Full-length 5'RACE identifies all major HBV transcripts in HBV-infected hepatocytes and patient serum.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the episomal form of the HBV genome that stably resides in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes. cccDNA is the template for the transcription of 6 major viral RNAs, i.e. preC, pg, preS1/2, S and HBx RNA. All viral transcripts share the same 3' end and are all to various degrees subsets of each other. Especially under infection conditions, it has been difficult to study in depth the transcription of the different viral transcripts. We thus wanted to develop a method with which we could easily detect the full spectrum of viral RNAs in any lab. METHODS: We set up an HBV full-length 5'RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) method with which we measured and characterized the full spectrum of viral RNAs in cell culture and in chronically infected patients. RESULTS: In addition to canonical HBx transcripts coding for full-length X, we identified shorter HBx transcripts potentially coding for short X proteins. We showed that interferon-ß treatment leads to a strong reduction of preC and pgRNAs but has only a moderate effect on the other viral transcripts. We found pgRNA, 1 spliced pgRNA variant and a variety of HBx transcripts associated with viral particles generated by HepAD38 cells. The different HBx RNAs are both capped and uncapped. Lastly, we identified 3 major categories of circulating RNA species in patients with chronic HBV infection: pgRNA, spliced pgRNA variants and HBx. CONCLUSIONS: This HBV full-length 5'RACE method should significantly contribute to the understanding of HBV transcription during the course of infection and therapy and may guide the development of novel therapies aimed at targeting cccDNA. LAY SUMMARY: Especially under infection conditions, it has been difficult to study the different hepatitis B virus transcripts in depth. This study introduces a new method that can be used in any standard lab to discriminate all hepatitis B viral transcripts in cell culture and in the serum of patients.

Detection and Quantification of HBV Transcripts by Full-Length 5'RACE-PCR.

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a major health burden worldwide. Although efficient in maintaining the infection under control, current treatments are unable to fully eradicate the virus due to the persistence of its minichromosome, the so-called cccDNA. In the context of emerging antiviral and combinatorial therapies aiming at decreasing the cccDNA pool or at silencing its transcriptional activity, the detection and quantification of viral RNAs have gained increasing interest as a way to monitor the HBV reservoir. Here, we describe the protocol of the HBV full-length 5'RACE, a technique that allows to define the repertoire of the different HBV RNA species in vitro, intracellularly and extracellularly, and in vivo, in patients' serum in a qualitative or quantitative manner, depending on the choice of the post-analysis methodology.

Identification of a novel target of D/V signaling in Drosophila wing disc: Wg-independent function of the organizer.

Growth and patterning during Drosophila wing development are mediated by signaling from its dorso-ventral (D/V) organizer. Wingless is expressed in the D/V boundary and functions as a morphogen to activate target genes at a distance. Wingless pathway and thereby D/V signaling is negatively regulated by the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx) to mediate haltere development. In an enhancer-trap screen to identify genes that show differential expression between wing and haltere discs, we identified CG32062, which codes for a RNA-binding protein. In wing discs, CG32062 is expressed only in non-D/V cells. CG32062 expression in non-D/V cells is dependent on Notch-mediated signaling from the D/V boundary. However, CG32062 expression is independent of Wingless function, thus providing evidence for a second long-range signaling mechanism of the D/V organizer. In haltere discs, CG32062 is negatively regulated by Ubx. The non-cell autonomous nature of Ubx-mediated repression of CG32062 expression suggests that the novel component of D/V signaling is also negatively regulated during haltere specification.

Integrator complex regulates NELF-mediated RNA polymerase II pause/release and processivity at coding genes.

RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) pausing/termination shortly after initiation is a hallmark of gene regulation. Here, we show that negative elongation factor (NELF) interacts with Integrator complex subunits (INTScom), RNAPII and Spt5. The interaction between NELF and INTScom subunits is RNA and DNA independent. Using both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter and genome-wide analyses, we demonstrate that Integrator subunits specifically control NELF-mediated RNAPII pause/release at coding genes. The strength of RNAPII pausing is determined by the nature of the NELF-associated INTScom subunits. Interestingly, in addition to controlling RNAPII pause-release INTS11 catalytic subunit of the INTScom is required for RNAPII processivity. Finally, INTScom target genes are enriched in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transactivation response element/NELF binding element and in a 3' box sequence required for small nuclear RNA biogenesis. Revealing these unexpected functions of INTScom in regulating RNAPII pause-release and completion of mRNA synthesis of NELF-target genes will contribute to our understanding of the gene expression cycle.