Associations of Dynapenic Obesity and Sarcopenic Obesity with the Risk of Complications in COVID-19.

Ageing is associated with changes in body composition, such as low muscle mass (sarcopenia), decreased grip strength or physical function (dynapenia), and accumulation of fat mass. When the accumulation of fat mass synergistically accompanies low muscle mass or reduced grip strength, it results in sarcopenic obesity and dynapenic obesity, respectively. These types of obesity contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the elderly, which could increase the damage caused by COVID-19. In this review, we associated factors that could generate a higher risk of COVID-19 complications in dynapenic obesity and sarcopenic obesity. For example, skeletal muscle regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and supports metabolic stress in pulmonary disease; hence, the presence of dynapenic obesity or sarcopenic obesity could be related to a poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients.

Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 mutations in Mexico, Belize, and isolated regions of Guatemala and its implication in the diagnosis.

The genomic sequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) worldwide are publicly available and are derived from studies due to the increase in the number of cases. The importance of study of mutations is related to the possible virulence and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. To identify circulating mutations present in SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala to find out if the same strain spread to the south, and analyze the specificity of the primers used for diagnosis in these samples. Twenty three complete SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences, available in the GISAID database from May 8 to September 11, 2020 were analyzed and aligned versus the genomic sequence reported in Wuhan, China (NC_045512.2), using Clustal Omega. Open reading frames were translated using the ExPASy Translate Tool and UCSF Chimera (v.1.12) for amino acid substitutions analysis. Finally, the sequences were aligned versus primers used in the diagnosis of COVID-19. One hundred and eighty seven distinct variants were identified, of which 102 are missense, 66 synonymous and 19 noncoding. P4715L and P5828L substitutions in replicase polyprotein were found, as well as D614G in spike protein and L84S in ORF8 in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. The primers design by CDC of United States showed a positive E value. The genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala present similar mutations related to a virulent strain of greater infectivity, which could mean a greater capacity for inclusion in the host genome and be related to an increased spread of the virus in these countries, furthermore, its diagnosis would be affected.

The influence of hydrogen ions on coagulation in traumatic brain injury, explored by molecular dynamics.

Background: Patients in intensive care units with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) frequently present acid-base abnormalities and coagulability disorders, which complicate their condition.Objective: To identify protonation through in silico simulations of molecules involved in the process of coagulation in standard laboratory tests.Materials and methods: Ten patients with TBI were selected from the intensive care unit in addition to ten "healthy control subjects", and another nine patients as "disease control subjects"; the latter being a comparative group, corresponding to subjects with diabetes mellitus 2 (DM2). Fibrinogen, FVII, FVIII, FIX, FX, and D-dimer in the presence of acidification were evaluated in 20 healthy subjects in order to compare clinical results with molecular dynamics (MD), and to explain proton interactions and coagulation molecules.Results: The TBI group presented a slight, non-significant increase in D-dimer; but this was not present in "disease control subjects". Levels of fibrinogen, FVII, FIX, FX, and D-dimer were affected in the presence of acidification. We observed that various specific residues of coagulation factors "trap" ions.Conclusion: Protonation of tissue factor and factor VIIa may favor anticoagulant mechanisms, and protonation does not affect ligand binding sites of GPIIb/IIIa (PAC1) suggesting other causes for the low affinity to PAC1.

Aggregation and Molecular Properties of ß-Glucosidase Isoform II in Chayote (Sechium edule).

The presence of isoforms of ß-glucosidase has been reported in some grasses such as sorghum, rice and maize. This work aims to extract and characterize isoform II in ß-glucosidase from S. edule. A crude extract was prepared without buffer solution and adjusted to pH 4.6. Contaminating proteins were precipitated at 4 °C for 24 h. The supernatant was purified by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) column, molecular exclusion on Sephacryl S-200HR, and exchange anionic on QFF column. Electrophoretic analyzes revealed a purified enzyme with aggregating molecular complex on SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE, and AU-PAGE. Twelve peptides fragments were identified by nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano LC-ESI-MS/MS), which presented as 61% identical to Cucurbita moschata ß-glucosidase and 55.74% identical to ß-glucosidase from Cucumis sativus, another Cucurbitaceous member. The relative masses which contained 39% hydrophobic amino acids ranged from 982.49 to 2,781.26. The enzyme showed a specificity to ß-d-glucose with a Km of 4.59 mM, a Vmax value of 104.3 µM∙min-1 and a kcat of 10,087 µM∙min-1 using p-nitrophenyl-ß-D-glucopyranoside. The presence of molecular aggregates can be attributed to non-polar amino acids. This property is not mediated by a ß-glucosidase aggregating factor (BGAF) as in grasses (maize and sorghum). The role of these aggregates is discussed.

Safety and patients' satisfaction after hysteroscopic sterilisation.

The aim of this study was to understand the potential complications of the Essure® device as well as the factors influencing its onset and patient satisfaction. We present a 9-year descriptive prospective study that included 1068 patients. The device was placed in 1056 of them (98.8%); 894 had no pain or mild pain during the insertion and only 12 patients experienced pain greater than menstrual pain. The proportion of patients without pain was greater in the group that took NSAIDs or NSAIDs and BZD and the unmedicated group had the highest rate of severe pain (p = .00). In all, 161 of the 1064 patients who had the Essure® inserted reported having an adverse effect during the 3-months post-insertion (pelvic pain or discomfort). The mean score out of 10 attributed to this method was 9.06 (S = 1.11). We concluded that the Essure® shows a low rate of complications and users showed a high degree of satisfaction. Impact statement What is already known on this subject: There are few international publications on Essure®. When we conducted a search in PubMed for the term 'Essure', we obtained 221 publications. When we added the terms 'Essure and complications', we obtained 20 publications, and when we increased the restriction including 'satisfaction', we obtained seven; thus, the uniqueness of our study. What the results of this study add: We present a 9-year descriptive prospective study that included 1068 patients. The aim of this study was to understand the potential complications of the Essure® device (Bayer, Whippany, NJ), as well as factors that can influence its onset and the patient satisfaction. The device was placed in 1056 of the patients (98.8%); 894 had no pain or mild pain during the insertion and only 12 patients experienced pain greater than menstrual pain. The proportion of patients without pain was greater in the group that took NSAIDs or NSAIDs and BZD and the unmedicated group had the highest rate of severe pain (p=.00). What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research: Our study shows a low rate of complications with Essure®, mild and transient in most cases, as well as a high degree satisfaction. Nevertheless, given the few published studies on this device, we believe that long-term follow-up is needed.

Targeting Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation: Exploring Promising Pharmacological Strategies for the Treatment of Preeclampsia.

Neutrophils, which constitute the most abundant leukocytes in human blood, emerge as crucial players in the induction of endothelial cell death and the modulation of endothelial cell responses under both physiological and pathological conditions. The hallmark of preeclampsia is endothelial dysfunction induced by systemic inflammation, in which neutrophils, particularly through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), play a pivotal role in the development and perpetuation of endothelial dysfunction and the hypertensive state. Considering the potential of numerous pharmaceutical agents to attenuate NET formation (NETosis) in preeclampsia, a comprehensive assessment of the extensively studied candidates becomes imperative. This review aims to identify mechanisms associated with the induction and negative regulation of NETs in the context of preeclampsia. We discuss potential drugs to modulate NETosis, such as NF-κß inhibitors, vitamin D, and aspirin, and their association with mutagenicity and genotoxicity. Strong evidence supports the notion that molecules involved in the activation of NETs could serve as promising targets for the treatment of preeclampsia.

Priapism as the first manifestation in chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and focused review of literature.

We report the case of a patient who was initially presented with ischemic priapism to the emergency department. He was treated with adrenaline intracavernous injections and aspiration with irrigation of the corpora cavernosa and distal shunt. In the postoperative period, anemia, basophilia, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis and hyperleukocytosis were detected. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia. Priapism is a rare manifestation of chronic myeloid leukemia (≤ 3%) and occurs mostly due to hyperleukocytosis, resulting in thrombus formation and corporal venous outflow obstruction. Priapism occurring in any setting is considered as a medical emergency that requires immediate local therapy because of resulting irreversible cell damage and fibrosis if not treated within the first 24-48 h.

Interaction of Spike protein and lipid membrane of SARS-CoV-2 with Ursodeoxycholic acid, an in-silico analysis.

Numerous repositioned drugs have been sought to decrease the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is known that among its physicochemical properties, Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) has a reduction in surface tension and cholesterol solubilization, it has also been used to treat cholesterol gallstones and viral hepatitis. In this study, molecular docking was performed with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and UDCA. In order to confirm this interaction, we used Molecular Dynamics (MD) in "SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-UDCA". Using another system, we also simulated MD with six UDCA residues around the Spike protein at random, naming this "SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-6UDCA". Finally, we evaluated the possible interaction between UDCA and different types of membranes, considering the possible membrane conformation of SARS-CoV-2, this was named "SARS-CoV-2 membrane-UDCA". In the "SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-UDCA", we found that UDCA exhibits affinity towards the central region of the Spike protein structure of - 386.35 kcal/mol, in a region with 3 alpha helices, which comprises residues from K986 to C1032 of each monomer. MD confirmed that UDCA remains attached and occasionally forms hydrogen bonds with residues R995 and T998. In the presence of UDCA, we observed that the distances between residues atoms OG1 and CG2 of T998 in the monomers A, B, and C in the prefusion state do not change and remain at 5.93 ± 0.62 and 7.78 ± 0.51 Å, respectively, compared to the post-fusion state. Next, in "SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-6UDCA", the three UDCA showed affinity towards different regions of the Spike protein, but only one of them remained bound to the region between the region's heptad repeat 1 and heptad repeat 2 (HR1 and HR2) for 375 ps of the trajectory. The RMSD of monomer C was the smallest of the three monomers with a value of 2.89 ± 0.32, likewise, the smallest RMSF was also of the monomer C (2.25 ± 056). In addition, in the simulation of "SARS-CoV-2 membrane-UDCA", UDCA had a higher affinity toward the virion-like membrane; where three of the four residues remained attached once they were close (5 Å, to the centre of mass) to the membrane by 30 ns. However, only one of them remained attached to the plasma-like membrane and this was in a cluster of cholesterol molecules. We have shown that UDCA interacts in two distinct regions of Spike protein sequences. In addition, UDCA tends to stay bound to the membrane, which could potentially reduce the internalization of SARS-CoV-2 in the host cell.

Mechanisms of Immunothrombosis by SARS-CoV-2.

SARS-CoV-2 contains certain molecules that are related to the presence of immunothrombosis. Here, we review the pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns. We also study the imbalance of different molecules participating in immunothrombosis, such as tissue factor, factors of the contact system, histones, and the role of cells, such as endothelial cells, platelets, and neutrophil extracellular traps. Regarding the pathogenetic mechanism, we discuss clinical trials, case-control studies, comparative and translational studies, and observational studies of regulatory or inhibitory molecules, more specifically, extracellular DNA and RNA, histones, sensors for RNA and DNA, as well as heparin and heparinoids. Overall, it appears that a network of cells and molecules identified in this axis is simultaneously but differentially affecting patients at different stages of COVID-19, and this is characterized by endothelial damage, microthrombosis, and inflammation.

Molecules and Prostaglandins Related to Embryo Tolerance.

It is generally understood that the entry of semen into the female reproductive tract provokes molecular and cellular changes facilitating conception and pregnancy. We show a broader picture of the participation of prostaglandins in the fertilization, implantation and maintenance of the embryo. A large number of cells and molecules are related to signaling networks, which regulate tolerance to implantation and maintenance of the embryo and fetus. In this work, many of those cells and molecules are analyzed. We focus on platelets, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells involved in embryo tolerance in order to have a wider view of how prostaglandins participate. The combination of platelets and neutrophil extracellular traps (Nets), uterine innate lymphoid cells (uILC), Treg cells, NK cells, and sex hormones have an important function in immunological tolerance. In both animals and humans, the functions of these cells can be regulated by prostaglandins and soluble factors in seminal plasma to achieve an immunological balance, which maintains fetal-maternal tolerance. Prostaglandins, such as PGI2 and PGE2, play an important role in the suppression of the previously mentioned cells. PGI2 inhibits platelet aggregation, in addition to IL-5 and IL-13 expression in ILC2, and PGE2 inhibits some neutrophil functions, such as chemotaxis and migration processes, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) biosynthesis, ROS production, and the formation of extracellular traps, which could help prevent trophoblast injury and fetal loss. The implications are related to fertility in female when seminal fluid is deposited in the vagina or uterus.

Caracterización de pacientes operados por cáncer del esófago en Cuba / Characterization of Patients Operated on for Esophageal Cancer in Cuba

Introducción: El cáncer en Cuba constituye un grave problema de salud debido a sus altas tasas de incidencia y mortalidad. Representa la primera causa de años de vida potencialmente perdidos y en el esófago es poco frecuente, su comportamiento es más agresivo y la supervivencia es baja. Objetivo: Caracterizar los pacientes operados por cáncer de esófago en Cuba en el periodo de 1988 al 2020. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional clínico epidemiológica multicéntrica, no randomizada, en el periodo de 1988 al 2020. El universo y la muestra quedaron constituido por 595 enfermos de 9 centros hospitalarios. Algunas variables estudiadas incluyeron sexo, edad, variedad histológica, intervención quirúrgica realizada y presencia de comorbilidades asociadas. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (66,1 por ciento), la edad promedio fue 62,8 años. La hipoproteinemia estuvo presente en el 46,1 por ciento. El 43,2 por ciento fueron fumadores y el 35,8 por ciento ingería bebidas alcohólicas. El epidermoide fue la variedad histológica más frecuente (64,6 por ciento). Las técnicas quirúrgicas más utilizadas fueron la de Ivor Lewis (68,4 por ciento) y la transhiatal (63,6 por ciento). Predominó la anastomosis en un plano, término-lateral, de localización torácica para el epidermoide (68,4 por ciento) y la cervical para el adenocarcinoma (71,4 por ciento), realizada de forma manual en cara posterior. Conclusiones: El cáncer de esófago predominó en hombres mayores de 55 años fumadores y con hipoproteinemia. Las técnicas quirúrgicas más utilizadas fueron la de Ivor Lewis y la transhiatal(AU)

Introduction: Cancer in Cuba is a serious health concern due to its high incidence and mortality rates. It represents the first cause of years of life potentially lost and. Esophageal cancer is rare, but its behavior is more aggressive and its survival rate is low. Objective: To characterize patients operated on for esophageal cancer in Cuba in the period from 1988 to 2020. Methods: A nonrandomized, multicenter, clinical-epidemiological and observational research was carried out in the period from 1988 to 2020. The universe and the sample consisted of 595 patients from nine hospital institutions. Some of the variables studied included sex, age, histological variety, surgical intervention performed, and presence of associated comorbidities. Results: There was a predominance of the male sex (66.1 percent). The average age was 62.8 years. Hypoproteinemia was present in 46.1 percent. 43.2 percent of patients were smokers and 35.8 percent drank alcoholic beverages. Epidermoid was the most frequent histological variety (64.6 percent). The most widely used surgical techniques were Ivor Lewis (68.4 percent) and transhiatal (63.6 percent) esophagectomies. There was a predominance of one-plane, termino-lateral anastomosis of thoracic location for epidermoid cases (68.4 percent) and the cervical one for adenocarcinoma cases (71.4 percent), performed manually on the posterior face. Conclusion: Esophageal cancer prevailed in men over 55 years of age, smokers and with hypoproteinemia. The most used surgical techniques were Ivor Lewis and transhiatal esophagectomies(AU)

Caracterización de la fuga anastomótica en operados por cáncer del esófago en Cuba / Characterization of Anastomotic Leak in Patients Operated on for Esophageal Cancer in Cuba

Introducción: La fuga anastomótica es la principal complicación de la cirugía del esófago, con altos índices de incidencia y mortalidad. Objetivo: Identificar los factores involucrados en la aparición de la fuga anastomótica en pacientes operados de cáncer de esófago en Cuba en el periodo de 1988 al 2020. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional clínico epidemiológica multicéntrica, no randomizada, en el periodo de 1988 al 2020. El universo y la muestra quedaron constituidos por 2844 y 595 enfermos de 9 centros hospitalarios. Algunas variables estudiadas incluyeron sexo, edad, variedad histológica, intervención quirúrgica realizada, comorbilidades y su interrelación con la fuga anastomótica. Resultados: La fuga anastomótica predominó en el grupo de mayores de 55 años (17,8 por ciento), en el sexo femenino 65 (10,9 por ciento), en los no fumadores 79 (13,3 por ciento) y en los que no ingerían bebidas alcohólicas con 100 pacientes (16,8 por ciento). En enfermos con niveles de albúmina normales 98 (16,5 por ciento), con proteínas bajas 94 (15,7por ciento) y cifras normales de hemoglobina 105 (17,6 por ciento). En la variedad histológica adenocarcinoma 65 (10,9 por ciento), la técnica quirúrgica transhiatal 69 (11,6 por ciento), realizada de forma manual 123 (20,7 por ciento), de localización cervical 111 (18,6 por ciento), en cara anterior 57 (9,6 por ciento), en un plano 78 (13,1 por ciento), en la variante término-lateral 120 (20,2 por ciento). Conclusiones: La fuga anastomótica predominó en mujeres mayores de 50 años, con adenocarcinoma, operadas con técnicas transhiatales, manuales, en un plano, termino-laterales, en cara anterior y con hipoproteinemia(AU)

Introduction: Anastomotic leak is the main complication of esophageal surgery, with high incidence and mortality rates. Objective: To identify the factors involved in the appearance of anastomotic leak in patients operated on for esophageal cancer in Cuba in the period from 1988 to 2020. Methods: A nonrandomized, multicenter, clinical-epidemiological and observational investigation was carried out in the period from 1988 to 2020. The universe and the sample consisted of 2844 and 595 patients from nine hospital centers. Some of the variables studied included sex, age, histological variety, surgical intervention performed, comorbidities, and their interrelation with anastomotic leak. Results: Anastomotic leak prevailed in the group aged over 55 years (17.8 percent), in the female sex (65; 10.9 percent)), in nonsmokers (79; 13.3 percent)) and in those who did not ingest alcoholic beverages (100, 16.8; as well as in patients with normal albumin levels (98; 16.5), with low proteins (94; 15.7 percent) and with normal levels of hemoglobin (105; 17.6 percent). In the histological variety of adenocarcinoma (65; 10.9 percent), there was a predominance of the transhiatal surgical technique (69; 11.6 percent), performed manually (123; 20.7 percent), of cervical location (111; 18.6 percent), in the anterior face (57; 9.6 percent), in one plane (78; 13.1 percent), and in the termino-lateral variant (120; 20.2 percent). Conclusions: Anastomotic leak prevailed in women aged over 50 years, with adenocarcinoma, operated on through transhiatal techniques, manually, in one plane, using the termino-lateral variant, in the anterior face and with hypoproteinemia(AU)

A simple index for detection of gestational diabetes mellitus.

The conventional screening test for gestational diabetes mellitus is measurement of plasma glucose 1 hour after 50 g glucose by mouth. The sensitivity and specificity of this test are lower than desirable; we therefore developed an index including other plasma constituents. In a preliminary study, 138 pregnant women had the standard oral glucose load screening test, and plasma fructosamine and total proteins were measured, in addition to glucose, in the 1-hour samples. An index value (I) was calculated as [fructosamine (micro mol/L) divided by total proteins (g/L)]x[glucose (mmol/L) divided by 100]. Cut-off values for I were then assessed in a second prospective study, of 642 pregnant women. Definitive diagnosis of gestational diabetes was by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The index was also assessed in terms of fetal macrosomia (birthweight>or=4000 g). With a cut-off value of I=27.2, sensitivity was 98%, specificity 89%, diagnostic efficiency 90%, positive likelihood ratio 8.76. Application of the index would have avoided 42% of the OGTTs demanded by the standard screening test, reducing false positives from about 24% to 10%. Predictive efficacy for macrosomia was 10.3% versus 7.9%. Our index offers an efficient screening test for gestational diabetes, and with more stringent cut-off points may be applicable as a single-step diagnostic procedure.

Alternativas quirúrgicas en hernias y eventraciones diafragmáticas crónicas / Surgical alternatives for chronic diaphragmatic hernias and eventrations

Introducción: las eventraciones y las hernias diafragmáticas crónicas son dos afecciones que en ocasiones se confunden; tienen una frecuencia relativamente baja y su estrategia quirúrgica varía. Objetivo: mostrar la experiencia del Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Manuel Fajardo en la atención de enfermos con hernias y eventraciones diafragmáticas. Métodos: se presentan 11 pacientes atendidos desde 1998 hasta 2015 por afecciones del diafragma como eventraciones y hernias diafragmáticas crónicas. Del total, 7 fueron operadas con anillos de hasta 10 cm y dos con más de 10 cm. Resultados: se operaron 9 pacientes con hernias diafragmáticas y 2 con eventraciones. Ocho hernias fueron del lado izquierdo y una derecha. En 8 de las hernias el contenido era multivisceral. La hernia derecha tenía un anillo de más de 10 cm y con el hígado en su contenido. Cinco fueron reparadas mediante superposición de colgajos y en cuatro se necesitó una malla protésica. Las eventraciones se presentaron en dos mujeres, ambas parciales, una derecha y otra izquierda, tratadas con plicatura del hemidiafragma en dos planos. Conclusiones: las hernias y las eventraciones diafragmáticas son entidades parecidas con particularidades y terapéutica diferentes. En las eventraciones, la plicatura del diafragma es la técnica de elección, por vía abierta o de preferencia por toracoscopia. En las hernias diafragmáticas, la reparación depende del tamaño del anillo, hasta 10 cm se prefiere la reparación con superposición de colgajos y en defectos mayores el uso de mallas protésicas, preferentemente por una toracotomía(AU)

Introduction: Chronic diaphragmatic hernias and eventrations are two conditions sometimes mistaken for each other. They have a relatively low frequency and their surgical strategy varies. Objective: To show the experience at Comandante Manuel Fajardo Clinical Surgical University Hospital in the caring for patients with diaphragmatic eventrations and hernias. Methods: 11 patients attended from 1998 to 2015 were presented for diaphragmatic conditions, such as hernias and chronic diaphragmatic eventrations. Of the total, 7 were operated with rings of up to 10 cm. Two were operated for rings of more than 10 cm. Results: 9 patients with diaphragmatic hernias and 2 with incisional hernias were operated. Eight hernias were on the left side. One hernia was on the right side. In 8 of the hernias, the content was multivisceral. The right hernia had a ring of more than 10 cm, and had the liver in its content. Five hernias were repaired by flaps. Four hernias required a prosthetic mesh. The eventrations were presented in two women, both partial: one was on the right and the other was on the left, and both were treated with plication of the hemidiaphragm in two planes. Conclusions: Diaphragmatic hernias and eventrations are similar entities with different characteristics and therapeutics. In eventrations, the plication of the diaphragm is the technique of choice, either openly or preferably by thoracoscopy. In diaphragmatic hernias, repair depends on the size of the ring, up to 10 cm, flap repair is preferred, and in larger defects, it is the use of prosthetic meshes, preferably by thoracotomy(AU)

Uso de la anestesia local en la cirugía mayor de urgencia / Use of local anesthesia for major surgery in emergency

Introducción: la presencia de enfermos de alto riesgo con necesidad de una intervención quirúrgica de urgencia es un grave problema. En estos casos, la anestesia local podría ser una alternativa. Objetivo: mostrar la experiencia del Hospital Universitario Comandante Manuel Fajardo con el uso de la anestesia local en la cirugía de urgencia en enfermos de alto riesgo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte trasversal tipo serie de casos. Incluyó 72 pacientes de alto riesgo quirúrgico que necesitaron un procedimiento quirúrgico de urgencia en que por su estado fisco y riesgo fue necesario utilizar anestesia local. Resultados: más de la mitad de los pacientes fueron del sexo masculino, mayores de 65 años, con enfermedades concomitantes. Las enfermedades más frecuentes fueron la HTA y la Diabetes Mellitus. Todos los enfermos eran ASA III y IV, predominó el riesgo quirúrgico malo. Las indicaciones de cirugía de urgencia fueron variadas siendo las frecuente la disfagia severa por cáncer, estenosis por cáusticos o esclerosis lateral amiotrofica, la oclusión intestinal por cáncer de colon izquierdo y la colecistitis aguda. Se apoyó con sedación en 14 enfermos, no se presentaron reacciones adversas ni complicaciones. Conclusiones: la anestesia local en la cirugía de urgencia ofrece resultados favorables y escazas reacciones adversas. Es una opción eficaz en el enfermo con ASA III y IV y riesgo quirúrgico malo(AU)

Introduction: high risk patients requiring surgery in emergency is a serious problem. In this situation, the local anesthesia might be an alternative. Objective: to show the experience of Comandante Manuel Fajardo hospital in using the local anesthesia for emergency surgery in high risk patients. Methods: a case series-type, cross-sectional observational and descriptive study was carried out with 72 high surgical risk patients who required emergency surgical procedure and whose physical condition and risk demanded using local anesthesia. Results: over half of the patients were males, aged over 65 years with underlying diseases. The most frequent of them were hypertension and diabetes mellitus. All the patients were classified as ASA III and IV, being bad surgical risk predominant. The indications for emergency surgery varied and the most common ones included severe dysphagia caused by cancer, stenosis from caustic substances or amiotrophic lateral sclerosis, intestinal occlusion from cancer in left colon and acute cholecystitis. Surgical procedure supported on sedation in 14 patients; there were neither adverse reactions nor complications. Conclusions: local anesthesia for emergency surgery provides favorable results and few adverse reactions. It is an effective option to treat ASA III and IV and bad surgical risk patients(AU)

Incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo por osteocondroma familiar múltiple tardío / Urinary incontinence due to late multiple family osteochondroma

La osteocondroma múltiple familiar hereditaria es una enfermedad benigna, que por su posibilidad de malignización y el avance de sus deformaciones requiere controles periódicos. El objetivo del trabajo fue presentar un caso con diagnóstico de un tumor después de un largo periodo de tiempo de extirpación de su última lesión. Se presenta una paciente, de 62 años de edad, con antecedentes de osteocondroma múltiple familiar hereditaria desde los 8 años de edad. Es operada en varias ocasiones durante la infancia. Acude ahora por presentar incontinencia urinaria y aumento de volumen región vaginal, que aumentó en los últimos 8 meses. Antecedentes de la enfermedad en el padre, el hijo y la nieta. Se observan cicatrices en miembros y deformidades. Al tacto vaginal y rectal se encontró un tumor pétreo que ocupa la pared anterior y lateral derecha de la vagina. En estudios radiográficos y tomografía axial computarizada de abdomen se observa tumor en rama isquiopubiana derecha. La paciente fue operada y realizó la resección del tumor. La evolución fue satisfactoria. Anatomía Patológica informó tumor de 6 x 5 cm con actividad elevada de los condrotocitos. En la paciente destaca la aparición de un tumor de la misma enfermedad en la rama isquiopubiana, localización de baja frecuencia, el cual apareció 50 años después del último extirpado. La laparotomía extraperitoneal fue excelente para lograr la exéresis del tumor(AU)

Hereditary family multiple osteochondroma is a benign disease that requires systematic control on account of its possible malignization and advance of deformations. The objective of this paper was to present a patient diagnosed with a tumor after a long period of time elapsed from the excision of her last lesion. Here is a female patient aged 62 years, with history of hereditary family multiple osteochondroma since she was 8 years-old. She had been operated on several times in her childhood. She went to the hospital because she suffered urinary incontinence and volume increase in the vaginal region for the last 8 months. Her father, son and niece had the same problem. Scars and deformities were observed in limbs. On the vaginal and rectal exam, a stony tumor was found, which occupied the right anterior and lateral wall of the vagina. The radiographic studies and the abdominal CT showed a tumor in the right ischiopubic ramus. The patient was operated on to remove the tumor and her progress was satisfactory. The pathological anatomy report confirmed a 6 x 5 cm tumor with high activity of chondrocytes. In this patient, a tumor of the same disease located in the ischiopubic ramus occurred 50 years after the last excision of another tumor. The extroperitoneal laparatomy was an excellent method to achieve tumor excision(AU)

Neumostomía con sonda de balón en colecciones purulentas del pulmón / Neumostomy with a balloon catheter in supurative lung collections

Introducción: el desarrollo de los antimicrobianos provocó que el drenaje externo dejara de realizarse en pacientes con absceso de pulmón, en quienes la resección pulmonar es la opción ante el fracaso médico. En los últimos años, la neumostomía ha resurgido por la necesidad de asistir a enfermos con un marcado deterioro físico que impide una intervención quirúrgica resectiva. Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes con supuración pulmonar tratados quirúrgicamente mediante drenaje percutáneo externo y neumostomía con sonda de balón (método de Monaldi) practicados con anestesia local. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo en el período de 1995 a 2012 en el Hospital Universitario Comandante Manuel Fajardo. El universo estuvo conformado por 8 pacientes a los que se les practicó el método de Monaldi. En todos los casos se utilizaron sondas de goma de balón de 24 unidades F, de tres ramas. Resultados: cuatro pacientes padecían de absceso del pulmón y el resto de bullas enfisematosas voluminosas infectadas. Todos los casos tuvieron resolución de la colección infectada en un período inferior a las 2 semanas, y no hubo complicaciones ni mortalidad quirúrgica. Conclusiones: el drenaje percutáneo con anestesia local utilizando sondas de balón es un instrumento adecuado para el tratamiento de colecciones pulmonares en enfermos con deterioro físico por el cuadro infeccioso. Con él se logra la resolución de la lesión pulmonar, y es efectivo tanto en los abscesos pulmonares como en las bullas enfisematosas infectadas(AU)

Introduction: with the advent of the antibiotic therapy, external drainage ceased to be performed in lung abscess patients for whom the pulmonary resection is the choice. In the last few years, pneumostomy has reemerged due to the need of giving assistance to patients with remarkable physically deterioration that hinders resective surgery. Objectives: to characterize patients with pulmonary suppuration and surgically treated by means of external percutaneous drainage with balloon catheter pneumostomy (Monaldi method) using local anesthesia. Methods: retrospective, descriptive and longitudinal study of eight patients, who underwent Monaldi method-based surgery, conducted from 1995 through 2012 at Manuel Fajardo university hospital. Three branch twenty-four F unit balloon rubber catheters were used in all these cases. Results: out of the eight, four had been diagnosed with lung abscess and the other four had large septic emphysematous sacs. The infected collection was eliminated in all these patients in less than 2 weeks with no complication and no surgical death. Conclusion: The percutaneous drainage with local anesthesia using balloon catheter as an instrument was adequate and useful in the treatment of septic lung collections in patients with very poor physical condition. This method manages to eliminate the pulmonary lesion and is good for both pulmonary abscesses and infected emphysematous sacs(AU)

Encuentro de conocimientos con la utilización de simuladores / Meeting for exchange of knowledge with the use of simulators

El encuentro de conocimientos fue introducido en la educación médica superior dando cumplimiento a un acuerdo del I Encuentro Nacional de estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas. Su utilización está reglamentada en la instrucción 12 del 1988 del viceministerio de docencia del Ministerio de Salud Publica donde fue concebido. Objetivo: propiciar la participación de todos los estudiantes, estimulando la competencia fraternal y la profundización de los conocimientos de las distintas asignaturas de la carrera. Métodos: desde el curso 2007-2008 se desarrollan los Encuentros de conocimientos en los que se emplean a los residentes como simuladores para su desarrollo, esta se realiza en la 8va. sem. de cada rotación de cirugía. Resultados: se observó un incremento en los resultados académicos de los estudiantes en los exámenes prácticos desde su realización. El uso de simuladores es un tema actual en la docencia medica superior, el uso de los residentes como simuladores de situaciones problémicas en particular del abdomen agudo quirúrgico, permite unir, en una actividad, procesos de aprendizaje en pregrado y posgrado además de permitir el acercamiento de los estudiantes a un personal profesional activo. Conclusiones: el encuentro de conocimientos integrador es un evento importante para el proceso académico, que permite desarrollar las habilidades y conocimientos adquiridos por los estudiantes y el residente asume una función fundamental al cooperar como simulador de situaciones problémicas, además de consolidar el cumplimiento de objetivos educativos e instructivos, sirve como factor predictivo de los resultados finales de la rotación

The meeting for exchange of knowledge was introduced in the higher medical education after the First National Meeting of Medical Sciences students. The use of this method is regulated by Instruction no. 12 of 1988 issued by the Educational Division of the Ministry of Public Health that was in charge of devising it. Objective: to encourage the participation of all the students in a fraternal competition and broader knowledge of the contents of several subjects in the career. Methods: since the 2007-2008 academic course, this type of meetings has been taking place in the 8th week of each rotation around the surgery setting, in which the residents act as simulators. Results: there was observed an improvement of academic results of students in practical tests. The use of simulators is a latest topic in higher medical education; the use of residents to act as problem-based situation simulators, particularly in surgical acute abdomen, allows integrating undergraduate and graduate learning processes in a unique activity in addition to approaching the students to the active faculty. Conclusions: the Integrating Meeting for Exchange of Knowledge is an important event for the academic process since it makes it possible to develop even more the skills and pieces of knowledge acquired by the students;additionally, the resident plays a fundamental role in acting as problem situation simulator, the fulfillment of educational and instructional objectives is reinforced and this meeting serves as a predictive factor of the final results in the rotation