RESUMO
Dry heating (DH) at 100⯰C for 36â¯h of a whey protein isolate powder conditioned at pHâ¯9.5 leads to the formation of stable, large and porous whey protein microparticles (PMs), resulting from the crosslinking of proteins inside the powder. These PMs could be used as high-viscosity food ingredients. Casein, present as a contaminant in whey protein powders, has been shown to become incorporated into the PMs. In this study, we investigated the effect of adding increasing amounts of sodium caseinate to whey protein powders on the formation of PMs during DH at 100⯰C for 36â¯h. In addition, we studied PM formation during DH of a micellar casein-enriched milk protein powder (Casmic). The browning index of the dry-heated powders, and the size and water content of the microparticles were also characterized. We confirmed that sodium caseinate was incorporated into the PMs. The highest PM D[4,3] values (270⯵m) were observed for powders with around 40% caseinate. Powders without added caseinate displayed D[4,3] values of 150⯵m. The yield of conversion of proteins into PMs increased from 0.6 to 0.8â¯g/g with caseinate addition, whereas the amount of water entrapped in the PMs decreased from around 30 to 20â¯g/g. PMs were also formed by DH of the Casmic powder, but these particles were smaller, with sizes of around 80⯵m. In conclusion, our study shows that the process of DH at pHâ¯9.5 could be applied to all milk proteins to obtain PMs with functional properties that could be used in the food industry.
Assuntos
Caseínas/química , Proteínas do Soro do Leite/química , Manipulação de Alimentos , Temperatura Alta , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Tamanho da PartículaRESUMO
Modification of whey protein isolate (WPI) powders is used in the food industry to enhance the functional properties of WPI. We investigated the impact of severe dry heating (DH) at 100⯰C for up to 36â¯h on an alkaline-treated (pHâ¯9.5), spray dried (water activity of ~0.24) WPI powder. Dry heated powders and their reconstituted suspensions were analysed. DH for 0-6â¯h led to 47% loss of native proteins, increases in the levels of soluble aggregates (×2.2) and of advanced glycation end-products of the Maillard reaction (at least ×2.7) and to powder browning (at least ×3) with a 95% decrease in free lactose content. DH for at least 12â¯h led to a decrease in soluble aggregates with concomitant formation of large, stable and insoluble microparticles. These microparticles had a microsphere structure, contained 98% of water phase and were made of insoluble powder particles resulting from protein cross-links during DH. Microparticle size could be altered by varying the pH of the suspension: at pHâ¯6.5, microsphere size was 3-5 times larger than powder particle size, but decreased as the suspension pH neared the isoelectric point. DH could be a useful method for producing functional protein ingredients as these microparticles had very high water retention properties and high viscosity values.
Assuntos
Temperatura Alta , Microesferas , Proteínas do Soro do Leite , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Reação de Maillard , Tamanho da Partícula , Agregados Proteicos , Desnaturação Proteica , Proteínas do Soro do Leite/análise , Proteínas do Soro do Leite/química , Proteínas do Soro do Leite/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Whey protein products are of widespread use as food ingredients because of their high nutritional, biological and functional properties. Whey proteins are important structural components in many foods as used in their native form, for example for their heat-induced gelation abilities. Furthermore, they also offer reliable functionalities when modified by heating processes as denatured or aggregated proteins. Heat treatment of whey proteins in a liquid state has received much attention in recent years. While dry heating of whey proteins, say heating whey proteins in the dry state, is frequently cited in the literature as a potential and efficient means to improve the functional properties of proteins, it has received very little attention. We report first on the dry heating of whey products as applied to promote glycation of whey proteins with a low denaturation, and second, to promote their denaturation and aggregation and on their consequences on the functional properties of whey proteins.