to severe fungal infections and autoimmunity are associated with caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9). We leverage the CARD9 R101C missense variant to uncover a biochemical mechanism of CARD9 activation essential for antifungal responses. We demonstrate that R101C disrupts a critical signaling switch whereby phosphorylation of S104 releases CARD9 from an autoinhibited state to promote inflammatory responses in myeloid cells. Furthermore, we show that CARD9 R101C exerts dynamic effects on the skin cellular contexture during fungal infection, corrupting inflammatory signaling and cell-cell communication circuits. Card9 R101C mice fail to control dermatophyte infection in the skin, resulting in high fungal burden, yet show minimal signs of inflammation. Together, we demonstrate how translational genetics reveals molecular and cellular mechanisms of innate immune regulation.
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Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD , Micoses , Animais , Camundongos , Fosforilação , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Inflamação , AntifúngicosRESUMO
The host type I interferon (IFN) pathway is a major signature of inflammation induced by the human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. However, the molecular mechanism for activating this pathway in the host defence against C. albicans remains unknown. Here we reveal that mice lacking cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway components had improved survival following an intravenous challenge by C. albicans. Biofilm-associated C. albicans DNA packaged in extracellular vesicles triggers the cGAS-STING pathway as determined by induction of interferon-stimulated genes, IFNß production, and phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factor 3 and TANK-binding kinase 1. Extracellular vesicle-induced activation of type I IFNs was independent of the Dectin-1/Card9 pathway and did not require toll-like receptor 9. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in cGAS and STING potently altered inflammatory cytokine production in human monocytes challenged by C. albicans. These studies provide insights into the early innate immune response induced by a clinically significant fungal pathogen.
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Candidíase , Interferon Tipo I , Animais , Camundongos , Candida albicans/patogenicidade , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/metabolismo , Imunidade Inata , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Nucleotidiltransferases/genética , Nucleotidiltransferases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Candidíase/metabolismo , Candidíase/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are central mediators of cardiac dysfunction after ischemia/reperfusion. ATP binding cassette mitochondrial erythroid (ABC-me; ABCB10; mABC2) is a mitochondrial transporter highly induced during erythroid differentiation and predominantly expressed in bone marrow, liver, and heart. Until now, ABC-me function in heart was unknown. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that the yeast ortholog of ABC-me protects against increased oxidative stress. Therefore, ABC-me is a potential modulator of the outcome of ischemia/reperfusion in the heart. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mice harboring 1 functional allele of ABC-me (ABC-me(+/-)) were generated by replacing ABC-me exons 2 and 3 with a neomycin resistance cassette. Cardiac function was assessed with Langendorff perfusion and echocardiography. Under basal conditions, ABC-me(+/-) mice had normal heart structure, hemodynamic function, mitochondrial respiration, and oxidative status. However, after ischemia/reperfusion, the recovery of hemodynamic function was reduced by 50% in ABC-me(+/-) hearts as a result of impairments in both systolic and diastolic function. This reduction was associated with impaired mitochondrial bioenergetic function and with oxidative damage to both mitochondrial lipids and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase after reperfusion. Treatment of ABC-me(+/-) hearts with the superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic EUK-207 prevented oxidative damage to mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase and restored mitochondrial and cardiac function to wild-type levels after reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Inactivation of 1 allele of ABC-me increases the susceptibility to oxidative stress induced by ischemia/reperfusion, leading to increased oxidative damage to mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase and to impaired functional recovery. Thus, ABC-me is a novel gene that determines the ability to tolerate cardiac ischemia/reperfusion.
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Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Mitocôndrias/fisiologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/genética , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/genética , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/genética , Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Animais , Volume Cardíaco/fisiologia , Catalase/metabolismo , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Mutantes , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mutagênese Insercional , Contração Miocárdica/efeitos dos fármacos , Contração Miocárdica/fisiologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos Organometálicos/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Pressão Ventricular/fisiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to describe cases of V. vulnificus infection and to review the literature, emphasizing salient aspects of infection for practicing physicians. METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients aged 5 years and older who grew V. vulnificus from a blood or tissue culture from 2005 to 2011 at Tulane University Medical Center and Interim Louisiana Public Hospital. RESULTS: Six patients were identified over the study period. All were male and had a history of liver disease. Four developed primary septicemia and two developed wound infection with secondary septicemia. One received doxycycline as part of his antimicrobial therapy, which along with ceftazidime, is the recommended therapy for V. vulnficus infection. Four patients died despite aggressive care. CONCLUSIONS: V. vulnificus infection is an uncommon but often fatal cause of severe sepsis and wound infection. Physicians must recognize the clinical presentations of this infection in order to initiate early and appropriate therapy.
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Vibrioses/epidemiologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Criança , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Doxiciclina/uso terapêutico , Evolução Fatal , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Orleans/epidemiologia , Vibrioses/diagnóstico , Vibrioses/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Our case demonstrates a rare presentation of acute HIV infection (AHI) with myoclonus, rhabdomyolysis, and aseptic meningitis. It is imperative for primary care physicians to consider AHI. In this patient, laboratory findings demonstrated infection three to four months before presentation. The diagnosis of AHI is critical for early intervention and for decreasing transmission. We review the CNS manifestations of AHI, the laboratory stages of AHI, and discuss treatment options.
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Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/virologia , Adulto , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/terapia , Humanos , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/diagnóstico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/terapiaRESUMO
Ophthalmic study of collagen CVII hypomorphic mice is uniquely challenging due to the strain's published survival rate to weaning of 24%. Because chronic ocular fibrosis requires time to develop, optimizing the survival rate is of critical importance. In this study, standard husbandry practices were enhanced by the addition of sterilized diet and drug delivery gels, acidified water, irradiated food pellets, cellulose fiber bedding, minimal handling, removal of siblings within 2-3 wk from birth, and a preferred housing location. Survival rates per breeding cycle, sex, weight, and cause of early euthanasia were recorded and analyzed over 43 mo. Overall, 49% of mice survived to weaning and 76% of weaned mice survived to 20 wk of age. Corneal opacities were seen in 65% of mice by 20 wk, but only 10% of eyes showed the sustained opacification that was indicative of fibrosis. Corneal opacities occurred at the same rate as in humans with epidermolysis bullosa. 66% of the mice showed weight loss at 11 wk. Males required early euthanasia 4 times more often than did females. Euthanasia was required for urinary obstruction due to penile prolapse in 88% of males. With our enhanced care protocol, hypomorphic mice in our colony survived at twice the published rate. With this revised husbandry standard, experiments planned with termination endpoints of 14 wk for males and 17 wk for females are more likely to reach completion.
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Opacidade da Córnea , Epidermólise Bolhosa Distrófica , Animais , Colágeno , Epidermólise Bolhosa Distrófica/genética , Olho , Feminino , Fibrose , Masculino , CamundongosRESUMO
Cutaneous leiomyosarcomas are malignant mesenchymal tumors of smooth muscle origin and are reported occasionally in avian species. A 14-y-old male laboratory White Carneau pigeon (Columba livia) was presented for surgical excision of a cervical soft tissue mass. Ultrasonography with color flow Doppler imaging revealed multiple cavitations of mixed echogenicity within the mass and vascularization. Histologically, the dermis and subcutis were expanded by a densely cellular multinodular mass comprised of fusiform cells forming haphazardly arranged broad streams and short interwoven bundles, often surrounding blood vessels and variably sized cavitations. Neoplastic cells were strongly immunopositive for desmin and α-smooth muscle actin, and negative for pancytokeratin, S100, and von Willebrand factor. Based on histopathology and IHC findings, the cutaneous mass was diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma (LMS). The pigeon died 312 d post-operatively. Postmortem examination revealed masses infiltrating the left and right pulmonary airways and one hepatic nodule, but no regrowth at the surgical site. Histologic and IHC evaluation of the pulmonary and hepatic masses were consistent with LMS, representing metastatic foci from the primary cutaneous LMS. Our case highlights the malignant behavior and histomorphologic features of cutaneous LMS in an avian species.
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BACKGROUND: Gender inequality is a pervasive problem in sub-Saharan Africa, and has negative effects on health and development. OBJECTIVE: Here, we sought to identify socioeconomic predictors of gender inequality (measured by low decision-making power and high acceptance of intimate partner violence) within heterosexual couples expecting a child in south-central Uganda. METHOD: We used data from a two-arm cluster randomized controlled HIV self-testing intervention trial conducted in three antenatal clinics in south-central Uganda among 1,618 enrolled women and 1,198 male partners. Analysis included Cochran Mantel-Haenzel, proportional odds models, logistic regression, and generalized linear mixed model framework to account for site-level clustering. RESULTS: Overall, we found that 31.1% of men had high acceptance of IPV, and 15.9% of women had low decision-making power. We found religion, education, HIV status, age, and marital status to significantly predict gender equality. Specifically, we observed lower gender equality among Catholics, those with lower education, those who were married, HIV positive women, and older women. CONCLUSION: By better understanding the prevalence and predictors of gender inequality, this knowledge will allow us to better target interventions (increasing education, reducing HIV prevalence in women, targeting interventions different religions and married couples) to decrease inequalities and improve health care delivery to underserved populations in Uganda.
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Heterossexualidade , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/estatística & dados numéricos , Casamento/psicologia , Gestantes/psicologia , Parceiros Sexuais , Maus-Tratos Conjugais , Cônjuges/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Feminino , Identidade de Gênero , Humanos , Masculino , Casamento/etnologia , Idade Materna , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Gestantes/etnologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Uganda/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Congestion is a major determinant of clinical outcomes in heart failure (HF). We compared the acute hemodynamic effects of occlusion of the superior (SVC) versus the inferior vena cava (IVC) and tested a novel SVC occlusion system in swine models of HF. IVC occlusion acutely reduced left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic pressures, LV volumes, cardiac output (CO), and mean arterial pressure (MAP). SVC occlusion reduced LV diastolic pressure and volumes without affecting CO or MAP. The preCARDIA system is a balloon occlusion catheter and pump console which enables controlled delivery and removal of fluid into the occlusion balloon. At 6, 12, and 18 h, SVC therapy with the system provided a sustained reduction in cardiac filling pressures with stable CO and MAP. Intermittent SVC occlusion is a novel approach to reduce biventricular filling pressures in HF. The VENUS-HF trial will test the safety and feasibility of SVC therapy in HF.
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Oclusão com Balão , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Veia Cava Superior/fisiopatologia , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Pressão Ventricular , Animais , Pressão Arterial , Débito Cardíaco , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Infarto do Miocárdio/complicações , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Estudo de Prova de Conceito , Sus scrofa , Fatores de Tempo , Pressão VenosaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A large number of patients live with undiagnosed HIV and/or hepatitis C despite broadened national screening guidelines. European studies, however, suggest many patients falsely believe they have been screened during a prior hospitalization. This study aims to define current perceptions among trauma and emergency general surgery (EGS) patients regarding HIV and hepatitis C screening practices. METHODS: Prospective survey administered to adult (>18 years old) acute care surgery service (trauma and EGS) patients at a Level 1 academic trauma center. The survey consisted of 13 multiple choice questions: demographics, whether admission tests included HIV and hepatitis C at index and prior hospital visits and whether receiving no result indicated a negative result, prior primary care screening. Response percentages calculated in standard fashion. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-five patients were surveyed: 80 trauma and 45 EGS patients. Overall, 32% and 29.6% of patients believed they were screened for HIV and hepatitis C at admission. There was no significant difference in beliefs between trauma and EGS. Sixty-eight percent of patients had a hospital visit within 10 years of these, 49.3% and 44.1% believe they had been screened for HIV and hepatitis C. More EGS patients believed they had a prior screen for both conditions. Among patients who believed they had a prior screen and did not receive any results, 75.9% (HIV) and 80.8% (hepatitis C) believed a lack of results meant they were negative. Only 28.9% and 23.6% of patients had ever been offered outpatient HIV and hepatitis C screening. CONCLUSIONS: A large portion of patients believe they received admission or prior hospitalization HIV and/or hepatitis C screening and the majority interpreted a lack of results as a negative diagnosis. Due to these factors, routine screening of trauma/EGS patients should be considered to conform to patient expectations and national guidelines, increase diagnosis and referral for medical management, and decrease disease transmission.
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Imbalance of power and equality in sexual relationships is linked to health in various ways, including (1) reduced ability to get information or take action, (2) increased violence between partners, and (3) influence on the reduced use of health services. While there has been research assessing multiple social and economic variables related to gender inequality, studies have used many different definitions of gender inequality, and there is a lack of this research within a pregnancy context. Here, we attempt to identify social and economic predictors of gender inequality (measured by decision-making power and acceptance of intimate partner violence) within heterosexual couples expecting a child in central Kenya. We ran a secondary data analysis using data from a three-arm individually randomized controlled HIV self-testing intervention trial conducted in 14 antenatal clinics in central and eastern Kenya among 1410 women and their male partners. The analysis included Cochran Mantel-Haenszel, logistic regression, proportional odds models, and generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) framework to account for site-level clustering. Overall, we show that there are significant social and economic variables associated with acceptance of intimate partner violence including higher age, being married, "other" religion, lower partner education, higher wealth status, and variables associated with decision-making power including lower partner education and lack of equality in earnings. This study contributes to the literature on the influence of social and economic factors on gender inequality, especially in Kenya which has a high burden of HIV/AIDS. Our results show some areas to improve these specific factors (including education and employment opportunities) or create interventions for targeted populations to potentially improve gender equality in heterosexual pregnant couples in Kenya.