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The study evaluated the association between ultra-processed foods (UPF) and nutrient intake and identified the socio-demographic characteristics associated with UPF consumption among a nationally representative sample of middle-older adults. Dietary assessment was collected in 2013 using a validated FFQ. The Nova system was used to classify food and drinks into UPF. The percentage of dietary energy from UPF was calculated and used throughout the analyses, and average nutrient intake across quintiles of UPF was evaluated. The determinants associated with the dietary caloric contribution of UPF intake were investigated using linear regression models. A cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative study of Americans over the age of 50, the Health and Retirement Study, was conducted. The analysis included 6220 participants. The mean age was 65 (se 0·28) years, with 55 % being female. UPF intake accounted for 51 % (se 0·25) of total intake. An increase in the percentage of (%UPF) consumption was correlated with an increase in calories, carbohydrates, saturated fat and sugar, and a decrease in fibre, vitamins and minerals. %UPF intake was inversely associated with being Hispanic, higher income, physical activity, vegetarian diet and Mediterranean diet but positively associated with very low food insecurity. UPF represented half of the calories consumed. A higher %UPF intake was associated with a lower nutrient profile, suggesting decreasing %UPF intake as a strategy to improve the nutritional quality of middle-older adults. A few socio-demographic factors were associated with %UPF, which would help in planning strategies to reduce UPF consumption.
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Fast Foods , Alimento Processado , Humanos , Feminino , Idoso , Masculino , Estudos Transversais , Manipulação de Alimentos , Dieta , Ingestão de EnergiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The rising incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in regions undergoing Westernization has coincided with the increase in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption over the past few decades. We aimed to examine the association between consumption of UPFs and the risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study of 3 nationwide cohorts of health professionals in the United States-the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2014), the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2017), and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2012). We employed Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for confounders to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CD and UC according to self-reported consumption of UPFs. RESULTS: The study included 245,112 participants. Over 5,468,444 person-years of follow-up, we documented 369 incident cases of CD and 488 incident cases of UC. The median age at diagnosis was 56 years (range, 29-85 years). Compared with participants in the lowest quartile of simple updated UPF consumption, those in the highest quartile had a significantly increased risk of CD (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.23-2.35; Ptrend = .0008). Among different UPF subgroups, ultra-processed breads and breakfast foods; frozen or shelf-stable ready-to-eat/heat meals; and sauces, cheeses, spreads, and gravies showed the strongest positive associations with CD risk (HR per 1 standard deviation increase in intake, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.07-1.29], 1.11 [95% CI, 1.01-1.22], and 1.14 [95% CI, 1.02-1.27], respectively). There was no consistent association between UPF intake and UC risk. CONCLUSIONS: Higher UPF intake was associated with an increased risk of incident CD. Further studies are needed to identify specific contributory dietary components.
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Colite Ulcerativa , Doença de Crohn , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Colite Ulcerativa/complicações , Doença de Crohn/epidemiologia , Doença de Crohn/etiologia , Seguimentos , Humanos , Incidência , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/complicações , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Food inadequacies in the first 6 months of life are considered a global problem, with an emphasis on early complementary feeding introduction (CFI). This study aimed to identify the determinants of CFI. METHODS: A birth cohort study (N = 641). Data on infant feeding was collected before 30 days, and at 2, 4, and 6 months of age and, at baseline, data regarding socioeconomic status, demographics, maternal and infant health, obstetric history, and infant care. The hypothesis was that the risk determinants for early CFI vary according to the type of food and the age range of this introduction. Twelve Cox regression models were fit with four outcomes (formula; other types of milk; other beverages; and solid/semi-solid foods) considering three different age ranges of the infant at their introduction (< 2 months, 2-4 months, and 4-6 months). RESULTS: The introduction of the four food groups analyzed was early (median ages of introduction: formulas = 45 days; other milks = 135 days; other beverages = 120 days; solids and semi-solids = 135 days). The determinants that increased the risk of introducing formulas before 2 months were: primiparity, employed without maternity leave, mothers with unsatisfactory prenatal counseling and those who had cesarean sections. Not living with a partner, infant pacifier use at 2 months of age had a higher risk of introducing formula between 2 and 4 months of age. Non-white skin color, more than 35 years old, low maternal education, and lower family income increased the risk of introducing other types of milk between 2 and 4 months of age. Between 4 and 6 months of age, adolescent and low education level mothers had a higher risk of introducing other types of milk, unemployed was a protective factor against the introduction of other foods and beverages in this age group. CONCLUSIONS: The determinants of early CFI varied according to the type of food and the age of introduction.
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Aleitamento Materno , Alimentos Infantis , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Aleitamento Materno/psicologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , GravidezRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of ultra-processed food consumption with all cause mortality and cause specific mortality. DESIGN: Population based cohort study. SETTING: Female registered nurses from 11 US states in the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2018) and male health professionals from all 50 US states in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2018). PARTICIPANTS: 74 563 women and 39 501 men with no history of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association of ultra-processed food intake measured by semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire every four years with all cause mortality and cause specific mortality due to cancer, cardiovascular, and other causes (including respiratory and neurodegenerative causes). RESULTS: 30 188 deaths of women and 18 005 deaths of men were documented during a median of 34 and 31 years of follow-up, respectively. Compared with those in the lowest quarter of ultra-processed food consumption, participants in the highest quarter had a 4% higher all cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.07) and 9% higher mortality from causes other than cancer or cardiovascular diseases (1.09, 1.05 to 1.13). The all cause mortality rate among participants in the lowest and highest quarter was 1472 and 1536 per 100 000 person years, respectively. No associations were found for cancer or cardiovascular mortality. Meat/poultry/seafood based ready-to-eat products (for example, processed meat) consistently showed strong associations with mortality outcomes (hazard ratios ranged from 1.06 to 1.43). Sugar sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages (1.09, 1.07 to 1.12), dairy based desserts (1.07, 1.04 to 1.10), and ultra-processed breakfast food (1.04, 1.02 to 1.07) were also associated with higher all cause mortality. No consistent associations between ultra-processed foods and mortality were observed within each quarter of dietary quality assessed by the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 score, whereas better dietary quality showed an inverse association with mortality within each quarter of ultra-processed foods. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that a higher intake of ultra-processed foods was associated with slightly higher all cause mortality, driven by causes other than cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The associations varied across subgroups of ultra-processed foods, with meat/poultry/seafood based ready-to-eat products showing particularly strong associations with mortality.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Causas de Morte , Fast Foods , Neoplasias , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fast Foods/efeitos adversos , Fast Foods/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos de Coortes , Idoso , Mortalidade , Fatores de Risco , Manipulação de Alimentos , Alimento ProcessadoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to assess the performance of primary health care (PHC) services for disability prevention, detection and assistance in the state of São Paulo. The study included 2739 health services, from 514 municipalities. 128 organizational quality indicators of the QualiAB instrument referring to the evaluative dimension "Attention to disability in primary health care services". The association of health care performance score of each domain with independent variables, health assessment, and support network were tested using of multiple linear regression. The performance percentage was 61.6% for all domains, 73.6% for structure (inputs and human resources), 68.7% for qualification of prenatal care, 56.1% for qualification of child health care, 55.8% for prevention of disabilities related to chronic conditions, and 53.9% for attention to people with disabilities and caregivers. There was a significant association with variables related to the type of service and participation in service evaluations. PHC services still perform incipient actions for the prevention, surveillance and diagnosis of disabilities as well as for comprehensive care for people with disabilities.
O objetivo do trabalho consiste em avaliar o desempenho de serviços de atenção primária à saúde (APS) do estado de São Paulo para prevenção, detecção e assistência à deficiência. Realizou-se uma pesquisa avaliativa em 2.739 serviços de saúde em 514 municípios com 128 indicadores da qualidade organizacional do instrumento QualiAB referentes à dimensão avaliativa "Atenção à deficiência em serviços de atenção primária à saúde". Foram utilizadas medidas de desempenho e associações entre os escores de cada domínio e variáveis independentes sobre planejamento, avaliação em saúde e rede de apoio, por meio de regressão linear múltipla. O percentual de desempenho para a dimensão foi de 61,6%, para o domínio estrutura (insumos e recursos humanos), 73,6%, para qualificação da atenção ao pré-natal, 68,7%, qualificação da atenção à saúde da criança, 56,1%, prevenção de incapacidades relacionadas a condições crônicas, 55,8%, e atenção à pessoa com deficiência e ao cuidador, 53,9%. Houve associação significativa com variáveis relacionadas ao tipo de serviço e de participação em avaliações de serviços. Os serviços de APS ainda realizam ações incipientes para prevenção, vigilância e diagnóstico das deficiências, assim como para a atenção integral a pessoas com deficiência.
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Pessoas com Deficiência , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Brasil , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Indicadores de Qualidade em Assistência à Saúde , Modelos Lineares , Serviços de Saúde para Pessoas com Deficiência/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Majority of dietary intake in United States adults comes from ultraprocessed foods (UPFs), which have been linked to several adverse health outcomes. Gallstone disease is highly prevalent and constitutes a significant burden to the United States health system but remains understudied. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the association between UPF consumption and incident gallstone disease risk. METHODS: In this analysis, 44,149 males in the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study (HPFS: 1986-2022), 71,145 females in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS: 1986-2021), and 90,932 females in the NHS II (1991-2021) were prospectively followed. Dietary intake was quadrennially assessed with semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires and used to identify UPFs. The primary outcome was defined as cholecystectomy. Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Baseline median age was 54 y in HPFS, 53 y in NHS, and 36 y in NHS II. We identified 32,374 incident gallstone disease cases over 5,077,059 person-years. Participants in the highest UPF quintile had a higher incidence of gallstone disease than those in the lowest quintile (aHR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.36; P < 0.001). Incremental risk of incident gallstone disease was 2.8% per daily serving (95% CI: 2.4%, 3.2%; P < 0.001). This risk was driven by sugar-sweetened beverages and artificially sweetened beverages on UPF subgroup analyses. The proportion of risk mediated by obesity was 12.8% (95% CI: 7.7%, 20.5%; P < 0.001) in HPFS, 14.3% (95% CI: 10.4%, 19.4%; P < 0.001) in NHS, and 39.4% (95% CI: 31.2%, 48.1%; P < 0.001) in NHS II. The partial population attributable risk was estimated at 15.9% (95% CI: 13.4%, 18.3%). CONCLUSIONS: UPF consumption is associated with a higher risk of gallstone disease, particularly consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and artificially sweetened beverages. A substantial proportion of this risk is potentially mediated by obesity in younger females.
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Background: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are emerging as a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC), yet how post-diagnostic UPF intake may impact CRC prognosis remains unexplored. Methods: Data collected from food frequency questionnaires were used to estimate intakes of total UPFs and UPF subgroups (serving/d) at least 6 months but less than 4 years post-diagnosis among 2498 patients diagnosed with stages I-III CRC within the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study during 1980-2016. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all-cause, CRC- and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-specific mortality in association with UPF consumption were estimated using an inverse probability weighted multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model, adjusted for confounders. Findings: The mean (SD) age of patients at diagnosis was 68.5 (9.4) years. A total of 1661 deaths were documented, including 321 from CRC and 335 from CVD. Compared to those in the lowest quintile (median = 3.6 servings/d), patients in the highest quintile (median = 10 servings/d) of post-diagnostic UPF intake had higher CVD mortality (HR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.13-2.40) but not CRC or all-cause mortality. Among UPF subgroups, higher consumption of fats/condiments/sauces was associated with a higher risk of CVD-specific mortality (highest vs. lowest quintile of intake, HR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.41-2.73), and higher intake of ice cream/sherbet was associated with an increased risk of CRC-specific mortality (highest vs. lowest quintile, HR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.33-2.61). No statistically significant association was found between UPF subgroups and overall mortality. Interpretation: Higher post-diagnostic intake of total UPFs and fats/condiments/sauces in CRC survivors is associated with higher CVD mortality, and higher ice cream/sherbet intake is linked to higher CRC mortality. Funding: US National Institutes of Health and the American Cancer Society.
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BACKGROUND: High unprocessed and minimally processed food (UMP) intake has been associated with high-quality diets, whereas the opposite has been shown for ultraprocessed food (UPF). Nevertheless, the association between UMP and UPF consumption and diet quality over the long-term warrants further examination. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess whether UMP and UPF intake are associated with three diet-quality metrics in female and male health professionals from two US cohorts over 3 decades of follow-up. DESIGN: This was a cohort study, including data from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), from 1986 to 2010 (N = 51,956) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) from 1986 to 2006 (n = 31,307). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Participants were invited in 1976 (NHS) and 1986 (HPFS) to respond to mailed questionnaires every 2 to 4 years and diet was assessed with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire every 4 years. MAIN EXPOSURE MEASURES: UMP and UPF intake were calculated using the NOVA classification. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Generalized estimating equations for marginal means and repeated cross-sectional associations between diet-quality metrics and quintiles of UMP and UPF. Diets were assessed every 4 years from 1986 to 2010. RESULTS: With increasing quintiles of UMP intakes, the Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 increased 7.1% (3.80 points, 95% CI 3.66 to 3.93) in the NHS and 10.1% (5.75 points, 95% CI 5.52 to 5.98) in the HPFS; the Mediterranean diet index increased 11.7% (0.50 points, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.52) in the NHS and 14.0% (0.64 points, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.68) in the HPFS; and the Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension diet score increased 7.5% (1.81 points, 95% CI 1.76 to 1.87) in the NHS and 10.6% (2.66 points, 95% CI 2.57 to 2.76) in the HPFS. In the fifth quintile of UPF intake compared with the first, the Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 was -9.3% (-4.60 points, 95% CI -4.73 to -4.47) lower in the NHS and -13.7% (-6.89 points, 95% CI -7.12 to -6.66) lower in the HPFS; the Mediterranean diet index was -14.7% (-0.55 points, 95% CI -0.57 to -0.53) lower in the NHS, and -19.0% (-0.74 points, 95% CI -0.78 to -0.70) lower in the HPFS; and the Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension diet score was -8.1% (-1.81 points, 95% CI -1.86 to -1.76) lower in the NHS and -12.8% (-2.84 points, 95% CI -2.93 to -2.74) lower in the HPFS. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of UMP was associated with better dietary quality, whereas consumption of UPF was associated with poorer dietary quality.
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Dieta Mediterrânea , Dieta , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estados Unidos , Estudos de Coortes , Seguimentos , Estudos Transversais , Manipulação de Alimentos , Fast FoodsRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and risk of colorectal cancer among men and women from three large prospective cohorts. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with dietary intake assessed every four years using food frequency questionnaires. SETTING: Three large US cohorts. PARTICIPANTS: Men (n= 46 341) from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2014) and women (n=159 907) from the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2014; n=67 425) and the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2015; n=92 482) with valid dietary intake measurement and no cancer diagnosis at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Association between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of colorectal cancer, estimated using time varying Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: 3216 cases of colorectal cancer (men, n=1294; women, n=1922) were documented during the 24-28 years of follow-up. Compared with those in the lowest fifth of ultra-processed food consumption, men in the highest fifth of consumption had a 29% higher risk of developing colorectal cancer (hazard ratio for highest versus lowest fifth 1.29, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.53; P for trend=0.01), and the positive association was limited to distal colon cancer (72% increased risk; hazard ratio 1.72, 1.24 to 2.37; P for trend<0.001). These associations remained significant after further adjustment for body mass index or indicators of nutritional quality of the diet (that is, western dietary pattern or dietary quality score). No association was observed between overall ultra-processed food consumption and risk of colorectal cancer among women. Among subgroups of ultra-processed foods, higher consumption of meat/poultry/seafood based ready-to-eat products (hazard ratio for highest versus lowest fifth 1.44, 1.20 to 1.73; P for trend<0.001) and sugar sweetened beverages (1.21, 1.01 to 1.44; P for trend=0.013) among men and ready-to-eat/heat mixed dishes among women (1.17, 1.01 to 1.36; P for trend=0.02) was associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer; yogurt and dairy based desserts were negatively associated with the risk of colorectal cancer among women (hazard ratio 0.83, 0.71 to 0.97; P for trend=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In the three large prospective cohorts, high consumption of total ultra-processed foods in men and certain subgroups of ultra-processed foods in men and women was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Further studies are needed to better understand the potential attributes of ultra-processed foods that contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess whether maternal ultra-processed food intake during peripregnancy and during the child rearing period is associated with offspring risk of overweight or obesity during childhood and adolescence. DESIGN: Population based prospective cohort study. SETTING: The Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII) and the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS I and II) in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: 19 958 mother-child (45% boys, aged 7-17 years at study enrollment) pairs with a median follow-up of 4 years (interquartile range 2-5 years) until age 18 or the onset of overweight or obesity, including a subsample of 2925 mother-child pairs with information on peripregnancy diet. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Multivariable adjusted, log binomial models with generalized estimating equations and an exchangeable correlation structure were used to account for correlations between siblings and to estimate the relative risk of offspring overweight or obesity defined by the International Obesity Task Force. RESULTS: 2471 (12.4%) offspring developed overweight or obesity in the full analytic cohort. After adjusting for established maternal risk factors and offspring's ultra-processed food intake, physical activity, and sedentary time, maternal consumption of ultra-processed foods during the child rearing period was associated with overweight or obesity in offspring, with a 26% higher risk in the group with the highest maternal ultra-processed food consumption (group 5) versus the lowest consumption group (group 1; relative risk 1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.47, P for trend<0.001). In the subsample with information on peripregnancy diet, while rates were higher, peripregnancy ultra-processed food intake was not significantly associated with an increased risk of offspring overweight or obesity (n=845 (28.9%); group 5 v group 1: relative risk 1.17, 95% confidence interval 0.89 to 1.53, P fortrend=0.07). These associations were not modified by age, sex, birth weight, and gestational age of offspring or maternal body weight. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal consumption of ultra-processed food during the child rearing period was associated with an increased risk of overweight or obesity in offspring, independent of maternal and offspring lifestyle risk factors. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and to understand the underlying biological mechanisms and environmental determinants. These data support the importance of refining dietary recommendations and the development of programs to improve nutrition for women of reproductive age to promote offspring health.
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Sobrepeso , Obesidade Infantil , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos de Coortes , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Fast Foods/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/etiologia , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso/etiologia , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/etiologia , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Background and Aims: Forty-eight-hour dietary recall is a valuable source of information regarding food consumption in a population-based sample. This method covers 2 consecutive days in a single interview. Nevertheless, the number of assessments and the sample size necessary to estimate usual intake are unknown. We aimed to assess sources of variation, sample sizes, and numbers of days necessary to estimate usual nutrient intake using the 48-h dietary recall. Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study including 237 participants, 11-90 years old, selected using multistage probabilistic sampling to obtain data using 48-h dietary recall. Analysis of variance was used to calculate within- and between-person variation and determine the statistical parameters necessary to calculate sample size and the number of days required to calculate the usual energy and nutrient intake. Results: Within-person variation was generally lower than between-person variation, except for calcium ( CV w 2 = 40.8; CV b 2 = 38.4%), magnesium ( CV w 2 = 27.4; CV b 2 = 18.7%), and monounsaturated fat ( CV w 2 = 20.0; CV b 2 = 17.3%) for the entire group and magnesium for women ( CV w 2 = 28.3; CV b 2 = 91.8%). The number of days and sample size required to determine usual energy and nutrient intake varied substantially with gender and age (e.g., vitamin C in women N = 9, in men N = 1,641). Conclusions: Energy and nutrient intake assessment using the 48-h dietary recall misrepresents within-person variation but can generate acceptable results for between-person variation. The calculation of sample size and number of days required to determine usual energy and nutrient intake might have been affected by inadequate assessment of the within-person variation.
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Resumo O objetivo do trabalho consiste em avaliar o desempenho de serviços de atenção primária à saúde (APS) do estado de São Paulo para prevenção, detecção e assistência à deficiência. Realizou-se uma pesquisa avaliativa em 2.739 serviços de saúde em 514 municípios com 128 indicadores da qualidade organizacional do instrumento QualiAB referentes à dimensão avaliativa "Atenção à deficiência em serviços de atenção primária à saúde". Foram utilizadas medidas de desempenho e associações entre os escores de cada domínio e variáveis independentes sobre planejamento, avaliação em saúde e rede de apoio, por meio de regressão linear múltipla. O percentual de desempenho para a dimensão foi de 61,6%, para o domínio estrutura (insumos e recursos humanos), 73,6%, para qualificação da atenção ao pré-natal, 68,7%, qualificação da atenção à saúde da criança, 56,1%, prevenção de incapacidades relacionadas a condições crônicas, 55,8%, e atenção à pessoa com deficiência e ao cuidador, 53,9%. Houve associação significativa com variáveis relacionadas ao tipo de serviço e de participação em avaliações de serviços. Os serviços de APS ainda realizam ações incipientes para prevenção, vigilância e diagnóstico das deficiências, assim como para a atenção integral a pessoas com deficiência.
Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the performance of primary health care (PHC) services for disability prevention, detection and assistance in the state of São Paulo. The study included 2739 health services, from 514 municipalities. 128 organizational quality indicators of the QualiAB instrument referring to the evaluative dimension "Attention to disability in primary health care services". The association of health care performance score of each domain with independent variables, health assessment, and support network were tested using of multiple linear regression. The performance percentage was 61.6% for all domains, 73.6% for structure (inputs and human resources), 68.7% for qualification of prenatal care, 56.1% for qualification of child health care, 55.8% for prevention of disabilities related to chronic conditions, and 53.9% for attention to people with disabilities and caregivers. There was a significant association with variables related to the type of service and participation in service evaluations. PHC services still perform incipient actions for the prevention, surveillance and diagnosis of disabilities as well as for comprehensive care for people with disabilities.
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Os objetivos deste estudo são estratificar os usuários de um centro de atenção primária segundo o risco de desenvolver diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), utilizando o Escore Finlandês de Risco de Diabetes (Findrisc), e avaliar fatores associados ao risco elevado de desenvolver DM2. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com amostra aleatória de duzentos adultos, não diabéticos, de um centro de saúde escola. Utilizou-se regressão logística para investigar fatores associados ao escore elevado (≥ 15 pontos) no Findrisc. Observou-se que 33,5% apresentavam risco discretamente aumentado, 17% risco moderado e 34,5% risco alto/muito alto para desenvolver DM2. Aqueles com menor escolaridade (OR: 3,21; IC: 1,52-6,77) e com histórico de hipercolesterolemia (OR: 2,47; IC: 1,27-4,81) exibiram maior chance de apresentar escore elevado. Em conclusão, a frequência de indivíduos com risco alto/muito alto de desenvolver DM2 foi elevada na população estudada, e o menor nível de escolaridade e o histórico de hipercolesterolemia estavam associados ao escore elevado no Findrisc.
The aim of this study was to stratify users of a primary care center according to the risk of developing type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaire and to assess factors associated with elevated risk for T2DM. We conducted a cross-sectional study, with a random sample of 200 non-diabetic adults attending a school primary care center. Logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with elevated FINDRISC scores (≥ 15 points). We observed that 33.5% of subjects had a slightly elevated risk, 17.0% moderate risk, and 34.5% high/very high risk of developing T2DM. Those with a low level of education (OR: 3.21; 95%CI: 1.52-6.77) and with a history of hypercholesterolemia (OR: 2.47; 95%CI: 1.27-4.81) were more likely to have an elevated score. In conclusion, the frequency of individuals at high/very high risk of developing T2DM was high in the population studied, and the lower level of education and history of hypercholesterolemia were associated with elevated FINDRISC score.
El objetivo de este estudio fue estratificar a los usuarios de un centro de atención primaria según el riesgo de desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) mediante el cuestionario Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC), así como evaluar los factores asociados con un mayor riesgo de desarrollar DM2. Se trata de un estudio transversal con una muestra aleatoria de 200 adultos no diabéticos de un centro clínico de salud. Se utilizó regresión logística para investigar los elevados factores asociados con FINDRISC (≥ 15 puntos). Se observó que el 33,5% de los sujetos presentaron un riesgo ligeramente aumentado, el 17,0% riesgo moderado y el 34,5% riesgo alto/muy alto de desarrollar DM2. Aquellos con menos nivel educativo (OR: 3,21; IC: 1,52-6,77) y con antecedentes de hipercolesterolemia (OR: 2,47; IC: 1,27-4,81) tenían mayor probabilidad de tener un puntaje elevado. Se concluye que la frecuencia de individuos con riesgo alto/muy alto de desarrollar DM2 fue alta en la población estudiada, y que el menor nivel educativo y antecedentes de hipercolesterolemia se asociaron con un puntaje elevado en el FINDRISC.
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ABSTRACT Objective This article aims to describe the protocol of a randomized clinical trial and the baseline results of the study of a one-year interdisciplinary intervention in users of the public health system in the bariatric surgery waiting list. Methods A randomized, single-blind clinical trial will be conducted including 88 participants recruited on an outpatient clinic of the public health system. Participants were randomized into the control group (n=44), receiving the usual treatment; and into the intervention group (n=44), participating in the educational intervention. Participants had their food intake, negative affectivity and physical inactivity/sedentary behavior assessed, as well as anthropometric and body composition measurements; their blood samples were collected; and also had different physical capacity tests. Results Of the 157 participants invited, 27 had severe functional limitations, one was under-age, and four declined the study due to associated diseases. Eighty-eight participants were randomized: 44 for the Control Group and 44 for the Intervention Group. When comparing the demographic and biochemical characteristics, there were no differences between groups except for serum glucose (GC=110.4±46.8mg/dL and GI93.1±16.9mg/dL, p=0.039). Conclusion This study protocol describes the methodology used in the study of educational intervention for the promotion of health care of patients on the waiting list for bariatric surgery. It shows that there is similarity between the baseline comparison groups. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry), RBR-775y3d.
RESUMO Objetivo Descrever protocolo de ensaio clínico randomizado e resultados de linha de base dos efeitos de intervenção interdisciplinar de um ano, com usuários do sistema público de saúde na fila de espera para cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos Será conduzido um ensaio clínico randomizado, uni-cego, com 88 participantes recrutados em ambulatório do sistema público de saúde e randomizados entre o grupo controle (n=44) que recebe o tratamento habitual e entre o grupo de intervenção (n=44) que participa da intervenção educativa. Os participantes tiveram o consumo alimentar, afetividade negativa e inatividade física/comportamento sedentário avaliados, bem como medidas antropométricas e de composição corporal, amostras de sangue e testes de capacidade física. Resultados Dos 157 participantes convidados, 27 apresentaram limitações funcionais graves, 1 era menor de 18 anos e 4 declinaram devido a doenças associadas. Oitenta e oito participantes foram randomizados: 44 para o Grupo Controle e 44 para o Grupo Intervenção. Quando comparados quanto as características demográficas e bioquímicas, não houve diferença entre os grupos, exceto para glicose sérica (GC=110,4±46,8mg/dL e GI93,1±16,9mg/dL; p=0,039). Conclusão Este protocolo de estudo descreve a metodologia utilizada no estudo de intervenção educativa para a promoção do cuidado integral com pacientes em espera para cirurgia bariátrica. Mostra que há semelhança entre os grupos de comparação na linha de base. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos RBR- 775y3d.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Cirurgia Bariátrica , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Sistema Único de Saúde , Ensaio Clínico Controlado Aleatório , ObesidadeRESUMO
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonality on nutrient intake in healthy adults from the southernmost metropolitan area of Brazil. The dietary intake (24-hour dietary recall on six different days) in a sample of 162 adults (114 women), aged 20 to 69, was obtained during the year 2007. The nutrient intake was averaged for each season and adjusted for energy intake using the residual method. The effect of season on energy, macro and micro-nutrient intake was investigated based on the Generalized Estimate Equations (GEE) model. There were statistically significant differences between seasons for carbohydrate and total fat intake after controlling for gender, age, education, and interactions. In summer carbohydrate intake was higher than other seasons while the total fat intake was lower. These findings highlight the importance of considering seasonal variations not only for evaluating dietary intake but also nutrition and public health policy recommendations, particularly in adult populations living in temperate regions.
Assuntos
Ingestão de Energia , Estações do Ano , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Temperatura , Adulto JovemRESUMO
With the purpose of generating a list of foods for a food-frequency questionnaire, data from 24h dietary recalls on a typical day from a probabilistic sample of 1,724 adults of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analyzed. The frequency of food intake, the total intake of energy and macronutrients and the relative contribution of each food item to total energy and macronutrient intake were calculated. The most frequently reported food items (> 50% of adults) were rice, coffee, beans, refined canesugar, and bread. Whole milk was consumed more frequently then skimmed milk or semi-skimmed milk. Beef was consumed by more adults than chicken, pork or fish. Approximately 90% of energy and macronutrients intake was explained by 65 food items. The list of food items generated in the present analysis is similar to those found in other samples of adults from urban areas in Brazil. It may be possible to generate a core list of common foods with addition of regional foods to be used nationally in urban areas of the country.
Assuntos
Inquéritos sobre Dietas/normas , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Alimentos/classificação , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Brasil , Inquéritos sobre Dietas/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Há pouca consistência na literatura sobre o efeito sazonal nos níveis de atividade física (NAF) na população. Realizou-se um estudo longitudinal para avaliar o efeito da sazonalidade nos NAFs em 120 adultos de uma região temperada do Sul do Brasil. A atividade física (AF) foi avaliada em dois períodos (verão e inverno) de 2007, com base na seção de AF no tempo de lazer e como forma de deslocamento do International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). As medianas dos NAFs foram comparadas entre as duas estações usando Sign Test. Para comparar a proporção de ativos e inativos no verão e no inverno utilizou-se o McNemar Test. A mediana do NAF Total no tempo de lazer foi maior no verão do que no inverno (383,75 vs. 210 MET-min/sem) (p=0,02). A porcentagem de pessoas inativas no verão e no inverno foi, respectivamente, 37,5% e 49,2% (p=0,04). As pessoas com 9 a 11 anos de escolaridade e pertencentes à classe B foram as que sofreram maiores reduções nos NAFs do verão para o inverno. Nossos resultados apontam para a necessidade de planejamento e estratégias para promover AF regular, especialmente no inverno.
There are no consistent findings about the seasonal effects on the physical activity levels (PAL) of the population. We conducted a study aimed at evaluating seasonal effects on physical activity levels among adults living in a temperate region of Brazil. A longitudinal study was carried out in a sample of 120 adults living in Southern Brazil. Physical activity was evaluated using the leisure-time and transport-related physical activity sections of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in two periods (summer and winter) of the year 2007. Median values of PAL (MET-min/week) were compared between the two seasons using Sign Test. McNemar Test was used for physical activity as dichotomous. Total Leisure-Time median values were higher in summer compared to winter (383.75 vs. 210 MET-min/wk, respectively; p=0.02). Overall, 37.5% of the subjects were classified as inactive during Summer compared to 49.2% during Winter (p=0.04). Subjects with 9 to 11 years of education, belonging to socioeconomic status B were more likely to decrease PAL in Winter compared to Summer. There must be planning and strategies to promote regular PA, particularly in winter.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Atividade MotoraRESUMO
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonality on nutrient intake in healthy adults from the southernmost metropolitan area of Brazil. The dietary intake (24-hour dietary recall on six different days) in a sample of 162 adults (114 women), aged 20 to 69, was obtained during the year 2007. The nutrient intake was averaged for each season and adjusted for energy intake using the residual method. The effect of season on energy, macro and micro-nutrient intake was investigated based on the Generalized Estimate Equations (GEE) model. There were statistically significant differences between seasons for carbohydrate and total fat intake after controlling for gender, age, education, and interactions. In summer carbohydrate intake was higher than other seasons while the total fat intake was lower. These findings highlight the importance of considering seasonal variations not only for evaluating dietary intake but also nutrition and public health policy recommendations, particularly in adult populations living in temperate regions.
Avaliar o efeito da sazonalidade sobre a ingestão de nutrientes em adultos residentes em Porto Alegre e Região Metropolitana, no Sul do Brasil. A ingestão alimentar foi obtida por meio de recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas em uma amostra de 162 adultos, com idade entre 20 e 69 anos. A ingestão média de nutrientes para cada estação do ano foi ajustada pela energia total usando o método dos resíduos. O efeito das estações do ano sobre a ingestão de energia, macro e micro-nutrientes foi analisado com base no modelo de Equações de Estimação Generalizado (GEE). Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as estações do ano para a ingestão de carboidratos e gordura total após ajuste para sexo, idade, educação e interações. No verão a ingestão de carboidrato foi maior do que nas outras estações e a ingestão de gordura foi menor. Os resultados sugerem que o efeito da variação sazonal sobre a ingestão de nutrientes deve ser considerado em estudos de avaliação da ingestão dietética e recomendações, especialmente em adultos residentes em zonas temperadas como a região Sul do Brasil.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Ingestão de Energia , Estações do Ano , Brasil , Carboidratos da Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , TemperaturaRESUMO
With the purpose of generating a list of foods for a food-frequency questionnaire, data from 24h dietary recalls on a typical day from a probabilistic sample of 1,724 adults of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analyzed. The frequency of food intake, the total intake of energy and macronutrients and the relative contribution of each food item to total energy and macronutrient intake were calculated. The most frequently reported food items (> 50 percent of adults) were rice, coffee, beans, refined canesugar, and bread. Whole milk was consumed more frequently then skimmed milk or semi-skimmed milk. Beef was consumed by more adults than chicken, pork or fish. Approximately 90 percent of energy and macronutrients intake was explained by 65 food items. The list of food items generated in the present analysis is similar to those found in other samples of adults from urban areas in Brazil. It may be possible to generate a core list of common foods with addition of regional foods to be used nationally in urban areas of the country.
Com o objetivo de gerar uma lista de alimentos para questionário de freqüência alimentar (QFA), avaliou-se dados de recordatório alimentar de 24 horas de um dia típico em uma amostra probabilística de adultos, obtidos num inquérito domiciliar durante o ano de 2003. Verificou-se a freqüência dos alimentos ingeridos, calculou-se o total ingerido de energia e macronutrientes e a contribuição relativa de cada item alimentar no total de energia ou macronutrientes ingeridos. Os dados foram ponderados para representar a população adulta de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os alimentos mais ingeridos pelos adultos (> 50 por cento) foram arroz branco, café, feijão, açúcar refinado e pão francês. Um total de 65 alimentos é capaz de explicar aproximadamente 90 por cento da ingestão de energia e macronutrientes. A lista de alimentos gerada se assemelha a de outros estudos em amostras de adultos vivendo em regiões urbanas nacionais, e precisa ser validada em outras áreas urbanas do país. É possível que seja gerada uma lista de alimentos comuns, com inclusões de alimentos regionais para ser universalmente usada em QFA nas áreas urbanas do país.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Alimentos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Brasil , Inquéritos sobre Dietas/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Com o objetivo de gerar uma lista de alimentos para questionário de freqüência alimentar (QFA), avaliou-se dados de recordatório alimentar de 24 horas de um dia típico em uma amostra probabilística de adultos, obtidos num inquérito domiciliar durante o ano de 2003. Verificou-se a freqüência dos alimentos ingeridos, calculou-se o total ingerido de energia e macronutrientes e a contribuição relativa de cada item alimentar no total de energia ou macronutrientes ingeridos. Os dados foram ponderados para representar a população adulta de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os alimentos mais ingeridos pelos adultos (> 50%) foram arroz branco, café, feijão, açúcar refinado e pão francês. Um total de 65 alimentos é capaz de explicar aproximadamente 90% da ingestão de energia e macronutrientes. A lista de alimentos gerada se assemelha a de outros estudos em amostras de adultos vivendo em regiões urbanas nacionais, e precisa ser validada em outras áreas urbanas do país. É possível que seja gerada uma lista de alimentos comuns, com inclusões de alimentos regionais para ser universalmente usada em QFA nas áreas urbanas do país.