Effects of biventricular shunt on pump characteristics in a maglev total artificial heart.

Severe left ventricular failure can progress to right ventricular failure, necessitating alternatives to heart transplantation, such as total artificial heart (TAH) treatment. Conventional TAHs encounter challenges associated with miniaturization and hemocompatibility owing to their reliance on mechanical valves and bearings. A magnetically levitated TAH (IB-Heart) was developed, utilizing a magnetic bearing. The IB-Heart features a distinctive biventricular shunt channel situated between the flow paths of the left and right centrifugal blood pumps, simplifying and miniaturizing its control system. However, the impact of these shunt channels remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the effects of shunt flow on pump characteristics and assess the IB-Heart's potential to regulate flow balance between systemic and pulmonary circulation. At a rotational speed of 2000 rpm and flow rate range of 0-10 L/min, shunt flow exhibited a minor impact, with a 1.4 mmHg (1.3%) effect on pump characteristics. Shunt flow variation of about 0.13 L/min correlated with a 10 mmHg pressure difference between the pumps' afterload and preload conditions. This variance was linked to changes in the inlet flow rates of the left and right pumps, signifying the ventricular shunt structure's capacity to mirror the function of an atrial shunt in alleviating pulmonary congestion. The IB-Heart's ventricular shunt structure enables passive regulation of left-right flow balance. The findings establish a fundamental technical groundwork for the development of IB-Hearts and TAHs with similar shunt structures. The innovative coupling of centrifugal pumps and the resultant effects on flow dynamics contribute to the advancement of TAH technology.

Properties of N-butyl cyanoacrylate-iodized oil mixtures for arterial embolization: in vitro and in vivo experiments.

PURPOSE: To examine the properties of N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) and iodized oil (lipiodol [Lip]) in vitro and in vivo for safe and effective embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Viscosity, polymerization time, and diffusing capacity were evaluated according to the NBCA/Lip ratio in vitro. Additionally, the effect of the NBCA/Lip ratio on arterial embolization was evaluated in vivo; various ratios of NBCA/Lip were injected into the renal arteries of adult beagles, after which the embolization effect following transcatheter arterial embolization was quantitatively investigated histopathologically and using computed tomography (CT) volumetry. RESULTS: The viscosity of NBCA/Lip increased, polymerization time was prolonged, and diffusing capacity increased as the NBCA density decreased. As the NBCA density decreased, embolic material was recognized in smaller diameter arteries, and embolization of a larger vascular bed was accomplished. The NBCA/Lip mixture with a low density of NBCA was located more peripherally from the catheter tip, and embolization of more peripheral and smaller diameter arteries was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: The relationships of properties of NBCA/Lip in vitro and embolization effects in vivo of various ratios of NBCA/Lip were quantitatively examined and compared. The results of this study are useful for safe and effective embolization.

Dynamic motion analysis of impeller for the development of real-time flow rate estimations of a ventricular assist device.

Implantable ventricular assist devices are used in heart failure therapy. These devices require real-time flow rate estimation for effective mechanical circulatory support. We previously developed a flow rate estimation method using the eccentric position of a magnetically levitated impeller to achieve real-time estimation. However, dynamic motion of the levitated impeller can compromise the method's performance. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of dynamic motion of the levitated impeller on the time resolution and estimation accuracy of the proposed method. The magnetically levitated impeller was axially suspended and radially restricted by the passive stability in a centrifugal blood pump that we developed. The dynamic motions of impeller rotation and whirling were analyzed at various operating conditions to evaluate the reliability of estimation. The vibration response curves of the impeller revealed that the resonant rotational speed was 1300-1400 revolutions per minute (rpm). The blood pump was used as a ventricular assist device with rotational speed (over 1800 rpm) sufficiently higher than the resonant speed. The rotor-dynamic forces on the impeller (0.03-0.14 N) suppressed the whirling motion of the impeller, indicating that the dynamic motion could be stable. Although the temporal responsiveness should be determined based on the trade-offs among the estimation accuracy and time resolution, the real-time estimation capability of the proposed method was confirmed.

Effects of gravity on flow rate estimations of a centrifugal blood pump using the eccentric position of a levitated impeller.

Implantable ventricular assist devices are a type of mechanical circulatory support for assisting the pumping of the heart. Accurate estimation of the flow rate through such devices is critical to ensure effective performance. A novel method for estimating the flow rate using the passively stabilized position of a magnetically levitated impeller was developed by our group. However, the performance of the method is affected by the gravity vector, which depends on the patient's posture. In this study, the effects of gravity on the flow estimation method are analyzed, and a compensation method is proposed. The magnetically levitated impeller is axially suspended and radially restricted by passive stability in a centrifugal blood pump developed by our group. The gravity effects were evaluated by analyzing the relationships between the radial position of the magnetically levitated impeller and the flow rate with respect to the gravity direction. Accurate estimation of the flow rate could not be achieved when the direction of gravity with respect to impeller was unknown. A mean absolute error of up to 4.89 L/min was obtained for flow rate measurement range of 0-5 L/min. However, analysis of the equilibrium of forces on the passively stabilized impeller indicated that the effects of gravity on the flow estimation could be compensated by performing additional measurements of the gravity direction with respect to impeller. The method for compensating the effects of gravity on the flow estimation should improve the performance of therapy with the implantable ventricular assist devices.

Flow rate estimation of a centrifugal blood pump using the passively stabilized eccentric position of a magnetically levitated impeller.

Flow rate estimation for ventricular assist devices without additional flow sensors can improve the quality of life of patients. In this article, a novel flow estimation method using the passively stabilized displacement of a magnetically levitated impeller is developed to achieve sufficient accuracy and precision of flow estimation for ventricular assist devices in a simple manner. The magnetically levitated impeller used is axially suspended by a magnetic bearing in a centrifugal blood pump that has been developed by our group. The radial displacement of the impeller, which is restricted by passive stability, can be correlated with the flow rate because the radial hydraulic force on the impeller varies according to the flow rate. To obtain the correlation with various blood viscosities, the relationships between the radial displacements of the magnetically levitated impeller and the pressure head-flow rate characteristics of the pump were determined simultaneously using aqueous solutions of glycerol with a potential blood viscosity range. The measurement results showed that accurate steady flow rates could be estimated with a coefficient of determination of approximately 0.97 and mean absolute error of approximately 0.22 L/min without fluid viscosity measurements by using the relationships between the impeller displacement and the flow rate. Moreover, a precision of approximately 0.01 (L/min)/µm was obtained owing to a strong estimation indicator signal provided by the large displacement of the passively stabilized impeller; thus, the proposed estimation method can help ensure sufficient accuracy and precision for ventricular assist devices in a simple manner, even if the blood viscosity is unknown.