Salmonella Infection in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Breeding Sows.

Salmonellosis is one of the main foodborne diseases worldwide. Breeding sows asymptomatically infected with Salmonella can transmit the pathogen to piglets and humans. The isolation of Salmonella from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) is considered a demonstration of asymptomatic infection in swine. As previous breeding sow studies have been performed using feces, the aim of this work was to study the occurrence of Salmonella infections by sampling MLNs, in comparison to their serological status. First, Salmonella fecal shedding was studied in 12/16 large breeding farms to establish the framework of study. Then, MLN (n = 264) and blood (n = 237) samples were obtained at an abattoir from sows of 15 of these 16 breeding farms. Additionally, risk factors associated with Salmonella MLN infection were analyzed. A total of 6.1% (16/264) sows, distributed in 40% (6/15) of the farms, had the pathogen in MLN. Salmonella Typhimurium was the most frequent serovar isolated. Interestingly, 43.8% (7/16) of MLN isolates were susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested and were found distributed throughout all farms with at least one sow positive. As well, one isolate of the emerging DT195 clone was detected and found to be resistant to six antibiotic families (ASSuTNx-Cfx). The serovars and the resistance profiles of the Salmonella isolates from feces were completely different to those obtained from MLNs. The seroprevalence (41.8% of sows and 100% of farms) was higher than that of MLN infections, showing no concordance (k = 0.15) between these two diagnostic tests in sows. Strategies directed to correct two risk factors (i.e., administration of dry food and old premises) would most likely help to reduce Salmonella infections in breeding sows.

Simultaneous infections by different Salmonella strains in mesenteric lymph nodes of finishing pigs.

BACKGROUND: Salmonellosis is a major worldwide zoonosis, and Salmonella-infected finishing pigs are considered one of the major sources of human infections in developed countries. Baseline studies on salmonellosis prevalence in fattening pigs in Europe are based on direct pathogen isolation from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). This procedure is considered the most reliable for diagnosing salmonellosis in apparently healthy pigs. The presence of simultaneous infections by different Salmonella strains in the same animal has never been reported and could have important epidemiological implications. RESULTS: Fourteen finishing pigs belonging to 14 farms that showed high salmonellosis prevalence and a variety of circulating Salmonella strains, were found infected by Salmonella spp, and 7 of them were simultaneously infected with strains of 2 or 3 different serotypes. Typhimurium isolates showing resistance to several antimicrobials and carrying mobile integrons were the most frequently identified in the colonized MLN. Four animals were found infected by Salmonella spp. of a single serotype (Rissen or Derby) but showing 2 or 3 different antimicrobial resistance profiles, without evidence of mobile genetic element exchange in vivo. CONCLUSION: This is the first report clearly demonstrating that pigs naturally infected by Salmonella may harbour different Salmonella strains simultaneously. This may have implications in the interpretation of results from baseline studies, and also help to better understand human salmonellosis outbreaks and the horizontal transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes.

Molecular characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates recovered from children with diarrhea during a 4-year period (2007 to 2010) in Bolivia.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important cause of childhood diarrhea. This study aimed to characterize ETEC strains isolated from Bolivian children aged <5 years according to enterotoxin profile, colonization factors (CFs), suggested virulence genes, and severity of disease. A total of 299 ETEC isolates recovered from children with diarrhea and 55 ETEC isolates from children without diarrhea (controls) were isolated over a period of 4 years. Strains expressing heat-labile toxin (LT) or heat-stable toxin (ST) alone were about equally common and twice as common as ETEC producing both toxins (20%). ETEC strains expressing human ST (STh) were more common in children aged <2 years, while ETEC strains expressing LT plus STh (LT/STh) were more frequent in 2- to 5-year-old children. Severity of disease was not related to the toxin profile of the strains. CF-positive isolates were more frequently identified in diarrheal samples than in control samples (P = 0.02). The most common CFs were CFA/I and CS14. CFA/I ETEC strains were more frequent in children aged <2 years than CS1+CS3 isolates and CS14 isolates, which were more prevalent in 2- to 5-year-old children. The presence of suggested ETEC virulence genes (clyA, eatA, tia, tibC, leoA, and east-1) was not associated with disease. However, east-1 was associated with LT/STh strains (P < 0.001), eatA with STh strains (P < 0.001), and tia with LT/STh strains (P < 0.001). A minor seasonal peak of ETEC infections was identified in May during the cold-dry season and coincided with the peak of rotavirus infections; this pattern is unusual for ETEC and may be important for vaccination strategies in Bolivia.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria in floating macrophyte rhizospheres from an Amazonian floodplain lake in Bolivia and their association with Hg methylation.

Five subgroups of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were detected by PCR in three macrophyte rhizospheres (Polygonum densiflorum, Hymenachne donacifolia, and Ludwigia helminthorriza) and three subgroups in Eichhornia crassipes from La Granja, a floodplain lake from the upper Madeira basin. The SRB community varied according to the macrophyte species but with different degrees of association with their roots. The rhizosphere of the C4 plant Polygonum densiflorum had higher frequencies of SRB subgroups as well as higher mercury methylation potentials (27.5 to 36.1%) and carbon (16.06 +/- 5.40%), nitrogen (2.03 +/- 0.64%), Hg (94.50 +/- 6.86 ng Hg g(-1)), and methylmercury (8.25 +/- 1.45 ng Hg g(-1)) contents than the rhizosphere of the C3 plant Eichhornia crassipes. Mercury methylation in Polygonum densiflorum and Eichhornia crassipes was reduced when SRB metabolism was inhibited by sodium molybdate.

Caracterización geno-fenotípica de aislados de Escherichia coli (AEEC) de pacientes pediátricos con procesos diarreicos infecciosos en la ciudad de La Paz: Implicancias para el diagnóstico y epidemiología de las enfermedades diarreicas agudas / Geno-phenotypic characterization of AEEC Escherichia coli isolated from children with infectious diarrhea in La Paz: Epidemiology and diagnostic implications

Objetivo: En el presente estudio se realizó la caracterización de Escherichia coli Enteropatogénica (EPEC) y Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica (EHEC), dos categorías patogénicas de E. coli, causantes de la lesión de adherencia y esfacelación (EAEE), en muestras de heces diarreicas de niños menores a 5 años. Método: El perfil patogénico de EAEE se realizó mediante el análisis por PCR, de los genes intimina (eae), bundlina (bfpA) y toxinas siga (stx1 y stx2). Estas pruebas, se complementaron con ensayos fenotípicos de la resistencia a antibióticos, fermentación de sorbitol y producción de ?-D-glucoronidasa. Resultados: La prevalencia de EAEE fue del 7 por ciento con preponderancia de las cepas EPEC (95 por ciento) sobre EHEC. Se encontró una mayor proporción (83 por ciento) de cepas EPEC atípicas que típicas. Un alto porcentaje de los aislados de EPEC es resistente a más de 5 antibióticos analizados. La frecuencia de multiresistencia a bloques de 5 y 2 antibióticos sugiere que la resistencia es transmisible por vía horizontal. La correlación entre la pertenencia a un serogrupo particular de EPEC y las características genotípicas, mostró heterogeneidad en el perfil de patogenicidad tanto entre un mismo como entre diferentes serogrupos, demostrando que el diagnóstico de DEC mediante serotipificación no es útil en nuestro medio. Los aislados de EHEC, se caracterizan por presentar una marcada susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. Se reporta la presencia de los serogrupos O157 y O6. Conclusiones: Este estudio, constituye el primer reporte en nuestro medio sobre la determinación y caracterización geno-fenotípica de EPEC y EHEC por métodos moleculares. En conjunto, los datos obtenidos tienen relevancia para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y estudio de la epidemiología de AEEC en las EDA en Bolivia.

Enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) Escherichia coli that produce attaching and effacing lesions were isolated and characterized from children under 5 years-old with diarrhea. Method: AEEC pathogenic profile was analyzed by PCR searching the presence of Intimin (eae), bundle-forming pilus (bfpa) and Shiga-toxin (stx 1 - stx2) genes. Phenotypic analysis for the presence of antibiotic multiple resistance, sorbitol fermentation and B-D glucorunidase was also performed. Results: AEEC prevalence was 7 percent and EPEC accounted for 95 percent of isolates (83 percent atypical). A high percentage of EPEC isolates are resistant to more than 5 antibiotics, suggesting resistance transmission by lateral transfer. The lack of correlations between EPEC serogroups and genotypic strain profile demonstrates that serological DEC diagnosis is not useful for local isolates. EHEC isolates were susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested. The isolation of 0157 and 06 serogroups is reported. Conclusions: First report of EPEC and EHEC molecular strain characterization. The results described are relevant for EAEE diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of diarrhea in Bolivia.

Caracterización geno-fenotípica de aislados de Escherichia coli AEEC de pacientes pediátricos con procesos diarreicos infecciosos en la ciudad de La Paz: implicancias para el diagnóstico y epidemiología de las enfermedades diarreicas

Resumen En el presente estudio se realizó la caracterización de Escherichia coli enteropatogénica (EPEC) y Escherichia coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC), dos categorías patogénicas de E. coli, causantes de la lesión de adherencia y esfacelación (EAEE), en muestras de heces diarreicas de niños menores de 5 años. El perfil patogénico de EAEE se realizó mediante el análisis por PCR, de los genes intimina (eae), bundlina (bfpA) y toxinas siga (stx1 y stx2). Estas pruebas se complementaron con ensayos fenotípicos de la resistencia a antibióticos, fermentación de sorbitol y producción de b-D-glucoronidasa. La prevalencia de EAEE fue del 7% con preponderancia de las cepas EPEC (95%) sobre EHEC. Se encontró una mayor proporción (83%) de cepas EPEC atípicas que típicas. Un alto porcentaje de los aislados de EPEC es resistente a más de cinco antibióticos analizados. La frecuencia de multirresistencia a bloques de cinco y dos antibióticos sugiere que la resistencia es transmisible por vía horizontal. La correlación entre la pertenencia a un serogrupo particular de EPEC y las características genotípicas, mostró heterogeneidad en el perfil de patogenicidad, tanto entre un mismo como entre diferentes serogrupos, demostrando que el diagnóstico de DEC mediante serotipificación no es útil en nuestro medio. Los aislados de EHEC, se caracterizan por presentar una marcada susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. Se reporta la presencia de los serogrupos O157 y O6. Este estudio constituye el primer reporte en nuestro medio sobre la determinación y caracterización geno-fenotípica de EPEC y EHEC por métodos moleculares. En conjunto, los datos obtenidos tienen relevancia para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y estudio de la epidemiología de AEEC en las EDA en Bolivia.

Summary In this study, enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E. coli, two E. coli categories causing attaching and effacing lesions, were isolated and characterized from children with diarrhea less than 5 years of age. The AEEC pathogenic profile was analyzed by PCR for the presence of the intimin (eae), bundle-forming pilus (bfpA) and Shiga toxin (stx, stx2) genes. Phenotypic analysis for the presence of antibiotic multi-resistance, sorbitol fermentation and B-D glucoronidase were also performed. AEEC prevalence was 7%. EPEC accounted for 95% of the isolates of which 83% were atypical. A high percentage of EPEC isolates is resistant to more than 5 antibiotics. The multi-resistance frequency to 5 and 2 antibiotics suggest antibiotic resistance transmission by lateral transfer. The lack of correlations between EPEC serogroups and genotypic strain profile demonstrates that serological DEC diagnosis is not useful for local isolates. EHEC isolates were remarkably susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested. The isolation of 0157 and 06 serogroups is reported. This is the first report of EPEC and EHEC molecular strain characterization. The results described are relevant for EAEE diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of diarrheal diseases in Bolivia.

Caracterización geno-fenotípica de aislados de Escherichia coli AEEC de pacientes pediátricos con procesos diarreicos infecciosos en la ciudad de La Paz: implicancias para el diagnóstico y epidemiología de las enfermedades diarreicas agudas / Geno-Phenotypic characterization of aeec Escherichia coli isolated from children with infectious diarrheal diseases in La Paz: relevancy for the diagnosis and epidemiology of acute diarrheal diseases

En el presente estudio se realizó la caracterización de Escherichia coli Enteropatogénica (EPEC) y Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica (EHEC), dos categorías patogénicas de E. Coli, causantes de la lesión de adherencia y esfacelación (EAEE), en muestras de heces diarreicas de niños menores a 5 años. El perfil patogénico de EAEE se realizo mediante el análisis por PCR, de los genes intimina (eae), bundlina (bfpA) y toxinas siga (stx1 y stx2). Estas pruebas, se complementaron con ensayos fenotípicos de la resistencia a antibióticos, fermentación de sorbitol y producción de b-D-glucoronidasa. La prevalencia de EAEE fue del 7% con preponderancia de las cepas EPEC (95%) sobre EHEC. Se encontró una mayor proporción (83%) de cepas EPEC atípicas que típicas. Un alto porcentaje de los aislados de EPEC es resistente a más de 5 antibióticos analizados. La frecuencia de multiresistencia a bloques de 5 y 2 antibióticos sugiere que la resistencia es transmisible por vía horizontal. La correlación entre la pertenencia a un serogrupo particular de EPEC y las características genotípicas, mostró heterogeneidad en el perfil de patogenicidad tanto entre un mismo como entre diferentes serogrupos, demostrando que el diagnostico de DEC mediante serotipificación no es útil en nuestro medio. Los aislados de EHEC, se caracterizan por presentar una marcada susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. Se reporta la presencia de los serogrupos O157 y O6. Este estudio, constituye el primer reporte en nuestro medio sobre la determinación y caracterización geno-fenotípica de EPEC y EHEC por métodos moleculares. En conjunto, los datos obtenidos tienen relevancia para el diagnostico, tratamiento y estudio de la epidemiología de AEEC en las EDA en Bolivia.

In this study, enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E. Coli, two E. Coli categories causing attaching and effacing lesions, were isolated and characterized from children with diarrhea less than 5 years of age. The AEEC pathogenic profile was analyzed by PCR for the presence of the intimin (eae), bundle-forming pilus (bfpA) and Shiga toxin (stx, stx2) genes. Phenotypic analysis for the presence of antibiotic multi-resistance, sorbitol fermentation and B-D glucoronidase were also performed. AEEC prevalence was 7%. EPEC accounted for 95% of the isolates of which 83% were atypical. A high percentage of EPEC isolates is resistant to more than 5 antibiotics. The multi-resistance frequency to 5 and 2 antibiotics suggest antibiotic resistance transmission by lateral transfer. The lack of correlations between EPEC serogroups and genotypic strain profile demonstrates that serological DEC diagnosis is not useful for local isolates. EHEC isolates were remarkably susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested. The isolation of 0157 and 06 serogroups is reported. This is the first report of EPEC and EHEC molecular strain characterization. The results described are relevant for EAEE diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of diarrheal diseases in Bolivia.