Early termination of pregnancy: differences in gestational age estimation using last menstrual period and ultrasound in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Gestational age estimation is key to the provision of abortion, to ensure safety and successful termination of pregnancy. We compared gestational age based on reported last menstrual period and ultrasonography among a large sample of women in Mexico City's public first trimester abortion program, Interrupcion Legal de Embarazo (ILE). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 43,219 clinical records of women seeking abortion services in the public abortion program from 2007 to 2015. We extracted gestational age estimates in days based on last menstrual period and ultrasonography. We calculated the proportion of under- and over-estimation of gestational age based on last menstrual period versus ultrasonography. We compared overall differences in estimates and focused on discrepancies at two relevant cut-offs points (70 days for medication abortion eligibility and 90 days for ILE program eligibility). RESULTS: On average, ultrasonography estimation was nearly 1 (- 0.97) days less than the last menstrual period estimation (SD = 13.9), indicating women tended to overestimate the duration of their pregnancy based on recall of date of last menstrual period. Overall, 51.4% of women overestimated and 38.5% underestimated their gestations based on last menstrual period. Using a 70-day limit, 93.8% of women who were eligible for medication abortion based on ultrasonography would have been correctly classified using last menstrual period estimation alone. Using the 90-day limit for ILE program eligibility, 96.0% would have been eligible for first trimester abortion based on last menstrual period estimation alone. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of women can estimate gestational age using last menstrual period date. Where available, ultrasonography can be used, but it should not be a barrier to providing care.

[Provision of immediate postpartum contraceptivemethods in Mexico, 2018-19]. / Provisión de métodos anticonceptivos en el posparto inmediato en México, 2018-19.

OBJECTIVE: To identify sociodemographic and health services factors associated with receipt of immediate post-partum (IPP) contraception and the type of contraceptive method received. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut), 2018-19, which contains information on 4 548 women aged 12-49 years who gave birth. We described receipt of IPP contraception and method type and used multivariable logistic (n=4 544) and multinomial regression (n=2 903) to examine receipt of any modern method and type of method. RESULTS: 65% of women received IPP contraception. 56.8% of adolescents received long-acting reversible contraception (43.7% IUD & 13.1% implant). Being indigenous, having only one child, or receiving care in State Health Services/IMSS-Prospera or private sector facilities were associated with lower odds of receiving IPP contraception. CONCLUSIONS: We identify progress in the IPP contraception coverage among adoles-cents. Disparities persist in receipt of IPP contraception by type of health insurance.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la anticoncepción posparto (APP) y tipo de método anticonceptivo recibido según características sociodemográficas y de atención del parto de las mujeres. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2018-19 en4 548 mujeres de 12-49 años que tuvieron un parto. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística (n=4 544) y multinomial (n=2 903) con variables dependientes APP y tipo de anti-conceptivo recibido. RESULTADOS: Se encontró que 65% de las mujeres recibieron APP,y 56.8% de las adolescentes un método reversible de larga duración (43.7% DIU y 13.1% implantes). Ser indígena, tener un hijo, o recibir atención en los servicios estatales de salud/IMSS-Prospera o privadas, se asocia con menores posibilidades de APP. CONCLUSIONES: Se identificaron progresos en la cobertura de APP en las adolescentes. Persisten brechas de acuerdo con el asegura-miento en salud tanto en la recepción de APP como en el tipo de método recibido.

[Induced abortion in Mexico: what do Mexican Ob/Gyn know, think and do]. / Aborto inducido en México: qué piensan y hacen los ginecoobstetras.

BACKGROUND: The causals for legal abortion in Mexico vary as established by the Constitution of each State; from 2007 it is legal in Mexico City. OBJECTIVE: To identify knowledge, attitudes and practice of abortion between gynecologists and obstetricians. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Survey study conducted between some of the gynaeco-obstetricians attended the 64th Mexican Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics held in Mexico City, October 2013. RESULTS: From the 1,085 respondents, 77% correctly identified that abortion is legal accord to Constitutional Signs of each State; 17.5% said it is never legal and 5.7% thought that is always legal. The 67% comment that public institutions should have infrastructure and trained medical personnal to legal abortion practice. The 72% response they would attend or denounce the woman who underwent an abortion outlawed. The remaining 28% showed negative attitudes, from informing the couple or parents (18%), scold women (2%) or reporting it to the authorities (8%). In 39%, they felt that the medical profession who practice discriminates abortions; 28% admit stigmatize partener and 27% feel stigmatized if performing abortions. Percentage high hospitalized patients in case of early abortions, for surgical or medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to increase and improve knowledge technical and legal about abortion, especially among gynaeco-obstetricians, they are who responsibility to comply about prescribed by law, in accordance with international recommendations and the exercise of reproductive rights of women.

Prenatal care utilization and perinatal outcomes among pregnant adolescents in Mexico, 2008-2019.

OBJECTIVE: To describe utilization of prenatal care and outcomes of low birth weight and preterm birth among adolescent births in Mexico. METHODS: We used birth certificate data and included live births to individuals 10-24 years, 2008-2019. Our outcomes were binary measures of adequate prenatal care, low birth weight, and preterm birth. We compared adolescents (10-14 years, 15-16, and 17-19) to those 20-24 years. We included individual-, clinical-, and municipality-level variables, used multivariable logistic regression, and calculated adjusted predicted probabilities. We also tested whether receipt of prenatal care moderated the relationship of age with preterm birth and low birth weight. RESULTS: We included a total of 12 106 710 births to women 10-24 years. The adjusted predicted probability of adequate prenatal care increased with age: 56.07% (95% CI 55.82-56.31%) adjusted probability among adolescents 10-14 years compared with 65.51% (95% CI 65.48%-65.55%) among individuals 20-24 years. Receipt of adequate prenatal care in part mitigated disparities in preterm birth and low birthweight across all age groups: 7.30% (95% CI 7.17%-7.43%) adjusted probability of delivering a preterm infant among those 10-14 years who received adequate prenatal care compared with 9.37% (95% CI 9.20%-9.53%) among those 10-14 years without adequate prenatal care. CONCLUSION: In Mexico, adolescent pregnancies are associated with inadequate prenatal care as well as higher odds of preterm delivery and low birth weight. Youngest adolescents (10-14 years) have the highest probability of adverse outcomes. Adequate prenatal care may help partially mitigate disparities in poor perinatal outcomes.

[Coverage for birth care in Mexico and its interpretation within the context of maternal mortality]. / Cobertura de atención del parto en México. Su interpretación en el contexto de la mortalidad materna.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate health coverage for birth care in Mexico within the frame of maternal mortality reduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two information sources were used: 1) The comparison between the results yield by the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Surveys 2006 and 2012 (ENSANUT 2006 and 2012), and 2) the databases monitoring maternal deaths during 2012 (up to December 26), and live births (LB) in Mexico as estimated by the Mexican National Population Council (Conapo). RESULTS: The national coverage for birth care by medical units is nearly 94.4% at the national level, but in some federal entities such as Chiapas (60.5%), Nayarit (87.8%), Guerrero (91.2%), Durango (92.5%), Oaxaca (92.6%), and Puebla (93.4%), coverage remains below the national average. In women belonging to any social security system (eg. IMSS, IMSS Oportunidades, ISSSTE), coverage is almost 99%, whereas in those affiliated to the Mexican Popular Health Insurance (which depends directly from the Federal Ministry of Health), coverage reached 92.9%. In terms of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), there are still large disparities among federal states in Mexico, with a national average of 47.0 per 100 000 LB (preliminary data for 2012, up to December 26). The MMR estimation has been updated using the most recent population projections. CONCLUSION: There is no correlation between the level of institutional birth care and the MMR in Mexico. It is thus necessary not only to guarantee universal birth care by health professionals, but also to provide obstetric care by qualified personnel in functional health services networks, to strengthen the quality of obstetric care, family planning programs, and to promote the implementation of new and innovative health policies that include intersectoral actions and human rights-based approaches targeted to reduce the enormous social inequity still prevailing in Mexico.

Association of maternal age 35 years and over and prenatal care utilization, preterm birth, and low birth weight, Mexico 2008-2019.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prenatal care utilization, low birth weight, and preterm birth among women aged 35 years and older in Mexico from 2008 to 2019. METHODS: We conducted a historical cohort study of all singleton live births in Mexico from 2008 to 2019. Outcomes were inadequate prenatal care, preterm birth, and low birth weight. We compared outcomes among women aged 35-39, 40-44, and 45-49 years with births to women aged 20-34 years. We used logistic regression to account for individual, health system, and contextual confounders. RESULTS: We included a total of 19 526 922 births; 2 325 725 (11.9%) were to women aged 35 years and older. Women aged 45-49 years had the lowest levels of education, were more likely to be uninsured, and came from highly marginalized municipalities while those aged 35-39 years had the highest levels of education and insurance and came from the least marginalized municipalities. The odds of inadequate prenatal care (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.15), preterm birth (aOR 2.05; 95% CI 1.97-2.13), and low birth weight (aOR 2.03; 95% CI 1.95-2.12) were highest for women aged 45-49 years, compared with women aged 20-34 years. The odds of adverse perinatal outcomes increased progressively with age, but the odds of inadequate prenatal care (aOR 0.77; 95% CI 0.76-0.77) were lowest for women aged 35-39 years, when compared with women aged 20-34 years. CONCLUSION: Women who deliver at 35 years and over are a heterogeneous group in Mexico. Being 35 years old and older is associated with increases in preterm birth and low birth weight neonates. Women who give birth between 45 and 49 years may be especially vulnerable.

Accompaniment on the edge: What can the US learn from Latin America about contested abortion care?

The US has stood as a reference point for abortion rights in the Americas since 1973, however in 2022, the US Supreme Court revoked the constitutional right to abortion. Facing similar circumstances, a huge number of grass roots accompanist networks have arisen throughout Latin America. These collectives are typically organized loosely within state and national networks that provide training and medication/supplies and promote advocacy and the expansion of new collectives. Extensive evidence and lived experience support the safety and effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion. Much can be learned from the Latin American accompanist model in the modern struggle for reproductive justice in the US. Accompaniment networks in Mexico have provided transborder abortion services-via misoprostol delivery-to US-based women living in states that required long travel or high costs to access services. Now, these transborder services will take on a new level of significance. Guaranteeing safe and low-cost access to abortion services is a key tenet of reproductive justice. Instead of relying on the political process alone to eventually provide abortion access through legal channels, an accompanist model provides an icon of resistance to oppressive legal shifts, and directly provides services to women.

Sexual and reproductive health among adolescents in vulnerable contexts in Mexico: Needs, knowledge, and rights.

Ensuring sexual and reproductive health, and rights for adolescents entails the prevention of early pregnancies, which are widely recognized as a public health problem. Based on the ecological model for early pregnancy, this article identifies the healthcare requirements for preventing unintended adolescent pregnancies in predominantly indigenous communities in Chiapas, Mexico. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods study design, we surveyed adolescents (12-15 years old) and health personnel, organized focus groups with adolescents and their parents, and conducted in-depth interviews at the individual, family, school and community levels. Results showed that adolescents recognized their right to receive sexuality education (64.5%) as well as information on contraceptive methods (53.0%), with indigenous language speakers and individuals living in overcrowded households less likely to know about these rights. Parents of adolescents knew little about contraception and pregnancy. School teachers lacked necessary tools for offering comprehensive sexuality education. A traditional, patriarchal perspective predominated among participants, fostering gender inequalities. In conclusion, it is essential to implement multifocal strategies under a human-rights, intercultural, and health-equity approach. Special attention should be directed to the spheres in which adolescents interact, and efforts should focus on improving knowledge, empowering adolescents, and enhancing their access to sexual and reproductive health resources.

Trends in subdermal contraceptive implant use in Mexico 2009-2018: A population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe subdermal implant use in Mexico over time, by state and by age. METHODS: We conducted a repeated cross-sectional study using the 2009, 2014, and 2018 waves of the National Survey of Demographic Dynamics (Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica Demográfica [ENADID]). Our outcome was current use of contraception, by type, with a focus on the implant. We used visualizations, descriptive and bivariate statistics, and multinomial models to assess change over time, geographic patterns, method mix, and factors associated with implant use (vs intrauterine device [IUD] or other hormonal methods). RESULTS: Implant use is increasing over time in Mexico, from 1.1% of women who have ever used a method in 2009 to 4.5% in 2018 (P < 0.001); the change is greatest among adolescents (2.5% in 2009 to 12.2% in 2018; P < 0.001). Change in implant use as a fraction of modern method use was heterogeneous across Mexican states. The adjusted relative likelihood of using an implant compared with IUD was 34% higher for adolescents compared with women aged 20-29 years (relative risk ratio 1.34, 95% confidence interval 1.16-1.55, P < 0.001), controlling for other variables in the model. CONCLUSION: Use of subdermal implants is increasing over time in Mexico and is concentrated among adolescents. Implants have the potential to expand access to highly effective contraception in Mexico.

Travelling for abortion services in Mexico 2016-2019: community-level contexts of Mexico City public abortion clients.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the community context of women who travel to access Mexico City's public sector abortion programme and identify factors associated with travelling from highly marginalised settings. METHODS: We used data from the Interrupción Legal de Embarazo (ILE) programme (2016-2019) and identified all abortion clients who travelled from outside Mexico City. We merged in contextual information at the municipality level and used descriptive statistics to describe ILE clients' individual characteristics and municipalities on several measures of vulnerability. We also compared municipalities that ILE clients travelled from with those where no one travelled from. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with travelling to access ILE services from highly marginalised versus less marginalised municipalities. RESULTS: Our sample included 21 629 ILE clients who travelled to Mexico City from 491 municipalities within all 31 states outside Mexico City. The majority of clients travelled from the least marginalised (81.9%) and most populated (over 100 000 inhabitants; 91.3%) municipalities. Most (91.2%) ILE clients came from municipalities with adolescent fertility rates in the bottom three quintiles. Clients with a primary or secondary education (vs high school or more) and those from a municipality with a high adolescent fertility rate (top two quintiles) had higher odds of travelling from a highly marginalised (vs less) municipality (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.46, 95% CI 1.35 to 1.58 and aOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.68 to 2.12, respectively). CONCLUSION: ILE clients travel from geographically and socioeconomically diverse communities. There is an unmet need for legal abortion across Mexico.

Relationship Between Abortion at First Pregnancy and Live Births by Young Adulthood: A Population-Based Study Among Mexican Women.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with having an abortion (spontaneous or induced) at the time of first pregnancy, and to test the association between abortion in the first pregnancy and the number of live births among young women 20-24 years of age. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: We used a nationally representative survey of Mexican women 20-24 years of age with data at time of survey and retrospective measures of exposures in adolescence. We include 1913 women who reported ever having a pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOMES: Our outcomes were history of abortion (spontaneous or induced) and number of live births by 20-24 years of age. We used multivariable logistic regression models to estimate the association between sociodemographic factors at the time of pregnancy and abortion history, and between abortion history and number of live births. RESULTS: Among women 20-24 years of age who ever had a pregnancy, 15.5% reported an abortion in the first pregnancy, and 84.4% never had an abortion. Among women who had an abortion in the first pregnancy, 62.3% did not report any live birth by age 20-24 years. Young women living with their parents (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.87; confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-3.02) or with a partner with a higher educational level (AOR = 4.64; CI = 1.05-20.44) had greater odds of having an abortion in the first pregnancy. Compared with women who never had an abortion, women who reported an abortion in the first pregnancy had lower odds (AOR = 0.02; CI = 0.01-0.03) of having 1 or more children by the age of 20-24 years. CONCLUSION: Young women who reported abortion in the first pregnancy had fewer live births at ages 20-24 years compared to women with no history of abortion.

Preventing first births among adolescents in Mexico City's public abortion programme.

INTRODUCTION: We examined parity and age among women seeking an abortion in Mexico City's public first-trimester abortion programme, Interrupcion Legal de Embarazo (ILE). We hypothesised that younger women, especially students, used abortion to prevent first births while older women used abortion to limit births. METHODS: We used clinical data from a sample of 47 462 women who had an abortion between 2007 and 2016 and classified them as nulliparous or parous according to previous births prior to the abortion. We used logistic regression to identify sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with using abortion to prevent a first birth (nulliparous) versus limiting births (parous) and calculated absolute multivariable predicted probabilities. RESULTS: Overall, 41% of abortions were in nulliparous women seeking to prevent a first birth, and 59% were in women who already had one or more children. The adjusted probability of using abortion to prevent a first birth was 80.4% (95% CI 78.3 to 82.4) for women aged 12-17 years and 54.3% (95% CI 51.6 to 57.0) for women aged 18-24 years. Adolescents (aged 12-17 years) who were employed or students had nearly 90% adjusted probability of using abortion to prevent a first birth (employed 87.8%, 95% CI 82.9 to 92.8; students 88.5%, 95% CI 82.9 to 94.1). At all ages, employed women and students had higher probabilities of using abortion to prevent a first birth compared with unemployed women and women who work in the home. CONCLUSION: Legal first-trimester abortion services in Mexico can help prevent first births in adolescents, especially students.

Characteristics of private abortion services in Mexico City after legalization.

In 2007, first trimester abortion was legalized in Mexico City, and the public sector rapidly expanded its abortion services. In 2008, to obtain information on the effect of the law on private sector abortion services, we interviewed 135 physicians working in private clinics, located through an exhaustive search. A large majority of the clinics offered a range of reproductive health services, including abortions. Over 70% still used dilatation and curettage (D&C); less than a third offered vacuum aspiration or medical abortion. The average number of abortions per facility was only three per month; few reported more than 10 abortions monthly. More than 90% said they had been offering abortion services for less than 20 months. Many women are still accessing abortion services privately, despite the availability of free or low-cost services at public facilities. However, the continuing use of D&C, high fees (mean of $157-505), poor pain management practices, unnecessary use of ultrasound, general anaesthesia and overnight stays, indicate that private sector abortion services are expensive and far from optimal. Now that abortions are legal, these results highlight the need for private abortion providers to be trained in recommended abortion methods and quality of private abortion care improved.

Inequalities in access to and quality of abortion services in Mexico: Can task-sharing be an opportunity to increase legal and safe abortion care?

First-trimester abortion became legal in Mexico City in April 2007. Since then, 216 755 abortions have been provided, initially in hospitals, by specialized physicians using surgical techniques. With time and experience, services were provided increasingly in health centers, by general physicians using medical therapies. Meanwhile, abortion remains legally restricted in the remaining 31/32 Mexican states. Demand and need for abortion care have increased throughout the country, while overall abortion-specific mortality rates have declined. In an effort to ensure universal access to and improved quality of reproductive and maternal health services, including abortion, Mexico recently expanded its cadres of health professionals. While initial advances are evident in pregnancy and delivery care, many obstacles and barriers impair the task-sharing/shifting process in abortion care. Efforts to expand the provider base for legal abortion and postabortion care to include midlevel professionals should be pursued by authorities in the new Mexican administration to further reduce abortion mortality and complications.

Contraceptive Receipt Among First-Trimester Abortion Clients and Postpartum Women in Urban Mexico.

CONTEXT: In Mexico, first-trimester abortion is legal in Mexico City and is available in the public and private sectors. Understanding subsequent contraceptive uptake and method mix among first-trimester abortion clients relative to that of women who deliver a live birth at a health facility could help identify where improvements in care following an obstetric event can be made across the health system. METHODS: This article uses a retrospective cohort study to compare uptake of contraception prior to discharge between abortion clients in Mexico City's public abortion program and postpartum women from urban settings. The two data sources were clinical records of 45,233 abortion clients in Mexico City and information from a population-based survey of 1,289 urban women on their immediate postpartum contraceptive adoption. The primary outcome investigated was receipt of any reversible modern contraceptive method; secondary outcomes were level of method effectiveness and method type. Logistic regression and calculated multivariable probabilities were used to control for the effects of sociodemographic factors across the two data sources. RESULTS: The adjusted probability of uptake of any reversible modern method of contraception was higher among abortion clients than among postpartum women (67% vs. 48%). However, among all women who had received a contraceptive method, abortion clients had a lower adjusted probability of having received a long-acting reversible contraceptive than did postpartum women (49% vs. 82%) and a higher probability of having received a moderately effective method (38% vs. 13%). The adjusted probability of implant uptake was higher among abortion clients than among postpartum women (9% vs. 3%), while the adjusted probability of IUD uptake was lower (38% vs. 78%). CONCLUSIONS: Women receiving abortions in Mexico City's public abortion program were more likely than urban postpartum women to receive a reversible modern contraceptive method before leaving the facility. Women should be offered the full range of contraceptive methods after any obstetric event, to help them prevent unintended pregnancy and avoid short interpregnancy intervals.

RESUMEN Contexto: En México, el aborto de primer trimestre es legal en la Ciudad de México y está disponible en los sectores público y privado. Comprender la forma en que las clientas de aborto de primer trimestre adoptan el uso de anticonceptivos y la combinación de métodos subsiguientes en comparación a como lo hacen las mujeres que dan a luz a un nacido vivo en una institución de salud, podría ayudar a identificar dónde, en el sistema de salud, se pueden realizar mejoras en la atención después de un evento obstétrico. Métodos: Este artículo utiliza un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo para comparar la adopción de anticonceptivos por parte de clientas de servicios de aborto que participan en el Programa de Interrupción Legal del Embarazo en el sector público de la Ciudad de México y las mujeres posparto de entornos urbanos, previo a ser dadas de alta de la institución de salud. Las dos fuentes de datos fueron los registros clínicos de 45,233 clientas de servicios de aborto en la Ciudad de México y la información de una encuesta poblacional aplicada a 1,289 mujeres urbanas sobre su adopción inmediata de anticonceptivos posparto. El resultado primario investigado fue la recepción de cualquier método anticonceptivo moderno reversible; los resultados secundarios fueron el nivel de efectividad del método y el tipo de método. Se utilizó regresión logística y probabilidades multivariadas calculadas para controlar los efectos de los factores sociodemográficos en las dos fuentes de datos. Resultados: La probabilidad ajustada de la adopción de cualquier método anticonceptivo moderno reversible fue mayor entre las usuarias de aborto que entre las mujeres en período posparto (67% vs. 48%). Sin embargo, en el total de mujeres que habían recibido un método anticonceptivo, las clientas de servicios de aborto tuvieron una probabilidad ajustada menor de haber recibido un anticonceptivo reversible de acción prolongada que las mujeres posparto (49% frente a 82%) y una probabilidad más alta de haber recibido un método anticonceptivo moderadamente eficaz (38% vs. 13%). La probabilidad ajustada de adopción del implante fue mayor entre las usuarias de aborto que entre las mujeres en período posparto (9% vs. 3%), mientras que la probabilidad ajustada de adopción del DIU fue menor (38% vs. 78%). Conclusiones: Las mujeres que se recibieron servicios de aborto en el Programa de Interrupción Legal del Embarazo en el sector público de la Ciudad de México tuvieron más probabilidades que las mujeres urbanas en período posparto de recibir un método anticonceptivo moderno reversible antes de ser dadas de alta de la institución de salud. A las mujeres se les debe ofrecer la gama completa de métodos anticonceptivos después de cualquier evento obstétrico, para ayudarlas a prevenir embarazos no deseados y evitar intervalos cortos entre embarazos.

RÉSUMÉ Contexte: Au Mexique, l'avortement au premier trimestre de la grossesse est légal dans la ville de Mexico et peut être obtenu dans le secteur public et privé. Comprendre l'adoption ultérieure de la contraception par les patientes de l'avortement au premier trimestre et leur éventail de méthodes, par rapport aux femmes qui accouchent d'un enfant vivant en structure sanitaire pourrait aider à identifier les possibilités d'amélioration des soins après un événement obstétrical dans l'ensemble du système de santé. Méthodes: Sur la base d'une étude de cohorte rétrospective, cet article compare l'adoption de la contraception avant la sortie de la structure de soins, entre les patientes ayant subi un avortement dans le cadre du programme public d'avortement de Mexico et les femmes post-partum en milieu urbain. Les deux sources de données considérées sont les dossiers cliniques de 45 233 patientes de l'avortement à Mexico et l'information obtenue d'une enquête en population relative à 1 289 femmes urbaines concernant leur adoption immédiate de la contraception après l'accouchement. Le résultat principal examiné était l'obtention d'une méthode contraceptive moderne réversible quelconque; les résultats secondaires étaient le niveau d'efficacité de la méthode et le type de méthode. Pour les deux sources de données, les effets de facteurs sociodémographiques ont été contrôlés par régression logistique et probabilités multivariables calculées. Résultats: La probabilité corrigée d'adoption d'une méthode de contraception moderne réversible quelconque s'est avérée supérieure parmi les patientes de l'avortement (67% contre 48% chez les femmes post-partum). Cependant, sur la totalité des femmes ayant reçu une méthode contraceptive, les patientes de l'avortement présentaient une moindre probabilité corrigée d'avoir obtenu une méthode réversible à longue durée d'action (49% contre 82% des femmes post-partum) et une plus forte probabilité d'avoir obtenu une méthode modérément efficace (38% contre 13%). La probabilité corrigée d'adoption de l'implant s'est révélée supérieure parmi les clientes de l'avortement (9% contre 3% chez les femmes post-partum), tandis que la probabilité corrigée d'adoption du DIU était plus faible (38% contre 78%). Conclusions: Les femmes qui obtiennent un avortement dans le cadre du programme public d'avortement de Mexico étaient plus susceptibles que leurs homologues post-partum urbaines de recevoir une méthode contraceptive moderne réversible avant de quitter la structure. La gamme complète de méthodes contraceptives doit être proposée aux femmes après tout événement obstétrical, pour les aider à éviter les grossesses non planifiées et les intervalles de grossesse courts.

Con la ley y sin la ley/With and without the law: Utilization of abortion services and case fatality in Mexico, 2000-2016.

OBJECTIVE: To describe utilization of health services for, and case fatality from, abortion in Mexico. METHOD: A historical cohort study using a census of state-level aggregate hospital discharge and primary care clinic data across Mexico's 32 states from January 2000 to December 2016. Abortive events and changes over time in utilization per 1000 women aged 15-44 years, and case fatality per 100 000 abortion-related events were described by year, health sector, and state. Associations of location (Mexico City vs 31 other states) and time (Mexico City implemented legal abortion services in 2007) with outcomes were tested by linear regression, controlling for secular trends. RESULTS: The national abortion utilization rate was 6.7 per 1000 women in 2000, peaked at 7.9 in 2011, and plateaued to 7.0 in 2016. In Mexico City, utilization peaked at 16.7 in 2014 and then plateaued. Nationwide, the case-fatality rate declined over time from 53.7 deaths per 100 000 events in 2000 to 33.0 in 2016. Case fatality declined more rapidly in Mexico City than in the other 31 states to 12.3 in 2015. CONCLUSION: Case fatality from abortive events has decreased across Mexico. Where abortion became legal, utilization increased sharply but plateaued afterward.

[Mechanisms of action of emergency contraception]. / Mecanismos de acción de la anticoncepción hormonal de emergencia: efectos del levonorgestrel anteriores y posteriores a la fecundación.

There is still controversy regarding the mechanism of action of levonorgestrel (LNG) for emergency contraception (EC). For those who state that pregnancy starts prior to implantation, any compound able to interfere with post-fertilization and pre-implantation stages, should be considered as abortifacient. Previous research suggests that EC in humans acts predominantly after fertilization. Current evidence with LNG-only EC supports a pre-fertilization mechanisms to explain its action. There are many potential mechanisms of action, which could vary pending on the day during the fertilization window of the ovarian cycle at which the contraceptive is given. This paper reviews the evidence for each potential mechanism of action. According to the most recently statements, it is concluded that the primary and possible the only mechanism of action of LNG-only EC is preventing or delaying ovulation.

Misoprostol knowledge and distribution in Mexico City after the change in abortion law: a survey of pharmacy staff.

OBJECTIVE: First-trimester abortion is widely available in Mexico City since legalisation in 2007, but few data exist surrounding pharmacy staff knowledge and sales practices. We describe misoprostol availability, whether a prescription is required, and knowledge of the legal status of abortion and uses for misoprostol among pharmacy staff in Mexico City. METHODS: Data were collected from 174 pharmacies in Mexico City. One employee at each pharmacy was asked about availability, need for prescription, indications for misoprostol, and sociodemographic information. Our primary outcome was availability of misoprostol. We used descriptive and bivariate statistics to compare knowledge and practices by type of pharmacy and staff gender. PATIENTS AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT: No patients were involved in this study. RESULTS: Of the 174 pharmacies, 65 were chain and 109 small independent. Misoprostol was available at 61% of sites. Only 49% of independent pharmacies sold misoprostol, compared with 81.5% of chain pharmacies (p<0.05). Knowledge of indications for misoprostol use was similar. The majority (80%) of respondents knew that abortion was legal in Mexico City, and 44% reported requiring a prescription for sale of misoprostol, with no significant difference between male and female staff or by pharmacy type. CONCLUSIONS: Availability, requirement of a prescription, and knowledge of indications for use of misoprostol varies among pharmacies, resulting in differential access to medical abortion. Pharmacies may be a good place to target education for pharmacy staff and women about safe and effective use of misoprostol for abortion.