Effect of Post-traumatic Amnesia Duration on Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) First Year Hospital Costs: A Veterans Affairs Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) as measured by duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and first year hospitalization costs for service members and veterans (SMVs) treated for TBI at Polytrauma Rehabilitation Centers (PRCs) within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). DESIGN: Multivariable models of merged datasets from the VA TBI Model Systems (VA TBIMS) national database containing TBI clinical characterization including PTA with VHA hospital cost data. SETTING: Five VA PRCs. PARTICIPANTS: VA TBIMS participants with known PTA who received inpatient rehabilitation within 1 year of their TBI at any of 5 PRCs between 2010 and 2020 (N=717). INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total, acute care, rehabilitation, intensive care unit (ICU), and surgery costs across all VA hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 717 SMVs (mean age 36.9 years, 94.1% men, 76.8% non-Hispanic White, 7.8% active duty) met inclusion criteria for the unadjusted analyses. Unadjusted mean total hospital costs in the first-year post TBI were approximately $201,214 higher for those with PTA duration ≥24 hours ($351,157) than PTA <24 hours ($149,943). In adjusted models (n=583), each additional day of PTA duration incrementally increased total ($1453), rehabilitation ($1324), ICU ($78), and surgery ($39) costs. Other significant covariates included age, acute care length of stay, Disability Rating Scale on rehabilitation admission, penetrating violent cause of injury, and drug abuse. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that PTA as a quantitative measure of TBI severity significantly affects first-year hospitalization costs of SMVs treated at PRCs. Each additional day of PTA was associated with higher total, rehabilitation, ICU, and surgery costs. Mean first year hospital costs were also found to exceed the highest budget allocation to VHA facilities for a veteran treated at a PRC. These findings have possible implications for hospital care provision for those receiving inpatient rehabilitation in VHA settings.

Jealousy and Electronic Intrusion Mediated by Relationship Uncertainty in Married and Cohabiting Couples During COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic poses unique threats to romantic relationships as couples were issued to stay at home by a mandatory order, limiting social interactions with others. Although technology allows for social interactions, the privacy of interactions through technology may be compromised. Electronic intrusion (EI) occurs when individuals covertly gain access of their partner's mobile device to go through content (e.g., text messages, private messages on social media sites), and previous study indicates serious consequences of EI, including increased rates of intimate partner violence, depressive symptoms, and heavy episodic drinking. This study examines jealousy, relationship uncertainty (RU), and EI in a sample of American adults. We hypothesized that jealousy would be related to greater acts of EI, and that this association will be mediated by RU. Data were collected from 754 Qualtrics Panels participants (50 percent male) with an average age of 41.7 years. Most participants (85.7 percent) were married. Results supported hypotheses, demonstrating that jealousy was associated with more EI, and this was due to uncertainty about the relationship's future. This study illuminates a need to study cyberdating abuse (CDA) in older and married populations. Future research should consider the effects of other relationship-specific emotions and cognitions on EI and further develop strategies aimed at reducing risks for CDA in romantic relationships.