Perinatal asphyxia leads to acute kidney damage and increased renal susceptibility in adulthood.

Perinatal asphyxia (PA) poses a significant threat to multiple organs, particularly the kidneys. Diagnosing PA-associated kidney injury remains challenging and treatment options are inadequate. Furthermore, there is a lack of long-term follow-up data regarding the renal implications of PA. In this study, 7-day-old male Wistar rats were exposed to PA using a gas mixture (4% O2; 20% CO2 in N2 for 15 minutes) to investigate molecular pathways linked to renal tubular damage, hypoxia, angiogenesis, heat-shock response, inflammation, and fibrosis in the kidney. In a second experiment, adult rats with a history of PA were subjected to moderate renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury to test the hypothesis that PA exacerbates renal susceptibility. Our results revealed an increased gene expression of renal injury markers (KIM-1, NGAL), hypoxic- and heat shock factors (HIF-1α, HSF-1, HSP-27), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1), and fibrotic markers (TGF-ß, CTGF, Fibronectin) promptly after PA. Moreover, a machine learning model was identified through Random Forest analysis, demonstrating an impressive classification accuracy (95.5%) for PA. Post-PA rats showed exacerbated functional decline and tubular injury and more intense hypoxic-, heat-shock-, pro-inflammatory-, and pro-fibrotic response after renal IRI compared to controls. In conclusion, PA leads to subclinical kidney injury, which may increase the susceptibility to subsequent renal damage later in life. Additionally, the parameters identified through Random Forest analysis provide a robust foundation for future biomarker research in the context of PA.

Airway management may influence postoperative ventilation need in preterm infants after laser eye treatment.

BACKGROUND: Retinopathy of prematurity is treated with laser photocoagulation under general anaesthesia with intubation using endotracheal tube (ETT), which carries a risk for postoperative mechanical ventilation (MV). Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) may provide a safe alternative. We assessed the need for postoperative MV in preterm infants who received LMA versus ETT. METHODS: In this single-centre, retrospective cohort study, preterm infants who underwent laser photocoagulation between 2014-2021 were enroled. For airway management, patients received either LMA (n = 224) or ETT (n = 47). The outcome was the rate of postoperative MV. RESULTS: Patients' age were 37 [35;39] weeks of postmenstrual age, median bodyweight of Group LMA was higher than Group ETT's (2110 [1800;2780] g versus 1350 [1230;1610] g, respectively, p < 0.0001). After laser photocoagulation, 8% of Group LMA and 74% of Group ETT left the operating theatre requiring MV. Multiple logistic regression revealed that the use of LMA and every 100 g increase in bodyweight significantly decreased the odds of mechanical ventilation (OR 0.21 [95% CI 0.07-0.60], and 0.73 [95% CI 0.63-0.84], respectively). Propensity score matching confirmed that LMA decreased the odds of postoperative MV (OR 0.30 [95% CI 0.11-0.70]). CONCLUSION: The use of LMA is associated with a reduced need for postoperative MV. IMPACT: Using laryngeal mask airway instead of endotracheal tube for airway management in preterm infants undergoing general anaesthesia for laser photocoagulation for treating retinopathy of prematurity could significantly decrease the postoperative need for mechanical ventilation. According to our current understanding, this has been the largest study investigating the effect of laryngeal mask airway during general anaesthesia in preterm infants. Our study suggests that the use of laryngeal mask airway is a viable alternative to intubation in the vulnerable population of preterm infants in need of laser treatment.

Higher parental education was associated with good cognitive outcomes in infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy.

AIM: Predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes in hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains imprecise, despite advanced imaging and neurophysiological tests. We explored the predictive value of socio-economic status (SES). METHODS: The cohort comprised 93 infants (59% male) with HIE, who had received therapeutic hypothermia. Patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging, and brain injuries were quantified using the Barkovich scoring system. Family SES was self-reported using a questionnaire. Adverse outcomes were defined as mild to severely delayed development with a score of ≤85 in any domain at 2 years of age, based on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition. Data are presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: Multiple regression modelling revealed that higher parental education was strongly associated with good cognitive development, when adjusted for gestational age, serum lactate and brain injuries (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.16-4.36). The effect size of parental education (ß = 0.786) was higher than one score for any brain injury using the Barkovich scoring system (ß = -0.356). The literacy environment had a significant effect on cognitive development in the 21 infants who had brain injuries (OR 40, 95% CI 3.70-1352). CONCLUSION: Parental education and the literacy environment influenced cognitive outcomes in patients with HIE.

Clinical assessment of children with long COVID syndrome.

BACKGROUND: There is a need for further understanding pediatric long COVID syndrome (LCS) to be able to create specific case definitions and guidelines for providing good clinical care. METHODS: Medical records of all LCS patients who presented at our designated LC clinic were collected. We carried out descriptive analyses summarizing the history, clinical presentation, and findings of children, while doing a diagnosis of exclusion with multi-disciplinary medical examinations (physical, laboratory, and radiological examinations, specialist consultations, etc.) without a control group. RESULTS: Most children reported at least minor impairment to their quality of life, of which 17 (23%) had moderate or severe difficulties. Findings that could be directly connected to the linked complaint category were observed in an average of 18%, respiratory symptoms with objective alterations being the most frequent (37%). Despite our detecting mostly non-specific conditions, in a smaller number we identified well-described causes such as autoimmune thyroiditis (7%). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of children stated an impairment in their quality of life, while symptom-related conditions were detected only in a minority. Controlled studies are needed to separate the effect of the pandemic era from the infection itself. Evidence-based pediatric guidelines could aid to rationalize the list of recommended examinations. IMPACT: Long COVID syndrome is a complex entity with a great impact on children's everyday lives. Still, there is no clear guidance for pediatric clinical management. Systematic, detailed studies with medical assessment findings could aid the process of creating evidence-based guidelines. We present validated systematic information collected during in-person medical assessments with detailed medical findings and quality of life changes. While making a diagnosis of exclusion, we could confirm symptom-related conditions only in a minority of children; however, the majority reported at least minor impairment to their quality of life.

How to define and assess the clinically significant causes of hematuria in childhood.

Given the wide diversity of causes of hematuria, ranging from simple urinary tract infections with rapid recovery to severe glomerulonephritis with fast decline in kidney function, it is essential to recognize the underlying disease. The first objective of the assessment is to determine whether the cause of the hematuria is medically significant. The combination of hematuria with proteinuria, the presence of hypertension, or worsening kidney function can represent signs of progressive kidney disease. Differentiating the various causes of hematuria is often simple and obvious based on the clinical signs and gross appearance of the urine. However, in some instances, additional non-invasive investigations, such as ultrasound imaging, urinary red cell morphology, measurement of calcium and other solutes in the urine, evaluation of kidney function, and protein excretion, are needed to elucidate the nature of the hematuria. Taking a detailed family history can help in establishing the underlying cause in cases of familial hematuria. On the other hand, the decision to perform a kidney biopsy in children with asymptomatic hematuria remains a challenging issue for clinicians. Ultimately, the frequency of diagnosis of glomerular involvement causing hematuria may depend on the threshold for performing a kidney biopsy. The following review will focus on the diagnostics of hematuria, starting with difficulties regarding its definition, followed by various means to differentiate between urinary, glomerular, and other causes, and finally reviewing the most common diseases that, due to their frequency or their effect on kidney function, present a diagnostic challenge in everyday practice.

High Salt Promotes Inflammatory and Fibrotic Response in Peritoneal Cells.

Recent studies draw attention to how excessive salt (NaCl) intake induces fibrotic alterations in the peritoneum through sodium accumulation and osmotic events. The aim of our study was to better understand the underlying mechanisms. The effects of additional NaCl were investigated on human primary mesothelial cells (HPMC), human primary peritoneal fibroblasts (HPF), endothelial cells (HUVEC), immune cells (PBMC), as well as ex vivo on peritoneal tissue samples. Our results showed that a high-salt environment and the consequently increased osmolarity increase the production of inflammatory cytokines, profibrotic growth factors, and components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, including IL1B, IL6, MCP1, TGFB1, PDGFB, CTGF, Renin and Ace both in vitro and ex vivo. We also demonstrated that high salt induces mesenchymal transition by decreasing the expression of epithelial marker CDH1 and increasing the expression of mesenchymal marker ACTA2 and SNAIL1 in HPMCs, HUVECs and peritoneal samples. Furthermore, high salt increased extracellular matrix production in HPFs. We demonstrated that excess Na+ and the consequently increased osmolarity induce a comprehensive profibrotic response in the peritoneal cells, thereby facilitating the development of peritoneal fibrosis.

The Sigma-1 Receptor Is a Novel Target for Improving Cold Preservation in Rodent Kidney Transplants.

Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for patients with end-stage kidney disease. Maintaining organ viability between donation and transplantation, as well as minimizing ischemic injury, are critically important for long-term graft function and survival. Moreover, the increasing shortage of transplantable organs is a considerable problem; thus, optimizing the condition of grafts is a pivotal task. Here, rodent models of kidney transplantation and cold storage were used to demonstrate that supplementation of a preservation solution with Sigma-1 receptor (S1R) agonist fluvoxamine (FLU) reduces cold and warm ischemic injury. Post-transplant kidney function was improved, histological injury was mitigated, and mRNA expression of two tubular injury markers-kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-was robustly reduced. In addition, renal inflammation was diminished, as shown by reduced leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. In the cold ischemia model, FLU ameliorated structural injury profoundly after 2 h as well as 24 h. The reduced number of TUNEL-positive and Caspase 3-positive cells suggests the anti-apoptotic effect of FLU. None of these beneficial effects of FLU were observed in S1R-/- mice. Of note, organ damage in FLU-treated kidneys after 24 h of cold storage was similar to just 2 h without FLU. These results indicate that S1R agonists can prolong storage time and have great potential in improving organ preservation and in alleviating the problem of organ shortages.

Sigma-1 Receptor Agonist Fluvoxamine Ameliorates Fibrotic Response of Trabecular Meshwork Cells.

Primary open-angle glaucoma remains a global issue, lacking a definitive treatment. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered the primary risk factor of the disease and it can be caused by fibrotic-like changes in the trabecular meshwork (TM) such as increased tissue stiffness and outflow resistance. Previously, we demonstrated that the sigma-1 receptor (S1R) agonist fluvoxamine (FLU) has anti-fibrotic properties in the kidney and lung. In this study, the localization of the S1R in TM cells was determined, and the anti-fibrotic efficacy of FLU was examined in both mouse and human TM cells. Treatment with FLU reduced the F-actin rearrangement, inhibited cell proliferation and migration induced by the platelet-derived growth factor and decreased the levels of fibrotic proteins. The protective role of the S1R in fibrosis was confirmed by a more pronounced increase in alpha smooth muscle actin and F-actin bundle and clump formation in primary mouse S1R knockout TM cells. Furthermore, FLU demonstrated its protective effects by increasing the production of nitric oxide and facilitating the degradation of the extracellular matrix through the elevation of cathepsin K. These findings suggest that the S1R could be a novel target for the development of anti-fibrotic drugs and offer a new therapeutic approach for glaucoma.

Optimization of Sirius Red-Based Microplate Assay to Investigate Collagen Production In Vitro.

Tissue fibrosis is characterized by chronic fibroblast activation and consequently excessive accumulation of collagen-rich extracellular matrix. In vitro microplate-based assays are essential to investigate the underlying mechanism and the effect of antifibrotic drugs. In this study, in the absence of a gold-standard method, we optimized a simple, cost-effective, Sirius Red-based colorimetric measurement to determine the collagen production of fibroblasts grown on 96-well tissue culture plates. Based on our findings, the use of a serum-free medium is recommended to avoid aspecific signals, while ascorbate supplementation increases the collagen production of fibroblasts. The cell-associated collagens can be quantified by Sirius Red staining in acidic conditions followed by alkaline elution. Immature collagens can be precipitated from the culture medium by acidic Sirius Red solution, and after subsequent centrifugation and washing steps, their amount can be also measured. Increased attention has been paid to optimizing the assay procedure, including incubation time, temperature, and solution concentrations. The resulting assay shows high linearity and sensitivity and could serve as a useful tool in fibrosis-related basic research as well as in preclinical drug screening.

Cardioprotective and Antifibrotic Effects of Low-Dose Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Type 1 Diabetic Rat Model.

Diabetic cardiovascular complications are associated with up to 50% mortality, and current therapies are not effective enough. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASis) are the standard of care for diabetic patients with hypertension and albuminuria. Based on our previous studies reporting the renoprotective effects of low-dose RAASis, here, we hypothesized that low-dose RAASi treatment has cardioprotective and antifibrotic benefits in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). After five weeks of T1DM, adult male Wistar rats received low doses of ramipril, losartan, or eplerenone for two weeks. Heart rate, blood pressure, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were recorded. Aortic intima-media thickness (IMT), collagen accumulation, and myocardial fibrosis were assessed. All RAASis reduced PWV elevation, prevented the progression of myocardial fibrosis, and normalized B-type natriuretic peptide, troponin I, and fibroblast growth factor 23 levels without affecting blood pressure. Interestingly, only eplerenone reversed the decline in Klotho levels and reduced IMT and fibrosis in the media of the aorta. Our comparative analysis suggests that mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, particularly eplerenone, may offer superior efficacy in halting both the arterial and the myocardial injuries in T1DM compared to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C): Implications for long COVID.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus 2 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has significantly affected people around the world, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. Although the pandemic has affected people of all ages, there is increasing evidence that children are less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are more likely to experience milder symptoms than adults. However, children with COVID-19 can still develop serious complications, such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). This narrative review of the literature provides an overview of the epidemiology and immune pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and MIS-C in children. The review also examines the genetics of COVID-19 and MIS-C in children, including the genetic factors that can influence the susceptibility and severity of the diseases and their implications for personalized medicine and vaccination strategies. By examining current evidence and insights from the literature, this review aims to contribute to the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies for COVID-19, MIS-C, and long COVID syndromes in children.

Longitudinal Analysis of Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography for Outcome Prediction in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prognostic accuracy of longitudinal analysis of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) background activity to predict long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) receiving therapeutic hypothermia. STUDY DESIGN: This single-center observational study included 149 neonates for derivation and 55 neonates for validation with moderate-severe HIE and of gestational age ≥35 weeks at a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. Single-channel aEEG background pattern, sleep-wake cycling, and seizure activity were monitored over 84 hours during therapeutic hypothermia and rewarming, then scored for each 6-hour interval. Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition. Favorable outcome was defined as having both a Mental Development Index (MDI) score and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) score ≥70, and adverse outcome was defined as either an MDI or a PDI <70 or death. Regression modeling for longitudinal analysis of repeatedly measured data was applied, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated. RESULTS: Longitudinal aEEG background analysis combined with sleep-wake cycling score had excellent predictive value (AUC, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85-0.95), better than single aEEG scores at any individual time point. The model performed well in the independent validation cohort (AUC, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.62-1.00). The reclassification rate of this model compared with the conventional analysis of aEEG background at 48 hours was 18% (24 patients); 14% (18 patients) were reclassified correctly. Our results were used to develop a user-friendly online outcome prediction tool. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal analysis of aEEG background activity and sleep-wake cycling is a valuable and accurate prognostic tool.

Prevalence and potential relevance of hyperuricemia in pediatric kidney transplant recipients-a CERTAIN registry analysis.

BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is frequently observed in pediatric kidney transplant recipients; symptomatic hyperuricemia, however, is a rare complication. Only few data are available in this patient population. We, therefore, investigated the prevalence of hyperuricemia and its association with kidney transplant function and blood pressure in a multicenter cohort of pediatric kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational multicenter registry study. All pediatric kidney transplant recipients in the CERTAIN database with at least one documented serum uric acid level and a follow-up of 5 years posttransplant were eligible. We identified 151 patients with 395 measurements of serum uric acid. We calculated the prevalence of hyperuricemia, analyzed potential risk factors and clinical consequences such as elevated blood pressure and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. RESULTS: One hundred and ten of 395 (27.8%) serum uric acid levels were above 416 µmol/L (7.0 mg/dL), defined as the upper limit of normal. Univariate analysis showed a significant (p = .026) inverse association of serum uric acid with eGFR overtime. There was no significant association of serum uric acid concentrations with body mass index (z-score), blood pressure (z-score), or sex. No episodes of gout were documented. CONCLUSION: This study shows that hyperuricemia is present in a considerable number of patients sometime after pediatric kidney transplantation and is associated with lower eGFR. Whether hyperuricemia contributes to faster decline of graft function or to the overall cardiovascular risk of these patients remains to be elucidated.

Subclinical cardiac dysfunction in pediatric kidney transplant recipients identified by speckle-tracking echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplantation (KTx) improves prognosis in children with kidney failure; still, these patients are prone to cardiovascular damage due to multiple risk factors. Our aim was to assess myocardial structure and function in pediatric KTx by conventional and speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) in association with established cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: Forty-two KTx and 39 healthy age- and gender-matched children were evaluated. KTx recipients were further categorized according to the control of hypertension assessed by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Subjects underwent pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement, conventional echocardiography, and 2-dimensional STE. Left and right ventricular (LV, RV) global longitudinal strain (GLS), and LV circumferential strain (GCS) were measured. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated according to the Schwartz formula. RESULTS: KTx patients had increased blood pressure and arterial stiffness. LV ejection fraction (EF) was preserved along with elevated LV mass index (LVMi) while LVGLS was significantly lower, whereas LVGCS and RVGLS were increased in KTx. Uncontrolled hypertensives had lower LVGLS compared to those with controlled hypertension. Using multiple forward stepwise regression analysis, 24-h SBP and relative wall thickness (RWT) were independent determinants of LVMi, whereas antihypertensive therapy, eGFR, and HOMA-IR were independent determinants of LVGLS. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac morphology and function show distinct changes after KTx. Along with comparable ventricular volumes, LV hypertrophy and subclinical myocardial dysfunction are present. Control of hypertension and kidney graft function are major factors of LV performance. STE may be useful to reveal early myocardial dysfunction in pediatric KTx. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Transient Agarose Spot (TAS) Assay: A New Method to Investigate Cell Migration.

Fibroblasts play a central role in diseases associated with excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Investigation of different properties of fibroblasts, such as migration, proliferation, and collagen-rich ECM production is unavoidable both in basic research and in the development of antifibrotic drugs. In the present study we developed a cost-effective, 96-well plate-based method to examine the migration of fibroblasts, as an alternative approach to the gold standard scratch assay, which has numerous limitations. This article presents a detailed description of our transient agarose spot (TAS) assay, with instructions for its routine application. Advantages of combined use of different functional assays for fibroblast activation in drug development are also discussed by examining the effect of nintedanib-an FDA approved drug against IPF-on lung fibroblasts.

Interleukin-24 regulates mucosal remodeling in inflammatory bowel diseases.

BACKGROUND: Recently, increased interleukin (IL)-24 expression has been demonstrated in the colon biopsies of adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the role of IL-24 in the pathomechanism of IBD is still largely unknown. METHODS: Presence of IL-24 was determined in the samples of children with IBD and in the colon of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treated mice. Effect of inflammatory factors on IL24 expression was determined in peripheral blood (PBMCs) and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs). Also, the impact of IL-24 was investigated on HT-29 epithelial cells and CCD-18Co colon fibroblasts. Expression of tissue remodeling related genes was investigated in the colon of wild type (WT) mice locally treated with IL-24 and in the colon of DSS treated WT and Il20rb knock out (KO) mice. RESULTS: Increased amount of IL-24 was demonstrated in the serum and colon samples of children with IBD and DSS treated mice compared to that of controls. IL-1ß, LPS or H2O2 treatment increased the expression of IL24 in PBMCs and LPMCs. IL-24 treatment resulted in increased amount of TGF-ß and PDGF-B in HT-29 cells and enhanced the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes and the motility of CCD-18Co cells. Similarly, local IL-24 treatment increased the colonic Tgfb1 and Pdgfb expression of WT mice. Moreover, expression of pro-fibrotic Tgfb1 and Pdgfb were lower in the colon of DSS treated Il20rb KO compared to that of WT mice. The disease activity index of colitis was less severe in DSS treated Il20rb KO compared to WT mice. CONCLUSION: Our study suggest that IL-24 may play a significant role in the mucosal remodeling of patients with IBD by promoting pro-fibrotic processes.

Lyophilization and homogenization of biological samples improves reproducibility and reduces standard deviation in molecular biology techniques.

Lyophilization is a cost-effective method for biological specimen preservation but detailed tissue-specific reference protocols are still lacking. Moreover, data are limited on the long-term stability of proteins and nucleic acids in lyophilized samples.Here, we offer lyophilization protocols for various rat and mouse tissues (kidney, heart, liver, lung, aorta, and skin) coupled with technical hints for optimal sample preparation. We demonstrate that lyophilized samples stored at 4 °C for 20 months can yield protein and RNA of similar quantity and quality to -80 °C storage, while phosphorylated proteins are preserved as well. Freeze-dried and subsequently pulverized samples can provide more consistent, more reliable data especially when investigating focal injuries, such as fibrosis. We developed a protocol for the concentration of biological solutions and achieved 20-times concentration in human peritoneal dialysis effluent solution which enables the previously unattainable detection of proteins in these samples. We established a method for water removal as well as accurate water content measurement of fecal samples, which can be valuable for gut metabolome analysis.Taken together, lyophilization is a valuable tool for the preservation of biological samples with many advantages. We aim to draw attention to the wide range of possibilities offered by freeze drying in pre-clinical or basic research.

Atypical HUS and Crohn's disease-interference of intestinal disease activity with complement-blocking treatment.

BACKGROUND: In atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS), various defects of the complement system have been reported to explain pathophysiology. Therapeutic options for complement inhibition are well-recognized; however, the links between various immune-derived diseases and aHUS are unclear, and their interference with treatment efficacy during long-term complement-blocking therapy is scarcely known. CASE-DIAGNOSIS/TREATMENT: We present a pediatric patient who developed aHUS with acute kidney injury in parallel with the onset of Crohn's disease (CD), and who required long-term complement-blocking therapy with eculizumab (ECU). Unexpectedly, during the 6-year ECU treatment, an important intra-patient variation of the degree of complement inhibition was observed. In spite of continuous and stable doses of complement-blocking therapy, periods of incomplete blockade were observed in strong association with relapses of CD. When conventional and later biological therapy with adalimumab was introduced, with CD going into remission, complement blockade became complete again. Despite periodically low ECU levels and insufficient complement inhibition, no clinical or hematological signs of aHUS recurrence were detected during CD relapses. CONCLUSION: In aHUS cases secondary to CD, close monitoring of both complement inhibition and serum ECU levels is needed as intestinal disease can interfere with complement-blocking treatment. Increased doses of ECU may be necessary to maintain therapeutic blood levels of ECU and full complement blockade, especially if the intestinal disease is not under control.

Sex differences in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the kidney is caused by the sudden and temporary obstruction of blood flow to the organ. Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with high morbidity and mortality, but effective therapies are lacking. Sexual dimorphism in renal injury has been acknowledged since the 1940s, and the possible role of sex hormones has been intensively investigated in the past decades. Clinical and experimental data demonstrate sexual differences in renal anatomy, physiology, and susceptibility to renal diseases including but not limited to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Some data suggest the protective role of female sex hormones, whereas others highlight the detrimental effect of male hormones in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Although the important role of sex hormones is evident, the exact underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This review focuses on collecting the current knowledge about sexual dimorphism of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, with emphasis on molecular mechanisms and potential novel therapeutic strategies.

Reduced O-GlcNAcylation and tubular hypoxia contribute to the antifibrotic effect of SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in the diabetic kidney.

Diabetic kidney disease is a worldwide epidemic, and therapies are incomplete. Clinical data suggest that improved renal outcomes by Na+-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) are partly beyond their antihyperglycemic effects; however, the mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we investigated the effect of the SGLT2i dapagliflozin (DAPA) in the prevention of elevated O-GlcNAcylation and tubular hypoxia as contributors of renal fibrosis. Type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in adult male Wistar rats. After the onset of diabetes, rats were treated for 6 wk with DAPA or DAPA combined with losartan (LOS). The effect of hyperglycemia was tested in HK-2 cells kept under normal or high glucose conditions. To test the effect of hypoxia, cells were kept in 1% O2 for 2 h. Cells were treated with DAPA or DAPA combined with LOS. DAPA slowed the loss of renal function, mitigated renal tubular injury markers (kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin), and reduced tubulointerstitial fibrosis. DAPA diminished high glucose-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation and moderated the tubular response to hypoxia through the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway. DAPA alone was as effective as combined treatment with LOS in all outcome parameters. These data highlight the role of ameliorated O-GlcNAcylation and diminished tubular hypoxia as important benefits of SGLT2i treatment. Our results support the link between glucose toxicity, tubular hypoxia, and fibrosis, a vicious trio that could be targeted by SGLT2i in kidney diseases of other origins as well.