Mycoplasma pneumoniae epidemic in Denmark, October to December, 2023.

We report a surge of patients, especially children and adolescents, with respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Denmark since October 2023. While the surge has reached an epidemic level, no impact on hospital capacity has been observed; only 14% (446/3,195) of cases, primarily adults, required hospitalisation. Macrolide resistance was detected in less than 2% of samples tested. Timely monitoring of hospitalisations linked to M. pneumoniae infections has been established to inform the healthcare system, decisionmakers and the public.

Pertussis epidemic in Denmark, August 2023 to February 2024.

We report a record high pertussis epidemic in Denmark since August 2023. Highest incidence was in adolescents, while peak incidence in infants was lower vs previous epidemics in 2019 and 2016. Among infants aged 0-2 months, over half (29/48) were hospitalised and one infant died, underlining the disease severity in the youngest. To protect infants, pertussis vaccination in pregnant women was introduced in January 2024 in the national vaccination programme. Improved vaccination surveillance in pregnant women is being implemented.

Excess mortality in Europe coincides with peaks of COVID-19, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), November 2023 to February 2024.

Since the end of November 2023, the European Mortality Monitoring Network (EuroMOMO) has observed excess mortality in Europe. During weeks 48 2023-6 2024, preliminary results show a substantially increased rate of 95.3 (95% CI:  91.7-98.9) excess all-cause deaths per 100,000 person-years for all ages. This excess mortality is seen in adults aged 45 years and older, and coincides with widespread presence of COVID-19, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) observed in many European countries during the 2023/24 winter season.

Loss of Sucrase-Isomaltase Function Increases Acetate Levels and Improves Metabolic Health in Greenlandic Cohorts.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The sucrase-isomaltase (SI) c.273_274delAG loss-of-function variant is common in Arctic populations and causes congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, which is an inability to break down and absorb sucrose and isomaltose. Children with this condition experience gastrointestinal symptoms when dietary sucrose is introduced. We aimed to describe the health of adults with sucrase-isomaltase deficiency. METHODS: The association between c.273_274delAG and phenotypes related to metabolic health was assessed in 2 cohorts of Greenlandic adults (n = 4922 and n = 1629). A sucrase-isomaltase knockout (Sis-KO) mouse model was used to further elucidate the findings. RESULTS: Homozygous carriers of the variant had a markedly healthier metabolic profile than the remaining population, including lower body mass index (ß [standard error], -2.0 [0.5] kg/m2; P = 3.1 × 10-5), body weight (-4.8 [1.4] kg; P = 5.1 × 10-4), fat percentage (-3.3% [1.0%]; P = 3.7 × 10-4), fasting triglyceride (-0.27 [0.07] mmol/L; P = 2.3 × 10-6), and remnant cholesterol (-0.11 [0.03] mmol/L; P = 4.2 × 10-5). Further analyses suggested that this was likely mediated partly by higher circulating levels of acetate observed in homozygous carriers (ß [standard error], 0.056 [0.002] mmol/L; P = 2.1 × 10-26), and partly by reduced sucrose uptake, but not lower caloric intake. These findings were verified in Sis-KO mice, which, compared with wild-type mice, were leaner on a sucrose-containing diet, despite similar caloric intake, had significantly higher plasma acetate levels in response to a sucrose gavage, and had lower plasma glucose level in response to a sucrose-tolerance test. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that sucrase-isomaltase constitutes a promising drug target for improvement of metabolic health, and that the health benefits are mediated by reduced dietary sucrose uptake and possibly also by higher levels of circulating acetate.

The derived allele of a novel intergenic variant at chromosome 11 associates with lower body mass index and a favorable metabolic phenotype in Greenlanders.

The genetic architecture of the small and isolated Greenlandic population is advantageous for identification of novel genetic variants associated with cardio-metabolic traits. We aimed to identify genetic loci associated with body mass index (BMI), to expand the knowledge of the genetic and biological mechanisms underlying obesity. Stage 1 BMI-association analyses were performed in 4,626 Greenlanders. Stage 2 replication and meta-analysis were performed in additional cohorts comprising 1,058 Yup'ik Alaska Native people, and 1,529 Greenlanders. Obesity-related traits were assessed in the stage 1 study population. We identified a common variant on chromosome 11, rs4936356, where the derived G-allele had a frequency of 24% in the stage 1 study population. The derived allele was genome-wide significantly associated with lower BMI (beta (SE), -0.14 SD (0.03), p = 3.2x10-8), corresponding to 0.64 kg/m2 lower BMI per G allele in the stage 1 study population. We observed a similar effect in the Yup'ik cohort (-0.09 SD, p = 0.038), and a non-significant effect in the same direction in the independent Greenlandic stage 2 cohort (-0.03 SD, p = 0.514). The association remained genome-wide significant in meta-analysis of the Arctic cohorts (-0.10 SD (0.02), p = 4.7x10-8). Moreover, the variant was associated with a leaner body type (weight, -1.68 (0.37) kg; waist circumference, -1.52 (0.33) cm; hip circumference, -0.85 (0.24) cm; lean mass, -0.84 (0.19) kg; fat mass and percent, -1.66 (0.33) kg and -1.39 (0.27) %; visceral adipose tissue, -0.30 (0.07) cm; subcutaneous adipose tissue, -0.16 (0.05) cm, all p<0.0002), lower insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, -0.12 (0.04), p = 0.00021), and favorable lipid levels (triglyceride, -0.05 (0.02) mmol/l, p = 0.025; HDL-cholesterol, 0.04 (0.01) mmol/l, p = 0.0015). In conclusion, we identified a novel variant, where the derived G-allele possibly associated with lower BMI in Arctic populations, and as a consequence also leaner body type, lower insulin resistance, and a favorable lipid profile.

Immunisation of healthcare workers in the Nordic countries: Variation in recommendations and practices and a lack of assessment.

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of both exposure and transmission of infectious disease. Two European Union (EU) directives state that health services are responsible for assessing their employees' potential exposure to infectious diseases and offering immunisation free of charge. We assessed current policy for immunisation of HCWs and the availability of vaccine coverage data in the Nordic countries by surveying national vaccination experts in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as Swedish county medical officers (CMOs). All national experts and 17 of 21 Swedish CMOs responded. All EU countries had transposed the European directives into national law, while Norway and Iceland had similar national legislation. Recommendations or guidelines were issued in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and 15 of 17 responding Swedish counties. The range of diseases covered differed by countries and Swedish counties. HCW vaccine coverage data were not systematically collected; incomplete estimates were only available for Finland and two Swedish counties. In conclusion, recommendations or guidelines exist in the Nordic countries, but their impact cannot be assessed, as vaccine uptake among HCWs is not currently measured. Systematic collection of data is a necessary step towards improving HCW immunisation policy and practice in the Nordic countries.

National clinical guidelines for non-surgical treatment of patients with recent onset neck pain or cervical radiculopathy.

PURPOSE: To summarise recommendations about 21 selected non-surgical interventions for recent onset (<12 weeks) non-specific neck pain (NP) and cervical radiculopathy (CR) based on two guidelines from the Danish Health Authority. METHODS: Two multidisciplinary working groups formulated recommendations based on the GRADE approach. RESULTS: Twelve recommendations were based on evidence and nine on consensus. Management should include information about prognosis, warning signs, and advise to remain active. For treatment, guidelines suggest different types of supervised exercise and manual therapy; combinations of exercise and manual therapy before medicine for NP; acupuncture for NP but not CR; traction for CR; and oral NSAID (oral or topical) and Tramadol after careful consideration for NP and CR. CONCLUSION: Recommendations are based on low-quality evidence or on consensus, but are well aligned with recommendations from guidelines from North America. The working groups recommend intensifying research relating to all aspects of management of NP and CR.

Determination of NAT2 acetylation status in the Greenlandic population.

N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is a well-studied phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme relevant in drug metabolism and cancerogenesis. NAT2 activity is largely determined by genetic polymorphisms in the coding region of the corresponding gene. We investigated NAT2 acetylation status in 1556 individuals from Greenland based on four different single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panels and the tagging SNP rs1495741. There was good concordance between the NAT2 status inferred by the different SNP combinations. Overall, the fraction of slow acetylators was low with 17.5 % and varied depending on the degree of Inuit ancestry; in individuals with <50 % Inuit ancestry, we observed more than 25 % slow acetylators reflecting European ancestry. Greenland has a high incidence of tuberculosis, and individual dosing of isoniazid according to NAT2 status has been shown to improve treatment and reduce side effects. Our findings could be a first step in pharmacogenetics-based tuberculosis therapy in Greenland.

Cytokine responses in relation to age, gender, body mass index, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and otitis media among Inuit in Greenland.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cytokine response pattern in Inuit in Greenland in relation to age, gender, body mass index (BMI), Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (MTI), and otitis media (OM) to assess whether Inuit may have signs of impaired immune responsiveness to infection. METHODS: A cross-sectional health assessment was conducted among inhabitants of Maniitsoq, West Greenland, in 2009, and several health outcomes were measured. The prevalence of MTI, overweight, and obesity was assessed among 263 school children and 137 adults, and OM was assessed among the children. Cytokine responses were measured in whole blood cultures after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin or purified protein derivative (PPD). Associations between cytokine concentrations, age, gender, BMI, MTI, and OM were estimated by linear regression. RESULTS: Adults had generally higher cytokine concentrations than children. Children with MTI had 2.7 times higher interleukin (IL)-10 concentrations than those without (P = 0.01), and girls had 80% higher IL-10 than boys (P < 0.01) after phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Interferon (IFN)γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) concentrations were strongly elevated among children (P(IFNγ) < 0.001 and P(TNF) < 0.001) and adults (P(IFNγ) < 0.001 and P(TNF) <0.01) with MTI compared to those without after PPD stimulation. Adult women had significantly lower IFNγ (P = 0.03) and TNF (P = 0.04) concentrations than men. TNF was positively correlated with BMI in children (P = 0.01), and IL-10 was positively correlated with BMI in adults (P = 0.0004) after PPD stimulation. CONCLUSION: We found cytokine patterns similar to those reported from other immune competent study populations. Therefore, the study does not support the suggestion that Inuit may have impaired immune reactivity to infection.

Heart disease among Greenlandic children and young adults: a nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The incidences of heart disease (HD) and congenital heart disease (CHD) among Inuit in Greenland (GL) and Denmark (DK) are unknown. This study aims to estimate incidence rates (IRs) of HD and CHD among the young Inuit populations in Greenland and Denmark compared with rates among young non-Inuit populations in the same countries. METHODS: A register-based nationwide cohort including all individuals living in Greenland and Denmark from birth to age <40 years through 1989-2014 was formed. Ethnicity was considered Inuit/mixed if at least one parent was registered as being born in Greenland. Information on HD and CHD hospitalization was obtained from national inpatient registers using ICD-8 and ICD-10 codes. RESULTS: HD IR was lower among individuals living in Greenland compared with those living in Denmark, [73.35GL (95% confidence interval (CI) 68.07 to 79.03)] vs [88.07DK (95% CI 87.38 to 88.76)], whereas CHD IRs were almost similar in the two countries [IR 34.44GL (95% CI 30.89 to 38.40) vs IR 34.67DK (95% CI 34.24 to 35.10)]. Being of Inuit/mixed ethnicity was associated with an increased risk of both HD and CHD compared with non-Inuit in Greenland and Denmark [adjusted hazard ratio HD 2.07GL (95% CI 1.25 to 3.42)] and CHD [2.92GL (95% CI 1.34 to 6.38)]. CONCLUSION: HD IR was lower in individuals living in Greenland compared with individuals living in Denmark, whereas the CHD IRs were almost the same for both countries. However, the risk of HD including CHD was higher among individuals of Inuit/mixed ethnicity compared with non-Inuit in both countries, suggesting a role of ethnicity among children and younger adults.

Risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among children in Greenland.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (MTI) among Greenlandic children for the purpose of identifying those at highest risk of infection. METHODS: Between 2005 and 2007, 1797 Greenlandic schoolchildren in five different areas were tested for MTI with an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and a tuberculin skin test (TST). Parents or guardians were surveyed using a standardized self-administered questionnaire to obtain data on crowding in the household, parents' educational level and the child's health status. Demographic data for each child--i.e. parents' place of birth, number of siblings, distance between siblings (next younger and next older), birth order and mother's age when the child was born--were also extracted from a public registry. Logistic regression was used to check for associations between these variables and MTI, and all results were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Children were considered to have MTI if they tested positive on both the IGRA assay and the TST. FINDINGS: The overall prevalence of MTI was 8.5% (152/1797). MTI was diagnosed in 26.7% of the children with a known TB contact, as opposed to 6.4% of the children without such contact. Overall, the MTI rate was higher among Inuit children (OR: 4.22; 95% CI: 1.55-11.5) and among children born less than one year after the birth of the next older sibling (OR: 2.48; 95% CI: 1.33-4.63). Self-reported TB contact modified the profile to include household crowding and low mother's education. Children who had an older MTI-positive sibling were much more likely to test positive for MTI themselves (OR: 14.2; 95% CI: 5.75-35.0) than children without an infected older sibling. CONCLUSION: Ethnicity, sibling relations, number of household residents and maternal level of education are factors associated with the risk of TB infection among children in Greenland. The strong household clustering of MTI suggests that family sources of exposure are important.

Quantiferon test for tuberculosis screening in sarcoidosis patients.

BACKGROUND: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors have been introduced in the treatment of refractory sarcoidosis. These biologics may reactivate latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Despite its known limitations, the tuberculin skin test (TST) is currently used for the diagnosis of LTBI in Danish sarcoidosis patients. We report the results of a screening using the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) QuantiFERON TB Gold (QFN) for the diagnosis of LTBI. We aimed to assess whether the QFN is reliable for diagnosing LTBI among sarcoidosis patients and if results are influenced by disease activity or immunosuppressive treatment. METHODS: A prospective study was performed from 2005 to 2007 among sarcoidosis patients who were candidates for TNF-α inhibitor treatment. Information on immunosuppressive treatment was obtained from the medical records. Disease activity was assessed by biochemistry, chest roentgenograms and pulmonary function tests. The predictive value of QFN results was evaluated by follow-up in the Danish National Tuberculosis Registry. RESULTS: A total of 44 sarcoidosis patients (22 men) with a median age of 39 y (range 25-59 y) were enrolled; 93% had a negative QFN test result and 7% had an indeterminate result. Forty-three percent had disease activity and 57% (n = 25) received immunosuppressive treatment. There was no significant difference in QFN interferon-γ response between subjects with or without disease activity (p > 0.4) and between treated vs non-treated patients (p > 0.5). At follow-up using the Danish tuberculosis registry, there was no occurrence of tuberculosis among study participants. CONCLUSIONS: The predictive value of the QFN seems good among Danish sarcoidosis patients and the results appear to be unaffected by sarcoidosis disease activity and immunosuppressive treatment.

Both high and low serum vitamin D concentrations are associated with tuberculosis: a case-control study in Greenland.

Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk of tuberculosis (TB). Changes from a traditional to a Westernised diet among Greenlanders have resulted in reduced serum vitamin D, leading to considerations of whether preventive vitamin D supplementation should be introduced. The association between vitamin D status and TB was examined to assess the feasibility of vitamin D supplementation in Greenland. This was examined in a case-control study involving seventy-two matched pairs of TB patients (cases) and controls aged 8-74 years. Cases were diagnosed with TB during 2004-6 based on clinical findings in combination with either (1) positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture, (2) characteristic X-ray abnormalities together with a positive tuberculin skin test or a positive interferon-γ release assay or (3) characteristic histology. Controls were individually matched on age ( ± 5 years), sex and district. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were measured and OR of TB were the outcome. Compared with individuals with 25(OH)D concentrations between 75 and 140 nmol/l, individuals with concentrations < 75 nmol/l (OR 6.5; 95% CI 1.8, 23.5) or > 140 nmol/l (OR 6.5; 95% CI 1.9, 22.2) had higher risks of active TB (P = 0.003; adjustment for alcohol and ethnicity). Supplementing individuals with low vitamin D to normalise serum 25(OH)D concentrations was estimated to result in a 29% reduction in the number of TB cases. The study indicated that vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial to individuals with insufficient vitamin D concentrations but may increase the risk of TB among individuals with normal or high concentrations.

Strategic health communication on social media: Insights from a Danish social media campaign to address HPV vaccination hesitancy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the social media strategy developed for the campaign Stop HPV - stop cervical cancer was successful at engaging target groups in communication regarding HPV vaccination. INTRODUCTION: In 2009, the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine became part of the Danish childhood vaccination program to protect Danish girls from cervical cancer. In 2015, after a period of massive media coverage questioning the safety of the HPV vaccination, a rapid decline in HPV vaccination coverage was observed. An information campaign was therefore launched in May 2017 to address HPV vaccination hesitancy. THE SOCIAL MEDIA STRATEGY: 'Heart-brain communication' combined facts and emotions through varied content. Community management guidelines were worked out to ensure that there was positive dialogue. Key Point Indicators (KPI) for Engagement Rate (ER) and Click Through Rate (CTR) were chosen to uphold engagement and traffic from Facebook to the website. The KPIs were used to measure effectiveness. RESULTS: In January 2019, the social media campaign had reached 8,020,000 people with an average of 127 comments per post. The average ER from May 2017 to halfway through 2018 was 6.07% and the CTR was 2.09%. The content subgroup personal stories was the most effective in creating positive dialogue. One year after the launch of the campaign, the number of positive comments had increased from less than 50% to approximately 75%. CONCLUSION: A comprehensive social media strategy using 'heart-brain communication' proved useful in a campaign for HPV vaccination. The success of the social media strategy was due to meticulous planning prior to launching the campaign, the use of content subgroups, the allocation of adequate resources for community management, the empirical analysis of content, and the use of evaluation results as guidance for the production of new content.

Using Facebook to increase coverage of HPV vaccination among Danish girls: An assessment of a Danish social media campaign.

OBJECTIVES: In this study we assess how different Facebook (FB) posts resonate with parents hesitant about HPV vaccination and how to engage parents in positive dialogues on FB. BACKGROUND: Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) was successfully introduced in the Danish childhood vaccination program in 2009 for 12 year-old girls, with coverage reaching approximately 90%. However, negative public debate questioning the safety of the vaccine coincided with a rapid decline in vaccination coverage from 2015. In May 2017, we launched the national campaign Stop HPV - stop cervical cancer with the aim to rebuild trust in the HPV vaccine and increase vaccination coverage. We used a FB page and a social media strategy to engage the campaign's primary target group: mothers hesitant about HPV vaccination of their daughters. METHODS: We analyzed a variety of posts on the FB page Stop HPV - stop cervical cancer posted from May 2017 to December 2017. We performed analysis documenting post reach, engagement in the posts and sentiment (positive, neutral or negative) of the comments. Focus groups were recruited to provide data about attitudes to the posts and the responses from the FB management team. RESULTS: 84 unique posts were published on the FB page from May 2017 to December 2017 reaching 3,476,023 individual FB profiles. In focus groups, parents requested more in-depth information. However, analyses of FB posts and sentiment of comments showed that personal stories generated higher engagement rates and more positive dialogues compared to factual posts. CONCLUSION: The FB page Stop HPV - stop cervical cancer has successfully reached and engaged FB users in dialogue about HPV vaccination. Personal stories are effective in creating positive dialogues on FB. However, it remains important to provide factual information to parents to enable informed decision making about HPV vaccination.

Study of correlation between the NAT2 phenotype and genotype status among Greenlandic Inuit.

N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is the main enzyme metabolizing isoniazid and genotype-based treatment has been studied for years without becoming common practice. To investigate whether genotype-based isoniazid treatment is feasible in Greenland, we sequenced the coding sequence of NAT2 and determined the NAT2 enzyme-activity by caffeine test. No additional genetic variants were identified in the coding sequence of NAT2, so that genotype status in 260 study participants could be assessed by a well-established 7-SNP panel. Studying the enzyme activity by the ratio of the two caffeine metabolites AFMU and 1X in 260 participants showed a high rate of slow phenotypes with intermediate or rapid genotype. These misclassifications were mainly observed in urine samples with pH<3, a deviation from the standard protocol due to the field work character of the study, where immediate pH adjustment to pH=3.5 was not possible. We excluded these samples. For the remaining 143 individuals with pH>3, we observed a moderate level of discrepancies (19 of the 116 individuals with intermediate or rapid genotype status having a slow phenotype). Further investigation showed that drinking coffee and not tea or cola was the most important factor for high levels of both metabolites. The concordance between phenotype and genotype status with regard to slow metabolism supported the recommendation of lower isoniazid doses in individuals with slow genotype status in order to avoid liver injury, a frequent side effect. The phenotypical variation observed for individuals with intermediate or rapid genotype status warrants further research before increased dosing of isoniazid can be recommended.