Proposal for Classification of the Great Saphenous Vein Aplasia by the B-mode Ultrasound.

BACKGROUND: The lack of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in its compartment is rarely mentioned in literature, although it happens in individuals with or without insufficiency of it. With the help of the B-mode ultrasound examination this vein can be easily identified. The aim of this study was to propose a classification for the findings. METHODS: Prospective study carried out for a period of 6 months in a sample of 2,665 lower limbs with ages ranging from 17 to 85, being that 1,286 patients are female. These patients underwent B-mode ultrasound examination as recommended by the literature. This evaluation determined whether there was a GSV aplasia by the analysis of its location in the saphenous compartment. RESULTS: After images were taken they were classified as: type I-aplasia only along the thigh, type II-aplasia only along the calf, type III-aplasia in the distal section of the thigh and proximal calf, type IV-vein in the saphenous compartment in the thigh and aplasia in the whole calf, type V-vein in the saphenous compartment only in a short segment in the proximal thigh, and type VI-vein with short segment in the saphenous compartment in the distal calf. From the total of 2,665 limbs, aplasia was found in 442 (16.6%). CONCLUSIONS: These anatomic findings attain an important role in daily practice, influencing the surgical decision, particularly with the arrival of endovascular procedures, such as the use of laser and thermoablation.

Aneurysm of the superior labial artery.

This is a case report of a true and dissecting aneurysm of the superior labial artery in a 51-year-old patient without risk factors for vascular pathology. The patient complained of swelling of the upper lip, mostly on the left side. A Doppler ultrasonography was used in the diagnosis. The definitive treatment was surgical resection, and the histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis. The progress of the patient was satisfactory, leaving a slight change in sensitivity in the area. This seems to be the first reported case of true and dissecting aneurysm of the superior labial artery in the medical literature.

Comparison of 15-20 mmHg versus 20-30 mmHg Compression Stockings in Reducing Occupational Oedema in Standing and Seated Healthy Individuals.

BACKGROUND: Elastic compression stockings (ECS) are effective in preventing and reducing occupational edema (OE), but the optimal pressure according to the prevalent working position during the day is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of ECS with different pressures (15-20 mmHg or 20-30 mmHg) for reducing OE in individuals working in different prolonged postures. METHODS: This cross-sectional study comprised 116 lower limbs of 58 individuals divided into three groups according to their prevalent postures over the day (sitting, standing, or combination). Volumetric measurements were taken at the beginning and at the end of three consecutive days. On the first day, individuals did not use compression stockings; on the second and third days, they used, respectively, 15-20 mmHg and 20-30 mmHg knee-length stockings. Differences between morning and evening volumes (measured edema) were calculated, compared, and correlated. RESULTS: Volumetric variations were significantly lower on the second compared to the first day when individuals in all three groups used 15-20 mmHg compression stockings (p-value < 0.001). Measurements were even lower when they used 20-30 mmHg stockings: this decrease was more significant for the sitting (p-value < 0.001) than the standing (p-value < 0.05) and combined groups (p-value < 0.05). Reduction of measured edema was more significant in individuals working in a prolonged seated position. No significant difference was found only on comparing sitting and standing groups after the use of the 15-20 mmHg compression stockings. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ECS over a working day reduces OE in prolonged sitting, standing, and combined positions, with the reductions being greater with the higher pressure.

Evaluation of care for traffic accidents victims made by on duty emergency physicians and surgeons in the emergency room.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the care for victims of traffic accidents by on call emergency physicians and/or surgeons in the emergency room. METHODS: we conducted a retrospective, descriptive and exploratory study on the care for traffic accidents victims in the urban area of ​​Maringá-PR, between July 2013 and July 2014 in reference hospitals. We assessed demographics and vocational training through a questionnaire sent to the attending physicians. RESULTS: of the 688 records evaluated, 99% of patients had a prehospital Revised Trauma Score of 12. Statistical analysis showed that in the cases conducted by the emergency physicians (n​=187), the recording of the Glasgow Coma Scale and the performance of surgical procedures were less common, whereas the recording of blood pressure values ​​was performed in greater numbers when compared with cases led by surgeons (n=501). There was a statistically significant relationship (p<0.01) between the length of hospital stay and surgical specialty, with a greater chance (crude OR=28) in the period from one to six hours for the group treated by emergency doctors. Most physicians participating in the study were young, with emergency room time of up to one to two years, and with ATLS training. Among those who had attended the ATLS course, 60% did so in the last four years. Surgeons performed 73% of hospital treatments. CONCLUSION: in the care of traffic victims with minor injuries, the Glasgow Coma Scale, the blood pressure levels, the type of treatment in the emergency room and hospital stay had different approaches between emergency physicians and surgeons.

Associação entre sintomas, veias varicosas e refluxo na veia safena magna ao eco-Doppler / Associations between symptoms and varicose veins and great saphenous vein reflux seen on Doppler ultrasonography

Resumo Contexto A doença venosa crônica requer avaliação clínica, quantificação dos efeitos hemodinâmicos e definição da distribuição anatômica para decisão diagnóstica e tratamento. Métodos Estudo prospectivo realizado em 2015 com amostra de 1.384 pacientes (2.669 membros) com idade entre 17 e 85 anos, sendo 1.227 do sexo feminino. Nas respostas do questionário aplicado, os sintomas pesquisados eram dor, cansaço, sensação de peso, queimação, câimbras e formigamento. Para a formação dos grupos, foi considerado o número de membros, distribuídos em relação ao gênero, ao índice de massa corporal e à idade. Após a definição grupos e a realização do eco-Doppler para estudo da veia safena magna (VSM), os pacientes foram distribuídos em três grupos (I: sintomas presentes e varizes ausentes, II: sintomas ausentes e varizes presentes e III: sintomas presentes e varizes presentes). A análise estatística utilizou o teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher para verificar a homogeneidade entre os grupos. Em caso de associação com significância de 5%, foi calculada a razão de chances. Resultados Para ambos os gêneros, foi observada chance de insuficiência da VSM 11,2 vezes maior no grupo III. Por sua vez, os casos de obesidade mórbida ocorreram 9,1 vezes mais no mesmo grupo. Além disso, pacientes na faixa etária entre 30 e 50 anos desse grupo apresentaram chance de insuficiência da VSM 43,1 vezes maior. Conclusões A insuficiência da VSM foi significantemente mais frequente no grupo III, tanto globalmente como considerando apenas os casos de obesidade mórbida e a faixa etária mais elevada.

Abstract Background Chronic venous disease demands clinical assessment, quantification of hemodynamic effects, and definition of anatomic distribution before diagnostic and treatment decisions can be made. Methods This is a prospective study conducted in 2015 with a sample of 1,384 patients (2,669 limbs) aged from 17 to 85 years, 1,227 of whom were female. The most common symptoms reported in response to the questionnaire were pain, tiredness, feelings of heaviness, burning, cramps, and tingling. Subsets were formed on the basis of number of limbs distributed by sex, body mass index, and age. After definition of subsets, Doppler ultrasonography was used to conduct examinations of the great saphenous vein (GSV) and patients were distributed into three clinical groups (I: symptoms present and varicose veins absent, II: symptoms absent and varicose veins present and III: symptoms present and varicose veins present). Statistical analysis employed the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test to test for homogeneity between groups. When associations significant to 5% were detected, odds ratios were calculated. Results For both sexes, the chance of GSV insufficiency was 11.2 times greater in group III. Among cases with morbid obesity, the chance was 9.1 times greater in the same group. Additionally, patients in this group with ages ranging from 30 to 50 years exhibited a 43.1 times greater chance of GSV insufficiency. Conclusions Insufficiency of the GSV was significantly more frequent in group III, both overall and when considering only cases with morbid obesity, or cases in older age groups.

Evaluation of care for traffic accidents victims made by on duty emergency physicians and surgeons in the emergency room / Avaliação do atendimento às vítimas de acidentes de trânsito por plantonista clínico e cirurgião na sala de emergência hospitalar

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the care for victims of traffic accidents by on call emergency physicians and/or surgeons in the emergency room. Methods: we conducted a retrospective, descriptive and exploratory study on the care for traffic accidents victims in the urban area of ​​Maringá-PR, between July 2013 and July 2014 in reference hospitals. We assessed demographics and vocational training through a questionnaire sent to the attending physicians. Results: of the 688 records evaluated, 99% of patients had a prehospital Revised Trauma Score of 12. Statistical analysis showed that in the cases conducted by the emergency physicians (n​=187), the recording of the Glasgow Coma Scale and the performance of surgical procedures were less common, whereas the recording of blood pressure values ​​was performed in greater numbers when compared with cases led by surgeons (n=501). There was a statistically significant relationship (p<0.01) between the length of hospital stay and surgical specialty, with a greater chance (crude OR=28) in the period from one to six hours for the group treated by emergency doctors. Most physicians participating in the study were young, with emergency room time of up to one to two years, and with ATLS training. Among those who had attended the ATLS course, 60% did so in the last four years. Surgeons performed 73% of hospital treatments. Conclusion: in the care of traffic victims with minor injuries, the Glasgow Coma Scale, the blood pressure levels, the type of treatment in the emergency room and hospital stay had different approaches between emergency physicians and surgeons.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o atendimento às vítimas de acidentes de trânsito por médicos plantonistas cirurgiões e/ou clínicos na sala de emergência hospitalar. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e exploratório do atendimento às vítimas de acidentes de trânsito da área urbana de Maringá-PR, entre julho de 2013 e julho de 2014, em hospitais referenciados. Questionário aplicado aos médicos plantonistas avaliou dados demográficos e a formação profissional. Resultados: dos 688 prontuários avaliados, 99% apresentavam Revised Trauma Score pré-hospitalar de 12. Análise estatística mostrou que nos atendimentos feitos por Clínicos (n=187), a anotação dos escores da Escala de Coma de Glasgow e a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos foram feitas em menor número e, em contrapartida, a anotação dos valores de pressão arterial sistêmica foi realizada em maior número quando comparados com atendimentos feitos por Cirurgiões (n=501). Houve relação estatisticamente significativa (p<0,01) entre o tempo de permanência hospitalar e a especialidade cirúrgica, com maior chance (OR bruta=28) observada no período de uma a seis horas para o grupo atendido pelos Clínicos. A maioria dos plantonistas que participaram do estudo eram jovens, com tempo de atividade em sala de emergência hospitalar de um a dois anos e com capacitação no curso do ATLS. Entre os que participaram do curso do ATLS, 60% o fizeram nos últimos quatro anos. Cirurgiões realizaram 73% dos atendimentos hospitalares. Conclusão: nos atendimentos às vítimas de trânsito com lesões leves, a Escala de Coma de Glasgow, os níveis de pressão arterial sistêmica, o tipo de tratamento na sala de emergência e o tempo de internação hospitalar tiveram abordagens diferentes entre Clínicos e Cirurgiões.

Associação entre aplasia segmentar de veia safena magna e varizes em membros inferiores avaliada pelo ecocolor Doppler / Association between segmental aplasia of great saphenous vein and varicose veins of lower limbs, evaluated using color Doppler ultrasonography

Há diferenças individuais no diâmetro da veia safena magna (VSM) em membros normais e doentes; sendo possível a identificação dessas alterações pelo ecocolor Doppler.ObjetivoAvaliar a associação da aplasia segmentar da VSM com a presença de varizes e/ou insuficiência da mesma em membros inferiores, usando o ecocolor Doppler em pacientes com clínica de doença venosa crônica (DVC).Métodos1.408 pacientes com queixas compatíveis de DVC de membros inferiores, sendo 1.286 do sexo feminino, com idade entre 17 e 85 anos, examinados com ecocolor Doppler. Foram incluídos aqueles com classificação CEAP clínica C0 a C4. Pela avaliação clínica, a amostra foi distribuída em grupo A, pacientes com varizes, e grupo B, aqueles sem varizes. O ecocolor Doppler determinou se havia aplasia da VSM pela análise do seu trajeto no compartimento safeno e presença de veias varicosas nos diferentes sítios. Para estatística, foram considerados os testes Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher e uma análise de resíduos em tabelas, com nível de significância de 5%.ResultadosNo grupo A houve 479 (83,9%) de VSM insuficientes, 169 (38,2%) com aplasia e 71 (80,7%) com insuficiência e aplasia associadas. No grupo B, houve 92 (16,1%) de VSM insuficientes, 273 (61,8%) com aplasia e 17 (19,3%) com insuficiência e aplasia associadas.ConclusãoA aplasia segmentar da VSM ocorre mais em membros inferiores que não apresentam varizes e/ou insuficiência da mesma, mas considerando-se a presença da associação de aplasia e insuficiência, houve maior incidência no grupo de membros que apresentavam varizes.

There are individual differences in the diameter of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in both normal and non-functional limbs and it is possible to identify these differences using color Doppler ultrasonography.ObjectivesTo assess the association between segmental GSV aplasia and the presence of varicose veins and/or GSV insufficiency in lower limbs using color Doppler ultrasonography, in patients with chronic venous disease (CVD).MethodsA total of 1,408 patients with complaints compatible with CVD of lower limbs were examined using color Doppler ultrasonography. The age range of the sample was from 17 to 85 and 1,286 of the patients were female. People with clinical classifications (CEAP) ranging from C0 to C4 were included. On the basis of clinical examination, the sample was subdivided as follows: group A patients had varicose veins and group B patients were free from varicose veins. Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to determine whether there was GSV aplasia, by analysis of its route into the saphenous compartment, and the presence of varicose veins in different sites. Statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact tests followed by an analysis of residuals in tables, with a 5% significance level.ResultsIn group A, there were 479 (83.9%) patients with GSV insufficiency, 169 (38.2%) with aplasia and 71 (80.7%) with both insufficiency and aplasia. In group B, there were 92 (16.1%) patients with GSV insufficiency, 273 (61.8%) with aplasia and 17 (19.3%) with both insufficiency and aplasia.ConclusionSegmental GSV aplasia was more common in lower limbs with no varicose veins and/or insufficiency, but there was a higher incidence of patients with both aplasia and insufficiency in the group with varicose veins.

Influence of prevalent occupational position during working day on occupational lower limb edema / Influência da postura prevalente de trabalho no edema ocupacional dos membros inferiores

BACKGROUND: The lower limb edema observed in normal people at the end of their working days can vary in intensity and frequency depending on the predominant working positions required to perform different jobs. OBJECTIVES: To compare lower limb volumes of volunteers allocated to three study groups, depending on the predominant positions in which they work. METHODS: Volumetric assessments were conducted of both lower limbs of 51 people free from vascular disease, allocated to three groups of 17 individuals each by predominant working position: sitting, static standing or alternating between the two. Volumes were measured at the start and at the end of the working day and the differences in volumes were calculated for each group. Means and frequencies were compared using appropriate inferential statistics and correlation coefficients were calculated. RESULTS: The groups were homogenous in terms of sex distribution, age, skin color and BMI. The volumetric data from measurements taken before starting work revealed significant differences between all three groups. Volunteers who predominantly worked sitting down had largest volumes, followed by those who remained standing for long periods and then those who varied between these positions. The frequency of lower limb volume increase > 100 mL was significantly higher in the group of people who worked sitting down and maintained this position for long periods. CONCLUSIONS: Postural edema is more common among people who work sitting down for long periods, among whom it appears that there is a cumulative effect from the position, since they exhibit larger lower limb volumes at the start of the day.

CONTEXTO: O edema de membros inferiores (MMII) de indivíduos normais, que se observa ao final da jornada de trabalho, pode ser mais intenso e frequente conforme a postura laboral prevalente no exercício da profissão. OBJETIVOS: Comparar os volumes dos MMII de indivíduos alocados em três grupos, conforme a postura laboral prevalente adotada ao longo do dia trabalho.MÉTODOS: Realizadas avaliações volumétricas de ambos os MMII de 51 indivíduos sem doença vascular, que foram alocados em três grupos de 17 indivíduos, considerando a postura prevalente: sentada, ortostática estática e alternada. As volumetrias foram realizadas no início e no término do dia trabalhado, e calculou-se a diferença dos volumes aferidos em cada grupo. Foram utilizadas as estatísticas inferenciais adequadas para comparações de médias e de frequências, e para determinação de coeficientes de correlação.RESULTADOS: Os grupos se mostraram homogêneos em relação a gênero, idade, grupo étnico e IMC. Dados das volumetrias realizadas no início do dia revelaram diferenças significativas entre os três grupos, indicando maiores volumes em indivíduos que trabalham predominantemente sentados, seguidos daqueles que trabalham em pé e dos que alternam essas posições. A frequência de MMII com aumento de volume > 100 mL foi significativamente maior no grupo dos que trabalham sentados, adotando essa posição por longo tempo.CONCLUSÕES: O edema postural é mais frequente naqueles que trabalham sentados por longo tempo, nos quais parece ocorrer, inclusive, efeito cumulativo dessa postura, já que apresentam volumes significativamente maiores já ao início do dia.

Animal model of chronic abdominal hernia in rabbit.

PURPOSE: To create a feasible animal model of hernia that should be reliable to test the different types of mesh and/or surgical technique. METHODS: Thirty six male New Zealand albino rabbits were submitted to surgical procedure to provoke a standard hole in the abdominal wall. A metallic frame measuring 3 cm length and 1 cm width was allocated longitudinally on the umbilicus scar and the comprehensive three squared centimeters area was resected. A continuous 4.0 polyamide was performed to closure the subcutaneous and skin. RESULTS: During three weeks a score of signals/symptoms was performed to evaluate the wound and clinical conditions. No death or severe complications occurred. In the 3rd week the hernia ring and visceral adhesions were evaluated. Soft omental adherences were present in the hernial sac in all animals. The area of hernia ring ranged from 32.1+/-5.5 to 35.6+/-3.1 squared centimeter and the maximum was 39 cm(2) and the minimum was 30 cm(2). The model results in protrusion which was similar to a human incisional hernia with hernia sac, visceral adhesions and fibrous healing ring. CONCLUSION: The model was more reliable to test further techniques or mesh on hernia repair.

Is vein damage the only cause of clinical signs of lower limb chronic venous insufficiency? / É a lesão venosa a única responsável pela clínica da insuficiência venosa crônica dos membros inferiores?

Background: Venous insufficiency is a very prevalent disease. Some decades ago a group of patients was identified that had symptoms of venous insufficiency, but no visible anatomic abnormalities. Studies showed that this subset had reduced venous tone, and their condition became known as hypotonic phlebopathy. Objective: To investigate prevalence, age group and variations in body mass index (BMI) among patients with hypotonic phlebopathy. Methodology: A total of 1,960 limbs were examined in 1,017 patients who had been referred for complaints compatible with venous insufficiency. Patients with BMI ≥ 30 were defined as obese. The patients were examined using color Doppler ultrasonography to detect presence or absence of reflux in veins of the lower limbs and were then distributed into two groups as follows: patients with CEAP ≤ 1 and no reflux, diagnosed with hypotonic phlebopathy; or patients with CEAP ≥ 2 and reflux. Results: The study sample comprised 89.7% women and 10.3% men with a mean age of 44.9 years. Hypotonic phlebopathy was more common among the women (p = 0.0001). Obese women were more likely than women who were not obese to have venous symptom etiology involving trunk lesions (p = 0.0017). Among the men, obesity was unrelated to etiology of symptoms (p = 0.5991). Symptomology was more likely to be related to trunk vein damage among older age groups than among younger age groups (p-valor <0.0001). Conclusions: Hypotonic phlebopathy was very prevalent, particularly among young women who were not obese...

Contexto: A insuficiência venosa é uma doença muito prevalente. Há algumas décadas, evidenciou-se a existência de um grupo que, embora apresentasse sintomas de insuficiência venosa, não possuía alterações anatômicas visíveis. Estudos mostraram redução no tônus venoso nesses indivíduos, denominando-os portadores de flebopatia hipotônica. Objetivo: Estudar a prevalência, a faixa etária e as variações do índice de massa corporal (IMC) em pacientes portadores de flebopatia hipotônica. Metodologia: Foram examinados 1.960 membros de 1.017 pacientes, devido a queixas compatíveis com insuficiência venosa. Foram considerados obesos aqueles com IMC ≥ 30. Foram avaliados com ecocolor Doppler, para se detectar a presença ou não de refluxo em veias dos membros inferiores, sendo então distribuídos em dois grupos: aqueles com CEAP ≤ 1, além de excluído refluxo, os portadores de flebopatia hipotônica, e outros com CEAP ≥ 2 e com refluxo. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 89,7% de mulheres e 10,3% de homens, com faixa etária média de 44,9 anos. A flebopatia hipotônica foi mais comum em mulheres (p-valor = 0,0001). Naquelas obesas, houve mais lesão troncular como etiologia dos sintomas venosos do que nas não obesas (p-valor = 0,0017). Dentre os homens, a presença de obesidade não influenciou na etiologia dos sintomas (p-valor = 0,5991). Nos grupos etários de idade mais avançada, a presença de sintomatologia teve como origem etiológica a lesão venosa troncular com mais frequência do que nas faixas etárias mais jovens (p-valor <0,0001). Conclusão: A flebopatia hipotônica se mostrou muito prevalente, principalmente em mulheres jovens não obesas...

Avaliação da insuficiência da veia safena magna com classificação C2 e C3 (CEAP) pela pletismografia a ar e pelo eco-Doppler colorido / Evaluation of the greater saphenous vein with classification C2 e C3 (CEAP) by air plethysmography and color Doppler ultrasonography

CONTEXTO: Com a presença de refluxo venoso, há necessidade de avaliar a gravidade clínica da doença pela quantificação do efeito hemodinâmico da incompetência venosa e definição de sua distribuição anatômica. OBJETIVO: Determinar a correlação da pletismografia a ar com o grau de refluxo pelo eco-Doppler na insuficiência da veia safena magna no quadro clínico C2 e C3 da CEAP. MÉTODOS: Foram examinados, prospectivamente, 87 membros com refluxo da veia safena magna determinado pelo eco-Doppler e 32 membros sem sinais ou sintomas de doença venosa. Todos foram submetidos ao exame clínico, pletismografia e eco-Doppler de membros inferiores. Do eco-Doppler foram utilizados os parâmetros: diâmetro da veia safena em sete níveis, velocidade e tempo de refluxo. Da pletismografia foram considerados o índice de enchimento venoso, a fração de ejeção e a fração de volume residual. RESULTADOS: Dos 119 membros, 61 pertenciam à classe C2. Na comparação do diâmetro da veia nos grupos controle e estudo houve diferença estatisticamente significante, exceto ao nível do maléolo. Utilizando-se a Correlação de Spearman para análise dos índices da pletismografia e eco-Doppler foram observadas algumas significâncias, porém o coeficiente de explicação (r²) mostrou que foram fracas. CONCLUSÕES: Os parâmetros da pletismografia não se correlacionam com o grau de refluxo na veia safena magna, pois houve uma correlação muito fraca entre seus valores e o tempo e a velocidade do refluxo. Somente o índice de enchimento venoso tem correlação com refluxo venoso. A fração de ejeção e de volume residual não se mostraram importantes na discriminação da gravidade clínica.

BACKGROUND: With the presence of venous reflux, there is need evaluate the clinical severity by quantifying the hemodynamic effect of venous incompetence and definition of their anatomical distribution. OBJECTIVE: To determine and correlate the degree of reflux of the greater saphenous vein (insufficiency) in a clinical CEAP C2/C3 by air plethysmography and color Doppler ultrasonography. METHODS: We prospectively investigated 87 limbs with reflux of the greater saphenous vein as ascertained by Doppler ultrasound and 32 limbs without signs or symptoms of the venous disease. All patients underwent clinical examinations using air plethysmography and Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs. The parameters used with the Doppler ultrasound were: the diameter of the saphenous vein (seven levels) and the speed and time of reflux. In the plethysmography, the venous filling index, ejection fraction and residual volume fraction were also considered. RESULTS: Of the 119 limbs, 61 were class C2. In comparing the diameters of the vein of the control group with the study group there were statistically significant differences. There was an exception at the malleolus level. Using the Spearman correlation to analyze the indices for the plethysmography and Doppler ultrasound it showed some difference, but the coefficient of determination (r²) showed that they were weak. CONCLUSIONS: The parameters of the plethysmography did not correlate with the degree of reflux in the greater saphenous vein. There was a very weak correlation between their values, time and speed of reflux. Only the venous filling index correlated with venous reflux. The ejection fraction and residual volume fraction were not important for discrimination of clinical severity.

Prevalência de insuficiência venosa superficial dos membros inferiores em pacientes obesos e não obesos / Prevalence of lower limbs superficial venous insufficiency in obese and non-obese patients

CONTEXTO: A insuficiência venosa crônica dos membros inferiores é a mais prevalente das doenças venosas. Muito se discute sobre sua etiologia e fisiopatologia. Vários fatores de risco têm sido associados ao seu desenvolvimento, como idade, sexo, dieta, entre outros. A obesidade é um problema de saúde pública e sua incidência tem aumentado. O ecocolor Doppler é um método útil para avaliar a presença de refluxo e/ou obstrução no sistema venoso. OBJETIVO: Comparar a prevalência de insuficiência venosa superficial e sintomas associados em pacientes obesos e não obesos. MÉTODOS: Após pesagem, medição da estatura e exame físico, os pacientes com índice de massa corpórea (IMC) <30 kg/m² e >35 kg/m² e queixas compatíveis com insuficiência venosa foram distribuídos nos grupos I e II, respectivamente. Foram submetidos à realização do ecocolor Doppler dos membros inferiores para avaliação da presença ou não de refluxo. RESULTADOS: Foram examinados 311 membros de 168 pacientes com 25-72 anos. Para análise estatística, foram consideradas queixas de varizes, dor, edema, dermatite, eczema e úlcera, associados ou não. Foi obtido um total de 109 e 104 membros com varizes nos grupos I e II, respectivamente. Queixas de varizes visíveis (p<0,001) e varizes visíveis com dor (p = 0,0118) foram mais prevalentes no grupo I. Queixas de varizes com edema (p<0,001), somente edema (p<0,001) e edema associado a dor (p<0,001) foram mais prevalentes no grupo II. Os dados não mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante na prevalência de varizes entre os grupos I e II. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de varizes é semelhante entre os obesos e não obesos; as queixas clínicas diferem entre os grupos e são compatíveis e dependentes da presença de insuficiência venosa.

BACKGROUND: Chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs is the most prevalent venous disease. There is an ongoing debate about its etiology and pathophysiology. Several risk factors have been associated with its development, such as age, sex and diet. Obesity is a public health problem and its prevalence has been increasing. Color Doppler ultrasonography is a useful method to evaluate the presence of reflux and/or obstruction of the venous system. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of superficial venous insufficiency and associated symptoms in obese and non-obese patients. METHODS: After weighing, height measurement and physical examination, patients with body mass index (BMI) <30 kg/m² and >35 kg/m² and complaints compatible with venous insufficiency were divided into groups I and II, respectively. They underwent color Doppler ultrasonography of the lower limbs, in order to assess the presence or absence of reflux. RESULTS: A total of 311 limbs of 168 patients 25 to 72 years old were examined. For statistical analysis, complaints of varicose veins, pain, swelling, dermatitis, eczema and ulcers, associated or not, were considered. A total of 109 and 104 limbs with varicose veins were obtained in groups I and II, respectively. The prevalence of visible varicose veins (p<0.001) and visible varicose veins with pain (p=0.0118) was higher in group I. Complaints of varicose veins with edema (p<0.001), only edema (p<0.001) and edema with pain (p<0.001) were more prevalent in group II. Data did not present significant statistical difference in the prevalence of varicose veins between groups I and II. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of varicose veins in obese and non-obese individuals is similar ; clinical complaints differ between groups and are consistent and dependent on the presence of venous insufficiency.

Animal model of chronic abdominal hernia in rabbit / Modelo animal de hérnia abdominal crônica em coelhos

PURPOSE: To create a feasible animal model of hernia that should be reliable to test the different types of mesh and/or surgical technique. METHODS: Thirty six male New Zealand albino rabbits were submitted to surgical procedure to provoke a standard hole in the abdominal wall. A metallic frame measuring 3 cm length and 1 cm width was allocated longitudinally on the umbilicus scar and the comprehensive three squared centimeters area was resected. A continuous 4.0 polyamide was performed to closure the subcutaneous and skin. RESULTS: During three weeks a score of signals/symptoms was performed to evaluate the wound and clinical conditions. No death or severe complications occurred. In the 3rd week the hernia ring and visceral adhesions were evaluated. Soft omental adherences were present in the hernial sac in all animals. The area of hernia ring ranged from 32.1±5.5 to 35.6±3.1 squared centimeter and the maximum was 39 cm² and the minimum was 30 cm². The model results in protrusion which was similar to a human incisional hernia with hernia sac, visceral adhesions and fibrous healing ring. CONCLUSION: The model was more reliable to test further techniques or mesh on hernia repair.

OBJETIVO: Criação de um modelo animal de hérnia que seja confiável para testar as diferentes técnicas e tipos de telas. MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis coelhos foram submetidos a procedimento operatório que provocou uma falha na parede abdominal. Uma moldura metálica com 3 cm de comprimento e 1 cm de largura foi colocada longitudinalmente sobre a cicatriz umbilical e ressecada uma área de 3cm². Uma sutura contínua de poliamida 4.0 fechou a tela subcutânea e pele. RESULTADOS: durante três semanas o escore de sinais e sintomas foi coletado para avaliar as condições clínicas e da ferida operatória. Não ocorreram óbitos ou complicações graves. Na terceira semana o anel herniário e aderências peritoneais foram avaliadas. Aderências frouxas estavam presentes no saco herniário em todos os animais. A área do anel herniário variou de 32.1±5.5 a 35.6±3.1 cm², com um máximo de 39 cm² e um mínimo de 30 cm². O modelo resultou numa protrusão de vísceras semelhante ao que ocorre em hérnia incisional de humanos. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo é factível para testar técnicas operatórias ou telas na reconstrução de hérnias incisionais.

Epistemologia sobre amputações e desbridamentos de membros inferiores realizados no Hospital Universitário de Maringá / Epistemology of lower limb amputations and debridements at Hospital Universitário de Maringá

CONTEXTO: Não há estatísticas precisas sobre o número de amputações realizadas anualmente, mas é conhecido o comprometimento da qualidade de vida desses indivíduos e a necessidade de uma equipe multiprofissional para sua reabilitação. OBJETIVO: Analisar todas as amputações de membros inferiores realizadas pelo Serviço de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular do Hospital Universitário Regional de Maringá entre 2000 e 2006. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo e retrospectivo a partir dos prontuários de pacientes submetidos a amputação ou desbridamento cirúrgico de membros inferiores por trauma ou doença vascular. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 116 procedimentos, sendo 84,5 por cento amputações e 15 por cento desbridamentos cirúrgicos, em 111 pacientes, sendo 78 homens e 33 mulheres, cuja média das idades foi de 63,4 anos (4 a 100 anos), sendo os principais fatores etiológicos: doenças vasculares (92,8 por cento) e trauma (7,2 por cento). As comorbidades e fatores de risco mais prevalentes foram: hipertensão arterial sistêmica (66 por cento), diabetes melito (60 por cento), tabaco (28 por cento) e arritmia cardíaca (0,9 por cento). Quanto à escolaridade, se observou que 52,2 por cento dos pacientes cursaram apenas o ensino fundamental, 6,5 por cento fizeram o ensino médio, completo ou incompleto, e 41,3 por cento eram analfabetos. A percentagem de pacientes submetidos à amputação primária foi de 94,9 por cento, e secundárias, 5,1 por cento. No entanto, houve diminuição progressiva do coeficiente desses procedimentos a cada ano. CONCLUSÕES: Este trabalho permite inferir que a incidência de amputação de membros inferiores foi maior no sexo masculino e teve como principal causa a doença aterosclerótica, mas apresentou uma redução progressiva.

BACKGROUND: There are no precise data on the number of amputations performed every year. However, the decrease in quality of life of patients submitted to amputation is well-known, as is the need to involve a multidisciplinary team in the rehabilitation of these individuals. OBJECTIVE: To analyze all lower limb amputations performed by the Angiology and Vascular Surgery at Hospital Universitário Regional de Maringá, from 2000 to 2006. METHODS: A descriptive and retrospective study was performed to review medical records of patients submitted to amputation or surgical debridement of lower limbs to treat vascular diseases or trauma. RESULTS: A total of 116 procedures were carried out (84.5 percent amputations and 15 percent debridements) in 111 patients; 78 were males and 33 were females, with a mean age of 63.4 years (4-100 years). The main etiological factors were vascular diseases (92.8 percent) and trauma (7.2 percent). The most prevalent comorbidities and risk factors were hypertension (66 percent), diabetes mellitus (60 percent), tobacco (28 percent) and cardiac arrhythmia (0.9 percent). As to schooling, 52.2 percent of the patients had complete elementary school, 6.5 percent had complete or incomplete high school, and 41.3 percent were illiterate. Primary amputation was performed in 94.9 percent of patients, and secondary amputation in 5.1 percent. However, there was a progressive reduction in amputation rate at each year. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of lower limb amputation was greater in males, had atherosclerotic disease as its main cause, but had progressive reduction.

Anastomose colônica com adesivo de fibrina em ratos diabéticos / Colonic anastomosis with fibrin glue in diabetic rats

OBJETIVO: Estudar aspectos da cicatrização na anastomose colônica com adesivo de fibrina em ratos normais e diabéticos. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 160 ratos Wistar (Rattus novergicus albinus), machos, com peso variando de 250 a 300g, sendo que oitenta destes animais eram não diabéticos e os outros oitenta animais apresentavam diabetes mellitus induzido pela aloxana, Os animais foram submetidos a procedimento operatório padronizado que consistiu em colectomia parcial esquerda e anastomose primária por sutura manual ou com adesivo de fibrina. Foram reavaliados no quarto ou sétimo dia de pós-operatório quando se observou a presença de coleção líquida ou purulenta na tela subcutânea; integridade da sutura; presença de aderências; presença de deiscência; resistência da anastomose (pressão máxima de insuflação) em mmHg, e a concentração tecidual de hidroxiprolina. RESULTADOS: Em relação à presença de deiscência de anastomose e mortalidade ocorreram piores resultados nos animais diabéticos no quarto e sétimo dias de observação em comparação ao controle. Nos grupos e subgrupos estudados os resultados com o uso do adesivo de fibrina não foram melhores que os da sutura manual. Em relação à concentração tecidual de hidroxiprolina não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O diabetes mellitus induzido pela aloxana impede a reparação normal da anastomose colônica em ratos e o uso adesivo de fibrina na anastomose colônica em ratos normais e diabéticos não trouxe benefícios na evolução pós-operatória.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this experimental study was to assess healing in colonic anastomosis with fibrin glue in normal and diabetics rats. METHODS: One hundred and sixty Wistar rats were randomly assigned for two groups (normal and diabetics). The animals underwent a partial left colectomy and after an end-to-end anastomosis or a fibrin glue anastomosis. The rats were submitted to a new operative procedure on the 4th or 7th postoperative day, when the anastomosis were observed. The bursting pressure measurements were recorded. RESULTS: Mortality and anastomosis dehiscence were greater in diabetic animals on 4th and 7th days of observation when compared to controlled rats. There have been no differences between groups and sub-groups regarding the use of fibrine patch or handmade suture. There were no significant differences on hidroxiproline tissue concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Aloxane-induced Diabetes mellitus impairs normal healing in colonic anastomosis in rats, and there were no benefits in normal or diabetic groups with the use of fibrin glue.

Estudo retrospectivo de janeiro de 1998 a maio de 2005, no Hospital Universitário de Maringá, sobre ferimentos por arma branca e arma de fogo / Retrospective study (january 1998 / may 2005) at the University Hospital of Maringá, on wounds caused by edged weapons and firearms

O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar as características dos pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário de Maringá (HUM), com ferimento por arma branca (FAB) e por arma de fogo (FAF), quanto ao sexo, idade, às regiões corporais, órgãos mais atingidos, tempo de internamento, complicações e mortalidade. Após análise de uma planilha elaborada para a pesquisa, observou-se que 68% dos atendimentos foram por FAB e 32%, por FAF, sendo a maioria homens (mais de 90%), adultos jovens (2ª e 3ª década, por FAF e FAB, respectivamente). As regiões mais acometidas foram abdome e tórax. e os órgãos mais atingidos foram intestino delgado e fígado, na lesão por arma branca, e fígado e intestino delgado, no FAF. A complicação mais comum foi o choque hipovolêmico. Concluiu-se que os FAB ocorreram em maior número no sexo masculino, na terceira década de vida

The objective of this study is to determine the characteristics of patients assisted at the University Hospital of Maringá (HUM) with wounds from edged weapons (EWW) or firearms (FW), in regards to gender, age, wounded body areas, most affected body organs, length of hospitalization, complications and mortality rates. After the analysis of a worksheet elaborated for the study, it was observed that 68% of admissions had been for EWW and 32% for FW. The majority were men (90%) and young adults (20s and 30s, for FW and EWW, respectively). The most affected body areas were the abdomen and thorax, and the most wounded organs were, in order: the small intestine and liver for EWW, and the liver and small intestine for FW. The most common complication was hypovolemic shock. It was concluded that EWW had occurred in larger numbers than FW, with predominance in males in their 30s

Ruptura de aneurisma da aorta toracoabdominal em cavidade pleural direita / Ruptured thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm in the right pleural space

É relatado um caso de ruptura de aneurisma aórtico toracoabdominal em cavidade pleural direita, em paciente de 76 anos, com insuficiência renal crônica. Serão discutidas as possibilidades terapêuticas, salientando a importância do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces.

The case of a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm rupture in the right pleural space of a 76-year-old patient with chronic renal insufficiency is reported. Possible therapeutic measures are discussed.

Síndrome da veia cava superior em criança / Superior vena cava syndrome in childhood

The authors describe a case of benign superior vena cava syndrome post phlebotomy in childhood, including exams for diagnosis and possible treatment.