Albutropin: a growth hormone-albumin fusion with improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in rats and monkeys.

Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy is used to treat GH deficiency. Treatment requires daily administration because of the short plasma t(1/2) of GH. Albutropin, human GH fused at its N-terminus with human serum albumin, should be cleared from the circulation more slowly than GH. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of albutropin were conducted in rats and monkeys. After subcutaneous (s.c.) dosing in rats, a twofold decrease in clearance and a fourfold increase in plasma half-life were seen with albutropin compared to GH. In monkeys, s.c. administered albutropin (0.3 mg/kg) had a sixfold longer terminal half-life and an eightfold slower clearance than GH (0.3 mg/kg). A single subcutaneous administration of albutropin (0.3, 1.5 and 4 mg/kg) increased plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels for up to 7 days. Seven consecutive daily s.c. injections of GH at 0.3 mg/kg resulted in an increase in IGF-1 equivalent to that induced by a single administration of albutropin at 4 mg/kg. Albutropin (1-20 microg/kg) dosed daily, every other day or every 4 days significantly increased cumulative body weight gain and tibial epiphyseal growth plate width in hypophysectomized rats compared to equimolar doses of GH. These results suggest that albutropin could be given less frequently than GH and achieve therapeutic effects in patients.

Generation and characterization of LymphoStat-B, a human monoclonal antibody that antagonizes the bioactivities of B lymphocyte stimulator.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and characterize a fully human antibody directed against B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), a tumor necrosis factor-related cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of B cell maturation and development. Elevated levels of BLyS have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. METHODS: A human phage display library was screened for antibodies against human BLyS. A human monoclonal antibody, LymphoStat-B, specific for human BLyS was obtained from the library screening and subsequent affinity optimization mutagenesis. The antibody was tested for inhibition of human BLyS in vitro and in an in vivo murine model. Additionally, the consequences of BLyS inhibition were tested in vivo by administration of LymphoStat-B to cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS: LymphoStat-B bound with high affinity to human BLyS and inhibited the binding of BLyS to its 3 receptors, TACI, BCMA, and BLyS receptor 3/BAFF-R. LymphoStat-B potently inhibited BLyS-induced proliferation of B cells in vitro, and administration of LymphoStat-B to mice prevented human BLyS-induced increases in splenic B cell numbers and IgA titers. In cynomolgus monkeys, administration of LymphoStat-B resulted in decreased B cell representation in both spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: A fully human monoclonal antibody has been isolated that binds to BLyS with high affinity and neutralizes human BLyS bioactivity in vitro and in vivo. Administration of this antibody to cynomolgus monkeys resulted in B cell depletion in spleen and lymph node. This antibody may prove therapeutically useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases in humans.