Characterization and mechanism of anti-Aeromonas salmonicida activity of a marine probiotic strain, Bacillus velezensis V4.

The bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis, a systemic, ubiquitous disease of fish in the salmon family, characterized by high mortality and morbidity. Probiotics are a promising approach for prevention of furunculosis in aquaculture. A bacterial strain with anti-A. salmonicida properties, Bacillus velezensis V4, was isolated and the mechanisms underlying these properties were investigated. Anti-A. salmonicida compounds present in cell-free supernatant of V4 were purified and structurally identified as members of the iturin, macrolactin, and difficidin groups. The compounds contributed jointly to inhibition of A. salmonicida, and the diversity of the compounds was related to the versatility of their mode of action. Addition of the compounds to A. salmonicida cell suspensions reduced cell density. Analyses by confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed cell membrane disruption, deletion of cellular content, and cell lysis of A. salmonicida. The V4 genome was sequenced, and gene clusters involved in synthesis of anti-Aeromonas compounds were detected and identified. A possible probiotic effect on growth performance of Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) was investigated by addition of 0, 1, and 3 % (v/w) V4. Relative to control, mortality was reduced 27.25 % in the 1 % addition group and 81.86 % in the 3 % addition group. Feed coefficient ratio was reduced 19.49 % and weight gain ratio was increased 71.22 % in the 1 % addition group. Our findings demonstrate that V4 is an effective probiotic strain in O. mykiss and has clear potential for both control of furunculosis and growth promotion of aquaculture animals.

Total detection of Tianma Toutong tablets for quality consistency by a five-wavelength fusion fingerprint and chemometrics.

A fingerprint method was developed and combined with chemometrics for quality evaluation of Tianma Toutong tablets, which are herbal medicine tablets used to treat migraine. Samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, where five single-wavelength profiles (203, 232, 254, 280 and 310 nm) were fused to generate a five-wavelength fusion fingerprint and were also used for the quantitative analysis of seven chemical markers (gastrodin, caffeic acid, hesperidin, isoimperatorin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and imperatorin). A systematic quantitative fingerprint method and principal component analysis were used to analyze the generated data. Samples could be well distinguished from different manufacturers by analyzing the chromatographic data sets. In addition, the partial least squares model can serve as an antioxidant activity evaluation of Tianma Toutong tablets, as well as a reference for the selection of active constituents to analyze the spectrum-activity relationship. In summary, the integrated use of the fingerprint and chemometric analysis provides a reliable method for the identification of markers and the quality control of Tianma Toutong tablets.

[Effect of Naoxintong Capsule on Vascular Remodeling in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Subclinical Vascular Disease].

Objective To observe the effect of Naoxintong Capsule (NC) on carotid artery vas- cular remodeling (VR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with subclinical vascular disease. Methods A total of 180 T2DM patients with subclinical atherosclerosis (AS) were randomly assigned to the observation group and the control group in the ratio of 1:1 , 90 in each group. All patients took conven- tional hypoglycemic therapy, and the choices of therapeutic drugs and doses were selected according to patients' conditions. Patients in the observation group additionally took NC (3 pills each time, three times per day) , while those in the control group took no interventional drug. The therapeutic course for all was 6 months. The size and nature of bilateral carotid artery plaque were measured before and after treatment using color Doppler ultrasound diagnostic instrument. Bilateral carotid artery intimal-medial thickness (IMT) , plaque area (PA) , total vascular area (TVA) , lumen area (LA) , peak systolic velocity (PSV) , end diastolic velocity (EDV) , vascular resistance index (VRI) , and pulsatility index (PI) were measured. The total plaque score, unstable plaque detection rate, stenosis rate (S) , and refactoring index ( RI) were calculated. Levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) , glycated hemoglobin Al c (HbA1 c) , triglyceride (TG) , total cholesterol (TC) , high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C) , and low density lipopro- tein cholesterol (LDL-C) were detected. Results Compared with before treatment in the same group, carotid artery IMT and plaque score decreased, levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, FPG, and HbAlc were reduced, PSV, EDV and PI increased, and VRI decreased in both two groups after treatment, with statisti- cal significance (P <0. 05). More obvious effects were shown in decreasing carotid artery IMT, plaque score, PA, and unstable plaque detection rate, reducing levels of TC, LDL-C and VRI, and increasing HDL-C, PSV, and EDV in the observation group, with statistical difference as compared with the control group (P <0. 05). After treatment the reconstruction rate and negative remodeling increased in the control group, with statistical difference as compared with before treatment (P <0. 05). Compared with the control group after treatment, the negative remodeling increased more in the observation group after treatment (X2 =6. 4615, P <0. 05). Conclusion NC could alleviate the carotid artery IMT, reduce and stabilize the plaque, improve blood flow parameters, and delay vascular reconstruction for treating T2DM patients with subclinical vascular disease.

ß-Amino functionalization of cinnamic Weinreb amides in ionic liquid.

2-Ns-Protected ß-amino Weinreb amides were synthesized by aminochlorination of α,ß-unsaturated Weinreb amides in an ionic liquid, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([BMIM][NTf2]). Processed without the use of metal catalysts or the need of an inert gas atmosphere, the presented process can be readily performed as a one-pot synthesis at room temperature. Moreover, the preparation has the distinct advantages of the use of 2-NsNCl2 as an inexpensive and stable nitrogen/halogen source and the ionic liquid as a recyclable reaction media. Nine examples were examined, and modest to good isolated chemical yields (40-83%) were obtained.

Microwave assistant synthesis, antifungal activity and DFT theoretical study of some novel 1,2,4-triazole derivatives containing pyridine moiety.

In order to investigate the biological activity of novel 1,2,4-triazole compounds, seventeen novel 1,2,4-triazole derivatives containing pyridine moiety were synthesized under microwave assistant condition by multi-step reactions. The structures were characterized by 1H NMR, MS and elemental analyses. The target compounds were evaluated for their fungicidal activities against Stemphylium lycopersici (Enjoji) Yamamoto, Fusarium oxysporum. sp. cucumebrium, and Botrytis cinerea in vivo, and the results indicated that some of the title compounds displayed excellent fungicidal activities. Theoretical calculation of the title compound was carried out with B3LYP/6-31G (d,p). The full geometry optimization was carried out using 6-31G (d,p) basis set, and the frontier orbital energy, atomic net charges were discussed, and the structure-activity relationship was also studied.

Design, synthesis, biological activities and 3D-QSAR of new N,N'-diacylhydrazines containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxy moieties.

A series of new N,N'-diacylhydrazine derivatives were designed and synthesized. Their structures were verified by 1H-NMR, MS and elemental analysis. The herbicidal activities and plant growth regulating activity of these N,N'-diacylhydrazines were evaluated. The herbicidal activity results showed that most of these N,N'-diacyl-hydrazines showed excellent in vivo activities against Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria sanguinalis, Brassica napus, Amaranthus retroflerus. Most of them exhibited higher herbicidal activities against dicotyledonous weeds than monocotyledonous weeds. To further investigate the structure-activity relationship, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was performed on the basis of herbicidal activity data. Both the steric and electronic field distributions of CoMFA are in good agreement in this work.

[Fingerprint comparison of mountain cultivated ginseng and wild ginseng by HPLC].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the fingerprint of mountain cultivated ginseng by HPLC and compare the fingerprint with that of wild ginseng for the quality control. METHODS: The analysis was carried out on a ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) with a mobile phase consisting of water-acetonitrile with gradient elution, and the flow rate was 1 mL/min. The column temperature was set at (30 +/- 0.15) degrees C and UV detection wavelength was set at 203 nm. RESULTS: There were 15 common peaks in the fingerprint of mountain cultivated ginseng. The similarities of 10 batches ginseng were between 0.90 and 1.00. CONCLUSION: This method has good characteristics and specificity, and could be used for quality control of mountain cultivated ginseng. The type and content of components in wild ginseng were slightly higher than those in mountain cultivation ones.

[Evaluating the quality of niuhuangjiedu tablets by the systematic quantified fingerprint method].

The HPLC fingerprints of Niuhuangjiedu tablets (NHJDT) were established and assessed by systematic quantified fingerprint method. The chromatographic fingerprints (CFPs) were determined by reversed-phase HPLC, in which the CFPs containing 53 co-possessing peaks were marked by choosing baicalin peak as the referential peak. Fifteen batches of NHJDT were identified with hierarchical clustering analysis by using macro qualitative similarities and macro quantitative similarities as variables. According to the results of classification, the referential fingerprint (RFP) was synthesized from 10 batches of NHJDTs. Taking the RFP for the qualified model, the whole 15 batches of NHJDTs were evaluated by the systematic quantified fingerprint method. Among the 15 batches of NHJDT, 9 batches were completely qualified, the relative variance of leveling coefficient of 1 batch was obviously higher while the contents of other 5 batches were lower. The systematic quantified fingerprint method closely integrates the systematic fingerprints with the macro qualitative similarities and macro quantitative similarities to perform the entire qualification and quantitation analyses, which can briefly and effectively assess the quality of Chinese traditional medicine.

[A comparison of applicability in three diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome in Jiangsu population].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the applicability of the three diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome (MS) proposed by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2005, Adult Treatment Panel III of National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP-ATP III) in 2005 and Chinese Diabetes Socie (CDS) in 2004. METHODS: Based on the findings of cohort study of multiple metabolic disorders and metabolic syndrome (1971 cases) in Jiangsu province, MS was diagnosed according to these three definitions respectively, and by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and ROC curve distance, those with lower false positive and false negative rates were identified as to detecting cardio vascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While, through Cox regression analysis, to compare their relative risk (RR) and 95% confidential interval (CI) was wade. RESULTS: Among three diagnostic criteria, the specificity by CDS of MS was higher than the other criteria (83.52%, 76.36%, 89.57%; 85.02%, 78.67%, 92.28%), however the sensitivity of CDS of MS was low (40.82%, 29.47%). When using CDS, over 50 percent of diagnosis might be missed. ATP III definition corresponded to the shortest distance in ROC curve, namely, at the diagnostic criteria, the rates of false positive and false negative for identifying clustering of CVD and T2DM were minimum (0.4369; 0.5777). The incidence of CVD [5.59 (2.62 - 11.92) vs 2.90 (1.41 - 5.93)], T2DM [3.36 (1.92 - 5.79) vs 1.97 (1.16 - 3.34)] was significantly higher in cases of ATP III+/IDF-than ATP III+/IDF+, as compared with ATP III-/IDF-. CONCLUSION: Among three diagnostic criteria, the ATP III definition of the MS should be the most applicable diagnostic criteria for MS in Jiangsu population.

[Determination of the fingerprint attribution ratio and process recovery of medicinal effectiveness components for TCM-compound prescription with quantified fingerprint method].

By setting up the organic additive model of chemical fingerprints of TCM-compound, the quantified fingerprint method had been established to solve the qualitative and quantitative analyses problems for both the fingerprint attribution ratio and process recovery of medicinal effective components in TCM-compound prescription. The method firstly performs the qualitative analyses of the attribution ratios, and then the quantitative analyses, which can successfully disclose the results of attribution ratio and determine the process recovery of the medicinal effective components for TCM-compound prescription. Three optional methods were represented to assess the amount and distribution proportion of chemical compositions for single crude drug to compound prescription. In terms of components absorbed ultraviolet light, S5 (Radix Scutellariae) was assessed to be the most important crude drug containing much more effective components, and S7 (Radix Gentianae), S4 (Flos Lonicerae Japonica), S8 (Rhizome Anemarrhena) and S9 (Fructus Gardeniae) were second important crude drugs. The results showed lower process recovery of the medicinal effective components for eight batches of marketed preparations. Above all, the quantified fingerprint method can objectively and accurately reflect how high is the contribution of a single crude drug to the compound prescription, and quantitatively evaluate the process recovery of medicinal effectiveness components.

[Comparison between the qualitative similarity and the quantitative similarity of chromatographic fingerprints of traditional Chinese medicines].

To explore the differences between the qualitative similarity and the quantitative similarity of chromatographic fingerprints of traditional Chinese medicines, the quantitative similarity calculated by vector shadow C%, apparent quantitative similarity R%, quantitative similarity P%, etc. were firstly proposed to disclose the quantitative information characteristics of traditional Chinese medicines fingerprints. The HPLC fingerprints of both the standard Fructus gardeniae and the ten batches of Fructus gardeniae produced in different places were evaluated by the new parameters to obtain good results. The contrasted fingerprint contained 35 peaks while geniposide was selected as the reference peak. The HPLC fingerprint had good precision and reproducibility with the RSD of the relative retention time less than 1.5% and the RSD of the relative peak area within 5%. The qualitative similarity and quantitative similarity between each crude drug and the contrasted fingerprint were quantitatively calculated, the values of C%, P%, etc., were applied in the quality control practice, which had less errors. What is more, this method could be used for the overall quality control of Fructus gardeniae and especially suits for qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the chromatographic fingerprints both in chemical constituent distribution and in contents. The quantitative parameters such as C% and P% can be used to objectively, authentically and thoroughly display the content information characteristics. When they combined with the qualitative similarity, it will be the good method to evaluate the chromatographic fingerprints of traditional Chinese medicines.

Holistic evaluation of San-Huang Tablets using a combination of multi-wavelength quantitative fingerprinting and radical-scavenging assays.

The present study was designed to establish a multi-wavelength quantitative fingerprinting method for San-Huang Tablets (SHT), a widely used and commercially available herbal preparation, where high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode array detector (DAD) was employed to obtain the fingerprint profiles. A simple linear quantitative fingerprint method (SLQFM) coupled with multi-ingredient simultaneous determination was developed to evaluate the quality consistency of the tested samples qualitatively and quantitatively. Additionally, the component-activity relationship between chromatographic fingerprints and total radical-scavenging capacity in vitro (as assessed using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay) was investigated by partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis to predict the antioxidant capacity of new samples from the chromatographic fingerprints and identify the main active constituents that can be used as the target markers for the quality control of SHT. In conclusion, the strategy developed in the present study was effective and reliable, which can be employed for holistic evaluation and accurate discrimination for the quality consistency of SHT preparations and other traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and herbal preparations as well.

[The digital criterion of the potential information characteristics of the traditional Chinese medicine chromatographic fingerprints].

AIM: To exploit the characteristic digital criterion for the potential information characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine chromatographic fingerprints, the 37 parameters such as F and I were firstly proposed to disclose the potential information characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine fingerprints. METHODS: The HPLC fingerprints of the Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) , Ginkgo leaf extract and diphyridamole injection (GLEDI), Ixeris sonchifolia Hance (ISH) and Ixeris sonchifolia Hance injection (ISHI) were compared each other. RESULTS: As far as the peak signal intensity, the uniform of peak signal, resolution and the fingerprint information were concerned. The GBE fingerprint was better than the GLEDI's, and the ISH fingerprint was also better than the ISHI's, then GBE fingerprint was close to the ISHI' s. CONCLUSION: The 37 parameters such as F and I can be used to objectively, authentically and thoroughly display the potential information characteristics of the traditional Chinese medicine chromatographic fingerprints.

Effects of light-emitting diode supplementary lighting on the winter growth of greenhouse plants in the Yangtze River Delta of China.

BACKGROUND: The winter in the Yangtze River Delta area of China involves more than 1 month of continuous low temperature and poor light (CLTL) weather conditions, which impacts horticultural production in an unheated greenhouse; however, few greenhouses in this area are currently equipped with a heating device. The low-cost and long-living light-emitting diode (LED) was used as an artificial light source to explore the effects of supplementary lighting during the dark period in CLTL winter on the vegetative characteristics, early yield, and physiology of flowering for pepper plants grown in a greenhouse without heating. Two LED lighting sets were employed with different light source to provide 65 µmol m-2 s-1 at night: (1) LED-A: red LEDs (R, peak wavelength 660 nm) and blue LEDs (B, peak wavelength 460 nm) with an R:B ratio of 6:3; and (2) LED-B: R and B LEDs at an R:B ratio of 8:1. Plants growth parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics were compared between lighting treatments and the control group. RESULTS: Plants' yield and photosynthesis ability were improved by LED-A. Pepper grown under the LED-A1 strategy showed a 303.3 % greater fresh weight of fruits and a 501.3 % greater dry mass compared with the control group. Plant leaves under LED-A1 showed maximum efficiency of the light quantum yield of PSII, electron transfer rate, and the proportion of the open fraction of PSII centers, with values 113.70, 114.34, and 211.65 % higher than those of the control group, respectively, and showed the lowest rate constant of thermal energy dissipation of all groups. LED-B was beneficial to the plant height and stems diameter of the pepper plants more than LED-A. CONCLUSIONS: These results can serve as a guide for environment control and for realizing low energy consumption for products grown in a greenhouse in the winter in Southern China.

A multi-residue method for simultaneous determination of 74 pesticides in Chinese material medica using modified QuEChERS sample preparation procedure and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

The present study is focused on the development of an analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of seventy-four pesticides belonging to different chemical classes (organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, dinitroanilines, dicarboximides, triazoles, etc.) in Chinese material medica. The samples were extracted according to the acetate QuEChERS protocol. To reduce the amount of co-extracted compounds, n-hexane instead of acetonitrile was employed as the extraction solvent. To improve the overall recoveries of problematic basic and base-sensitive compounds, sodium acetate was used to adjust the pH to a neutral condition, and florisil combined with octadecyl-modified silica (C18) were utilized in the cleanup step. The samples were analysed by GC-MS/MS, and quantified by matrix-matched calibration. The validation study was carried out on two representative herbs, Chuanxiong Rhizoma and Angelica Sinensis Radix. In two matrices, the linearity of the calibration was good between 5 and 250 ng/mL concentration ranges, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) less than 0.01 mg/kg for most pesticides. At the LOQs and ten times the LOQs, the mean recoveries of almost all pesticides were within 70-120%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 10%. The method was applied on twenty real samples. Seven batches of Chuanxiong and five batches of Danggui were found to contain the residues. The combination of modified QuEChERS and GC-MS/MS offers low cost of analysis as well as excellent accuracy and sensitivity. This method could be especially useful for trace analysis of pesticide residues in complex matrices.

[The index F and relative index Fr of chromatographic fingerprints].

AIM: The index F and relative index Fr of chromatographic fingerprints were firstly proposed to indicate how bountiful was the information in traditional Chinese medicines chromatographic fingerprints, how better was the separation effect, how high was the peak signal and how equal were the peak areas. METHODS: The index F and relative index Fr of chromatographic fingerprints were firstly applied to evaluate the chromatographic fingerprints results of traditional Chinese medicines determined by the reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method and high performance capillary electrophoresis. RESULTS: The Shegan Kangbingdu injection and all its traditional Chinese medicines ingredients had been evaluated by F and Fr, so did for the HPLC fingerprints of Radix salviae miltiorrhizae reported in literature. As the same time, the F and Fr of the capillary electrophoresis fingerprints of Folium isatidis, Rhizoma belamcandae and compound liquorice tablets were successfully determined. As far as F was concerned, there was no evident difference between HPLC and capillary electrophoresis (CE), but the Fr values came from CE was usually a thousand times more than that from HPLC. CONCLUSION: The F and Fr can be applied to evaluate objectively, simply and thoroughly the chromatographic fingerprints.

A dynamic multiple reaction monitoring method for the multiple components quantification of complex traditional Chinese medicine preparations: Niuhuang Shangqing pill as an example.

It is a challenging task to simultaneously and quantitatively analyze multiple components in DFF [Da-Fu-Fang, namely, complex traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations containing more than ten TCMs] due to their numerous and extreme complex chemical compositions possessing a wide variety of chemical and physical features, and their very low content. Rather than using a conventional mass spectrometry (MS) method with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), in the current study, this challenge was addressed by using dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (DMRM). Using a DFF, Niuhuang Shangqing pill, which is composed of 19 TCMs, as a model, a rapid (one run in 20min), sensitive [lower limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were achieved comparable with MRM] and accessible (a standard HPLC/MS/MS instrumentation was employed) MS method was successfully developed for the simultaneous quantification of 41 bioactive components which represented 15 of the 19 medicinal plants. A comparison of LOD and LOQ using MRM and DMRM was made to quantitatively reveal that the latter demonstrated advantages over the former. Meanwhile, a standard operating procedure concerning the development of a new DMRM method was recommended. The MS data were obtained in the positive ion mode with electrospray ionization as the ion source, acetonitrile and water as mobile phase and a Kinetex C18 core-shell column (100mm×2.10mm, 2.6µm, Phenomenex Inc.) as the analytical column. This method was then applied to 32 batches of samples. It transpired, through principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, that the consistency of the products was relatively good within one company, but poor among different companies among the 32 samples; one failed to qualify in terms of the Chinese Pharmacopeia. This work illustrated that the proposed DMRM method was particularly suitable for quantifying the trace components in DFF and capable of ensuring the quality of DFF.

[Survey on newly-developed advanced schistosomiasis patients in schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted areas].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the status of newly-developed advanced schistosomiasis patients in schistosome transmission-interrupted areas. METHODS: The newly diagnosed advanced schistosomiasis patients confirmed by professionals at province and county levels according to the available standards were investigated. Their detailed epidemiology history and present signs/ symptoms were surveyed, and the relevant medical examinations were performed. RESULTS: There were 75 patients including 22 males and 53 females. The average age was (70.0 +/- 7.0) years and they were all infected with schistosome previously. They received anti-schistosome therapy (mean 1.85 times) and stool examinations (mean 26.24 times) continuously from 1976 to 1985, and the results of stool examination were all negative. In majority of the patients' resident areas, the last time that Oncomelania hupensis snails were found was 1976, and the latest was 1983. During this period, no patients were up to the diagnostic criteria of advanced schistosomiasis after multiple examinations, and they were diagnosed as advanced cases between 2008 and 2011. The survey indicated that liver fibrosis was found in all the patients with 82.7% showing grad III pathological change, 90.7% of them had splenomegaly, 20.0% had ascites, and 22.7% had portal vein broadening. The mean value of enzyme indexes of liver function was 31.81 U/L (ALT), 53.19 U/L (AST) and 89.28 U/L (gamma-GT), and the positive rate was 21.3%, 49.3% and 57.3%, respectively. As for the fibrosis indexes, the positive rate of HA, LN, C VI and P III P was 73.3%, 13.3%, 17.3% and 9.3%, respectively, and the mean value of HA was 3 times higher than that of the upper limit of normal standard. Conclusions Newly-developed advanced schistosomiasis patients are those who were dignosed and cured parasitologically but progressed pathologically without any chance of re-infection. Anti-fibrosis therapy is necessary as the patients show considerable progressive liver fibrosis.

[Study on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among 35-74 year-olds in Jiangsu province].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Jiangsu province, using IDF 2005 and ATP III 2005 definition. METHODS: Multistage cluster sampling method was used and the participants were interviewed by trained health workers under a structured questionnaire. The number of research subjects was 5888. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), blood lipids, body mass index, blood pressure (BP) of all sample population (5888 subjects) were measured. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS was 17.48% by IDF 2005 definition and 21.95% by ATP lII 2005 definition. Women had higher prevalence than men (P < 0.01). The prevalence of MS increased with age. Abrupt increase of the prevalence started at age of 50 in women. The prevalence varied by education, marital status, occupation and income. People from the urban and the south had a higher prevalence than from the rural and from the northern part of the country. The most common combination of MS individual components were 1) central obesity, dislipidemia and high BP; 2) central obesity, dislipidemia, high BP and high FPG. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MS was high in Jiangsu province. Clustering of MS components was common. It is necessary to discuss the cut-off points of central obesity for the waist circumference diagnostic criteria of MS in Chinese population. The importance of prevention of MS should be strengthened both by health professionals and the government.

[Study on the comparison of three diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome in Jiangsu population].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the significance of the application in Jiangsu population using the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome(MS) proposed by the IDF in 2005, ATP III in 2005 and CDS in 2004. METHODS: Based on the populations in Jiangsu province from a project of Multiple Metabolic Disorders and MS, the study was conducted including 5888 cases, with data of plasma glucose, lipid profile, blood pressure, serum insulin etc. MS was diagnosed and compared according to these three definitions respectively. RESULTS: The age-adjusted MS prevalence rates were 17.48%, 21.95% and 9.59% according to the IDF(2005), ATP III (2005) and CDS (2004) respectively. The agreement in the diagnosis of MS using ATP III (2005) and CDS(2004) definitions was 85.11%, and the agreement in the diagnosis of MS using IDF(2005) and CDS definitions was 87.35%. The agreement in the diagnosis of MS using IDF (2005) and ATP III (2005) definitions was 95.14%. The MS subjects diagnosed by the ATP III (2005) was 1.26 higher than subjects diagnosed by the IDF(2005) definition. The ratios of prevalence rates of high waist circumference(WC), MS_IDF (2005) and MS_ATP III (2005) was 2.17, 1.99 and 1.54 in sex ratio (woman to man). CONCLUSION: The agreement in the diagnosis of MS using the IDF(2005) and ATP III (2005) definition was higher than using CDS(2004) and other two definitions. For diagnosing MS, the cut off of WC in IDF(2005) and ATP III (2005) seemed not appropriate and the diagnostic criteria used for ATP III (2005) (waist circumference of man 85 cm, woman 80 cm) could identify more MS.