Effect of acetazolamide on visual function in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and mild visual loss: the idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial.

IMPORTANCE: Acetazolamide is commonly used to treat idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), but there is insufficient information to establish an evidence base for its use. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether acetazolamide is beneficial in improving vision when added to a low-sodium weight reduction diet in patients with IIH and mild visual loss. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study of acetazolamide in 165 participants with IIH and mild visual loss who received a low-sodium weight-reduction diet. Participants were enrolled at 38 academic and private practice sites in North America from March 2010 to November 2012 and followed up for 6 months (last visit in June 2013). All participants met the modified Dandy criteria for IIH and had a perimetric mean deviation (PMD) between -2 dB and -7 dB. The mean age was 29 years and all but 4 participants were women. INTERVENTIONS: Low-sodium weight-reduction diet plus the maximally tolerated dosage of acetazolamide (up to 4 g/d) or matching placebo for 6 months. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The planned primary outcome variable was the change in PMD from baseline to month 6 in the most affected eye, as measured by Humphrey Field Analyzer. Perimetric mean deviation is a measure of global visual field loss (mean deviation from age-corrected normal values), with a range of 2 to -32 dB; larger negative values indicate greater vision loss. Secondary outcome variables included changes in papilledema grade, quality of life (Visual Function Questionnaire 25 [VFQ-25] and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey), headache disability, and weight at month 6. RESULTS: The mean improvement in PMD was greater with acetazolamide (1.43 dB, from -3.53 dB at baseline to -2.10 dB at month 6; n = 86) than with placebo (0.71 dB, from -3.53 dB to -2.82 dB; n = 79); the difference was 0.71 dB (95% CI, 0 to 1.43 dB; P = .050). Mean improvements in papilledema grade (acetazolamide: -1.31, from 2.76 to 1.45; placebo: -0.61, from 2.76 to 2.15; treatment effect, -0.70; 95% CI, -0.99 to -0.41; P < .001) and vision-related quality of life as measured by the National Eye Institute VFQ-25 (acetazolamide: 8.33, from 82.97 to 91.30; placebo: 1.98, from 82.97 to 84.95; treatment effect, 6.35; 95% CI, 2.22 to 10.47; P = .003) and its 10-item neuro-ophthalmic supplement (acetazolamide: 9.82, from 75.45 to 85.27; placebo: 1.59, from 75.45 to 77.04; treatment effect, 8.23; 95% CI, 3.89 to 12.56; P < .001) were also observed with acetazolamide. Participants assigned to acetazolamide also experienced a reduction in weight (acetazolamide: -7.50 kg, from 107.72 kg to 100.22 kg; placebo: -3.45 kg, from 107.72 kg to 104.27 kg; treatment effect, -4.05 kg, 95% CI, -6.27 to -1.83 kg; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In patients with IIH and mild visual loss, the use of acetazolamide with a low-sodium weight-reduction diet compared with diet alone resulted in modest improvement in visual field function. The clinical importance of this improvement remains to be determined. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01003639.

Update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

Despite improvements in cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) design, application of timely infection control practices, and administration of antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of device placement, CIED infections continue to occur and can be life-threatening. This has prompted the study of all aspects of CIED infections. Recognizing the recent advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology, management, and prevention of CIED infections, the American Heart Association commissioned this scientific statement to educate clinicians about CIED infections, provide explicit recommendations for the care of patients with suspected or established CIED infections, and highlight areas of needed research.

Home use of automated external defibrillators for sudden cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUND: The most common location of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest is the home, a situation in which emergency medical services are challenged to provide timely care. Consequently, home use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) might offer an opportunity to improve survival for patients at risk. METHODS: We randomly assigned 7001 patients with previous anterior-wall myocardial infarction who were not candidates for an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator to receive one of two responses to sudden cardiac arrest occurring at home: either the control response (calling emergency medical services and performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR]) or the use of an AED, followed by calling emergency medical services and performing CPR. The primary outcome was death from any cause. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 62 years; 17% were women. The median follow-up was 37.3 months. Overall, 450 patients died: 228 of 3506 patients (6.5%) in the control group and 222 of 3495 patients (6.4%) in the AED group (hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.17; P=0.77). Mortality did not differ significantly in major prespecified subgroups. Only 160 deaths (35.6%) were considered to be from sudden cardiac arrest from tachyarrhythmia. Of these deaths, 117 occurred at home; 58 at-home events were witnessed. AEDs were used in 32 patients. Of these patients, 14 received an appropriate shock, and 4 survived to hospital discharge. There were no documented inappropriate shocks. CONCLUSIONS: For survivors of anterior-wall myocardial infarction who were not candidates for implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator, access to a home AED did not significantly improve overall survival, as compared with reliance on conventional resuscitation methods. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00047411 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).

Quality of life effects of automatic external defibrillators in the home: results from the Home Automatic External Defibrillator Trial (HAT).

BACKGROUND: Public access automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) can save lives, but most deaths from out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest occur at home. The Home Automatic External Defibrillator Trial (HAT) found no survival advantage for adding a home AED to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training for 7,001 patients with a prior anterior wall myocardial infarction. Quality of life (QOL) outcomes for both the patient and spouse/companion were secondary end points. METHODS: A subset of 1,007 study patients and their spouse/companions was randomly selected for ascertainment of QOL by structured interview at baseline and 12 and 24 months after enrollment. The primary QOL measures were the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form psychological well-being (reflecting anxiety and depression) and vitality (reflecting energy and fatigue) subscales. RESULTS: For patients and spouse/companions, the psychological well-being and vitality scales did not differ significantly between those randomly assigned an AED plus CPR training and controls who received CPR training only. None of the other QOL measures collected showed a clinically and statistically significant difference between treatment groups. Patients in the AED group were more likely to report being extremely or quite a bit reassured by their treatment assignment. Spouse/companions in the AED group reported being less often nervous about the possibility of using AED/CPR treatment than those in the CPR group. CONCLUSIONS: Adding access to a home AED to CPR training did not affect QOL either for patients with a prior anterior myocardial infarction or their spouse/companion but did provide more reassurance to the patients without increasing anxiety for spouse/companions.

Atrial fibrillation and quality of life after pacemaker implantation for sick sinus syndrome: data from the Mode Selection Trial (MOST).

BACKGROUND: In the Mode Selection Trial (MOST) of 2,010 patients with sinus node dysfunction, dual-chamber-paced patients had less atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure and had slightly improved health-related quality of life (QOL) compared with rate modulated right ventricular-paced patients. Our objective was to assess the impact of AF on QOL within MOST. METHODS: We analyzed serial QOL measures (Short Form-36, Specific Activity Scale, time trade-off) in 3 groups: (1) those without AF; (2) those with paroxysmal AF (PAF), but not chronic AF (CAF); and (3) those with CAF. We carried forward the last known QOL before crossover for all subsequent time points in patients randomized to rate modulated right ventricular pacing who crossed over to dual-chamber pacing for severe pacemaker syndrome. RESULTS: Three hundred seventeen patients (15.8%) had AF in the year after implantation, 206 patients within 3 months (191 PAF, 15 CAF), and another 159 (124 PAF, 35 CAF) between 3 and 12 months. There were no significant differences among groups in individual Short Form-36 subscales or time trade-off scores at 12 months as compared with baseline or 3 months. Cardiovascular health status was better at 12 months as compared with baseline or 3 months in those without AF. CONCLUSIONS: Atrial fibrillation after pacemaker implantation in elderly patients with sick sinus syndrome was not a major determinant of QOL. However, there was a trend toward better cardiovascular functional status in patients without AF.

Rationale and design of the Home Automatic External Defibrillator Trial (HAT).

Most cardiac arrests occur in the home, where emergency medical services (EMS) systems are challenged to provide timely care. Because a large proportion of sudden cardiac arrests (SCAs) are due to ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, home use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) might offer an opportunity to decrease mortality in those at risk. Predicting who will have a cardiac arrest in the general population is difficult. Individuals at high risk are usually easily identified and may become candidates for implantable cardioverter defibrillators. It is within the population at lower risk where home AEDs may be most useful. The purpose of the Home Automatic External Defibrillator Trial (HAT) is to test whether providing home access to an AED can improve survival in patients at modest risk of SCA, such as those surviving an anterior myocardial infarction but in whom implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy is not deemed necessary. Between January 23, 2003, and October 20, 2005, 7001 patients were enrolled, with completion of follow-up scheduled for September 30, 2007. Randomization was conducted in a 1:1 fashion between control therapy, comprising the standard lay response to SCA (calling the EMS and performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation), and the use of an AED first, followed by calling the EMS and performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The primary end point is all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes include survival from SCA (witnessed and unwitnessed, in home and out of home), incremental cost-effectiveness, and quality of life measures for both the patient and the spouse/companion. The results of the trial should be available in mid 2008.

Psychosocial status predicts mortality in patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.

BACKGROUND: Quality-of-life (QoL) instruments evaluate various aspects of physical, mental, and emotional health, but how these psychosocial characteristics impact long-term outcome after cardiac arrest and ventricular tachycardia (VT) is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of baseline QoL scores with long-term survival of patients enrolled in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) trial. METHODS: Formal QoL measures included SF-36 mental and physical components, Patient Concerns Checklist, and Ferrans and Powers Quality-of-Life Index-Cardiac Version. Multivariate Cox regression was used to assess the association of survival and these measures, adjusting for index arrhythmia type, gender, race, age, ejection fraction, history of congestive heart failure, antiarrhythmic therapy, and beta-blocker use. RESULTS: During mean follow-up of 546 +/- 356 days, 129 deaths occurred among 740 patients. Higher baseline SF-36 physical summary scores (P <.001), higher baseline QoL Index summary scores (P = .015), and lower baseline Patient Concerns Checklist summary scores (P = .047) were associated with longer survival, even after adjustment for clinical variables. When QoL measures were examined simultaneously, only the SF-36 physical summary score remained significant (P = .002). CONCLUSION: During recovery after sustained VT or cardiac arrest, formal baseline QoL assessment provides important prognostic information independent of traditional clinical data.

Cardiovascular outcomes with atrial-based pacing compared with ventricular pacing: meta-analysis of randomized trials, using individual patient data.

BACKGROUND: Several randomized trials have compared atrial-based (dual-chamber or atrial) pacing with ventricular pacing in patients with bradycardia. No trial has shown a mortality reduction, and only 1 small trial suggested a reduction in stroke. The goal of this review was to determine whether atrial-based pacing prevents major cardiovascular events. METHODS AND RESULTS: A systematic review was performed of publications since 1980. For inclusion, trials had to compare an atrial-based with a ventricular-based pacing mode; use a randomized, controlled, parallel design; and have data on mortality, stroke, heart failure, or atrial fibrillation. Individual patient data were obtained from 5 of the 8 identified studies, representing 95% of patients in the 8 trials, and a total of 35 000 patient-years of follow-up. There was no significant heterogeneity among the results of the individual trials. There was no significant reduction in mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87 to 1.03; P=0.19) or heart failure (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.03; P=0.15) with atrial-based pacing. There was a significant reduction in atrial fibrillation (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.89; P=0.00003) and a reduction in stroke that was of borderline significance (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.99; P=0.035). There was no convincing evidence that any patient subgroup received special benefit from atrial-based pacing. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with ventricular pacing, the use of atrial-based pacing does not improve survival or reduce heart failure or cardiovascular death. However, atrial-based pacing reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation and may modestly reduce stroke.

Partner quality of life in the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The quality of life (QOL) of patients with ventricular dysrhythmias is well studied, but less is known about the QOL of their partners. This study describes the QOL of partners of patients with serious ventricular dysrhythmias enrolled in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators trial. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A convenience sample of 124 partners of patients randomized to antiarrhythmic drugs (n = 59) or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (n = 65) in the Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators trial was obtained. The Short Form-36 and Quality of Life Index were assessed at baseline (postrandomization) and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The mean age of the partners was 62 years. Most were white and female. Their mean Short Form-36 scores were comparable to a normative age group. Partner and participant mean Short Form-36 and Quality of Life Index scores correlated modestly (range 0.25-0.36). The physical summary scores of partners using the Short Form-36 declined over time, whereas their mental summary scores remained stable. Partner concerns related to death, dysrhythmia recurrence, and the impact of dysrhythmias on enjoyment of life lessened from baseline to 12 months. Concern about implantable cardioverter defibrillator function remained stable over time. Although the sample size of this study was relatively small and limited by missing data for some assessments, it is the largest prospective study of QOL in partners of patients with serious dysrhythmias. The results offer a foundation for future research of the partners of patients with serious dysrhythmias in terms of identifying their needs, offering support, and maximizing QOL.

Perceived effects on patients' health of participation in the atrial fibrillation follow-up investigation of rhythm management study.

BACKGROUND: Patients' views about participation in clinical trials have been explored using end-of-study questionnaires for various disease entities. However, little is known about why individuals with atrial fibrillation (AF) choose to participate in clinical trials or how they view their research experience. Understanding these perceptions should provide valuable information for future studies in developing methods to enhance enrollment, optimize adherence to therapies, and maximize patient retention. METHODS: The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Study was a randomized trial of rate-control versus rhythm-control for the management of AF. This descriptive ancillary study used a 7-item questionnaire comprising closed and open-ended items that explored: (1) perceptions of benefits from participation, (2) motivation for enrolling, and (3) satisfaction with research staff and operations. RESULTS: A total of 741/1,032 participants (72%) at 34 of 213 participating AFFIRM sites responded, representing 18% of the 4,060 patients enrolled. The mean follow-up of these respondents was 3.8 +/- 1.1 years. Most respondents (91%) felt that they received enough information about AFFIRM before enrolling and that the results would benefit themselves (88%) and others (91%). Most respondents felt study participation improved awareness about AF (90%) and facilitated coordination of their healthcare (89%). Virtually all were satisfied with information received from AFFIRM personnel (96%), and most (98%) reported that they had received "good care." Responses were similar between randomization groups (rate-control or rhythm-control) and between those younger than 65 years and those 65 years or older. Participants in sinus rhythm at last follow-up were more likely to believe that their medical care in AFFIRM was better than what they would otherwise have received, and were more likely to perceive their treatment course as entailing fewer emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and doctor visits. Regularly scheduled appointments and ongoing availability of staff to answer questions appeared to increase participants' confidence and reduce anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Patients enrolled in a long-term clinical trial for management of AF were overwhelmingly satisfied with participation.

Quality of life at 6 months in the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the changes in vision-specific and overall health-related quality of life (QOL) at 6 months in participants with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and mild visual loss enrolled in the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial (IIHTT) and to determine the signs and symptoms of IIH that mediate the effect of acetazolamide on QOL. METHODS: We assessed QOL using the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI-VFQ-25), the 10-Item NEI-VFQ-25 Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement, and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). We examined associations among changes in QOL measures over 6 months, treatment status, and changes in signs and symptoms using linear and structural equation models. RESULTS: Among the 165 participants with IIH (86 randomized to acetazolamide, 79 to placebo), beneficial effects of acetazolamide were seen on all QOL scales evaluated, as well as on the Near Activities (5.60 points, p = 0.03), Social Functioning (3.85 points, p = 0.04), and Mental Health (9.82, p = 0.04) subscales of the NEI-VFQ-25. Positive acetazolamide-related effects on QOL appeared to be primarily mediated by improvements in visual field, neck pain, pulsatile tinnitus, and dizziness/vertigo that outweighed the side effects of acetazolamide. CONCLUSIONS: The marked reductions in baseline QOL seen among patients with mild visual loss from IIH are improved by treatment with acetazolamide. When combined with acetazolamide-associated improvements in visual field and other aspects of IIH, our findings with respect to QOL provide further support from the IIHTT in favor of acetazolamide to augment a dietary intervention in the treatment of IIH with mild visual loss (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01003639).

Timely implementation of a retinopathy of prematurity telemedicine system.

PURPOSE: To examine the feasibility of a retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) telemedicine evaluation system of providing timely feedback to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with at-risk premature infants. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of premature infants with birth weights of <1251 g in five NICUs in the United States. Infants scheduled for clinically indicated ROP evaluations underwent indirect ophthalmoscopic examinations and digital imaging on the same day. Imaging was performed by nonphysician retinal imagers. Times required were determined from obtaining digital images of both eyes to submission via web-based system to a secure server for grading by trained readers at a central reading center to sending back grading results to the clinical center. RESULTS: A total of 1,642 image sets of eyes of 292 infants were obtained, from 823 imaging sessions. The mean turnaround time from submission of image sets of both eyes to return of the grading results to the clinical center was 10.1 ± 11.3 hours (standard deviation), with a median of 12.0 hours (1st quartile, 0.9 hours; 3rd quartile, 16 hours). Overall, 95.5% of gradings (95% CI, 93.9%-96.7%) were returned within 24 hours. Subgroup analyses found, for image sets submitted to the reading center before 2 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, median time to report was 1.7 hours (1st quartile, 0.7 hours; 3rd quartile, 15.5 hours) compared with those submitted after 2pm (median, 14.1 hours; 1st quartile, 11.2, hours; 3rd quartile, 16.3 hours). CONCLUSIONS: An ROP telemedicine approach can provide timely feedback to the NICU regarding the detection of potentially serious ROP and thus referral to an ophthalmologist for examination and consideration of treatment.

Quality of life in the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators trial: impact of therapy and influence of adverse symptoms and defibrillator shocks.

BACKGROUND: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) use reduces mortality in patients with serious ventricular arrhythmias compared with antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) use. However, the relative impact of these therapies on self-perceived quality of life (QoL) is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three self-administered instruments were used to measure generic and disease-specific QoL in Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators trial participants. Generalized linear models were used to assess the relationships between self-perceived QoL and treatment (AAD versus ICD) and adverse symptoms and ICD shocks. To minimize the impact of missing data, only patients surviving 1 year were included in the primary analyses. Baseline characteristics among QoL participants (n=905) and nonparticipants (n=111) were similar, but participants who survived 1 year (n=800) were healthier at baseline than nonsurvivors (n=105). Of the 800 patients in the primary analysis, characteristics of those randomized to AAD (n=384) versus ICD (n=416) were similar. Overall, ICD and AAD use were associated with similar alterations in QoL. The development of sporadic shocks and adverse symptoms were each associated with reduced physical functioning and mental well-being and increased concerns among ICD recipients, whereas development of adverse symptoms was associated with reduced physical functioning and increased concerns among AAD recipients. CONCLUSIONS: ICD and AAD therapy are associated with similar alterations in self-perceived QoL over 1-year follow-up. Adverse symptoms were associated with reduced self-perceived QoL in both groups, and sporadic shocks were associated with reduced QoL in ICD recipients.

Quality of life in older patients with atrial fibrillation.

This review summarizes what is known about quality of life (QOL) in older patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The studies reviewed in this paper represent an increasingly broad repertoire of therapies for the treatment of AF and suggest that QOL in older patients does improve with treatment. The most dramatic improvements in QOL are noted in patients who are highly symptomatic and have poorer QOL at baseline. The data from studies where ablation and pacing therapy is used for treatment in patients with refractory AF vividly demonstrate this statement. There is also evidence of improvement in QOL in those with less severe symptoms, though it is extremely challenging to measure improvements in older patients who are asymptomatic (e.g., silent AF) or mildly symptomatic. Recommendations about new knowledge needed to optimize outcomes, particularly QOL, in patients with AF are based on these findings and the gaps in existing knowledge.

Body image changes associated with dual-chamber pacemaker insertion in women.

PURPOSE: The study's purpose was to examine body image changes in subjects participating in a long-term multicenter pacemaker trial. METHODS: At study closeout, 383 adults, all of whom had received a dual-chamber pacemaker, completed questionnaires evaluating what effect their pacemaker or pacemaker site and scar had on them or their spouses or significant others. RESULTS: Most reported that their pacemaker did not change the way they or their spouses or significant others felt about their body (73.2% and 93.5%, respectively). Most (87.1%) denied feeling differently because of the pacemaker site and scar. Most were not concerned how their clothes fit or about wearing a swimsuit (92.0% and 90.7%, respectively). Women were more concerned about how the pacemaker site and scar made them feel about their body (P =.001), clothes fitting (P =.002), and wearing a swimsuit (P =.004). Men were more concerned with how their spouses or significant others perceived them postimplantation (P =.021). CONCLUSIONS: Most subjects did not express undue concern about changes in body image.

Validity of a telemedicine system for the evaluation of acute-phase retinopathy of prematurity.

IMPORTANCE: The present strategy to identify infants needing treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) requires repeated examinations of at-risk infants by physicians. However, less than 10% ultimately require treatment. Retinal imaging by nonphysicians with remote image interpretation by nonphysicians may provide a more efficient strategy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of a telemedicine system to identify infants who have sufficiently severe ROP to require evaluation by an ophthalmologist. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: An observational study of premature infants starting at 32 weeks' postmenstrual age was conducted. This study involved 1257 infants with birth weight less than 1251 g in neonatal intensive care units in 13 North American centers enrolled from May 25, 2011, through October 31, 2013. INTERVENTIONS: Infants underwent regularly scheduled diagnostic examinations by an ophthalmologist and digital imaging by nonphysician staff using a wide-field digital camera. Ophthalmologists documented findings consistent with referral-warranted (RW) ROP (ie, zone I ROP, stage 3 ROP or worse, or plus disease). A standard 6-image set per eye was sent to a central server and graded by 2 trained, masked, nonphysician readers. A reading supervisor adjudicated disagreements. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The validity of grading retinal image sets was based on the sensitivity and specificity for detecting RW-ROP compared with the criterion standard diagnostic examination. RESULTS: A total of 1257 infants (mean birth weight, 864 g; mean gestational age, 27 weeks) underwent a median of 3 sessions of examinations and imaging. Diagnostic examination identified characteristics of RW-ROP in 18.2% of eyes (19.4% of infants). Remote grading of images of an eye at a single session had sensitivity of 81.9% (95% CI, 77.4-85.6) and specificity of 90.1% (95% CI, 87.9-91.8). When both eyes were considered for the presence of RW-ROP, as would routinely be done in a screening, the sensitivity was 90.0% (95% CI, 85.4-93.5), with specificity of 87.0% (95% CI, 84.0-89.5), negative predictive value of 97.3%, and positive predictive value of 62.5% at the observed RW-ROP rate of 19.4%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: When compared with the criterion standard diagnostic examination, these results provide strong support for the validity of remote evaluation by trained nonphysician readers of digital retinal images taken by trained nonphysician imagers from infants at risk for RW-ROP. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01264276.

The idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial: clinical profile at baseline.

IMPORTANCE: To our knowledge, there are no large prospective cohorts of untreated patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) to characterize the disease. OBJECTIVE: To report the baseline clinical and laboratory features of patients enrolled in the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We collected data at baseline from questionnaires, examinations, automated perimetry, and fundus photography grading. Patients (n = 165) were enrolled from March 17, 2010, to November 27, 2012, at 38 academic and private practice sites in North America. All participants met the modified Dandy criteria for IIH and had a perimetric mean deviation between -2 dB and -7 dB. All but 4 participants were women. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Baseline and laboratory characteristics. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of our patients was 29.0 (7.4) years and 4 (2.4%) were men. The average (SD) body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) was 39.9 (8.3). Headache was the most common symptom (84%). Transient visual obscurations occurred in 68% of patients, back pain in 53%, and pulse synchronous tinnitus in 52%. Only 32% reported visual loss. The average (SD) perimetric mean deviation in the worst eye was -3.5 (1.1) dB, (range, -2.0 to -6.4 dB) and in the best eye was -2.3 (1.1) dB (range, -5.2 to 0.8 dB). A partial arcuate visual field defect with an enlarged blind spot was the most common perimetric finding. Visual acuity was 85 letters or better (20/20) in 71% of the worst eyes and 77% of the best eyes. Quality of life measures, including the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 and the Short Form-36 physical and mental health summary scales, were lower compared with population norms. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial represents the largest prospectively analyzed cohort of untreated patients with IIH. Our data show that IIH is almost exclusively a disease of obese young women. Patients with IIH with mild visual loss have typical symptoms, may have mild acuity loss, and have visual field defects, with predominantly arcuate loss and enlarged blind spots that require formal perimetry for detection. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01003639.

A summary of the update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this statement is to update the recommendations by the American Heart Association (AHA) for cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infections and their management, which were last published in 2003. METHODS AND RESULTS: The AHA commissioned this scientific statement to educate clinicians about CIED infections, provide explicit recommendations for the care of patients with suspected or established CIED infections and highlight areas of needed research. The recommendations in this statement reflect analyses of relevant literature, to include recent advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology, management and prevention of CIED infections. CONCLUSION: There are no scientific data to support the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis for dental or other invasive procedures. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The concerns about life-threatening drug reactions, the development of resistant strains of bacterial pathogens, medicolegal issues and cost to the health care system are, thus, avoided.

Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years and older: the lower the better? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Results of randomized controlled trials are consistent in showing reduced rates of stroke, heart failure and cardiovascular events in very old patients treated with antihypertensive drugs. However, inconsistencies exist with regard to the effect of these drugs on total mortality. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis of available data on hypertensive patients 80 years and older by selecting total mortality as the main outcome. Secondary outcomes were coronary events, stroke, cardiovascular events, heart failure and cause-specific mortality. The common relative risk (RR) of active treatment versus placebo or no treatment was assessed using a random-effect model. Linear meta-regression was performed to explore the relationship between intensity of antihypertensive therapy and blood pressure (BP) reduction and the log-transformed value of total mortality odds ratios (ORs). RESULTS: The overall RR for total mortality was 1.06 (95% confidence interval 0.89-1.25), with significant heterogeneity between hypertension in the very elderly trial (HYVET) and the other trials. This heterogeneity was not explained by differences in the follow-up duration between trials. The meta-regression suggested that a reduction in mortality was achieved in trials with the least BP reductions and the lowest intensity of therapy. Antihypertensive therapy significantly reduced (P < 0.001) the risk of stroke (35%), cardiovascular events (27%) and heart failure (50%). Cause-specific mortality was not different between treated and untreated patients. CONCLUSION: Treating hypertension in very old patients reduces stroke and heart failure with no effect on total mortality. The most reasonable strategy is the one associated with significant mortality reduction; thiazides as first-line drugs with a maximum of two drugs.

Implantable devices benefit patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Although major advances have been made in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, the prevalence of these diseases in the US population is almost 62 million, with almost 8 million having had a myocardial infarction and nearly 5 million with a diagnosis of heart failure. Increasingly implantable devices have been used to decrease mortality and morbidity in patients with coronary heart disease. The dramatic reduction in mortality reported in the recent clinical trial of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in MADIT II (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Trial II) and decrease in hospitalizations, improved exercise tolerance, and better quality of life with cardiovascular resynchronization therapy reported in MIRACLE (Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation) led the American Heart Association to name treatment with implantable devices as one of the top 10 research advances for 2002. This article reviews the pathophysiology of cardiac dysrhythmia in the context of either heart failure or low ejection fraction, standard medical therapy, results of important clinical trials of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and offers suggestions for future directions.