Defining Global Benchmarks in Elective Secondary Bariatric Surgery Comprising Conversional, Revisional, and Reversal Procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To define "best possible" outcomes for secondary bariatric surgery (BS). BACKGROUND: Management of poor response and of long-term complications after BS is complex and under-investigated. Indications and types of reoperations vary widely and postoperative complication rates are higher compared to primary BS. METHODS: Out of 44,884 BS performed in 18 high-volume centers from 4 continents between 06/2013-05/2019, 5,349 (12%) secondary BS cases were identified. Twenty-one outcome benchmarks were established in low-risk patients, defined as the 75th percentile of the median outcome values of centers. Benchmark cases had no previous laparotomy, diabetes, sleep apnea, cardiopathy, renal insufficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, immunosuppression, thromboembolic events, BMI> 50 kg/m2 or age> 65 years. RESULTS: The benchmark cohort included 3143 cases, mainly females (85%), aged 43.8 ±â€Š10 years, 8.4 ±â€Š5.3 years after primary BS, with a BMI 35.2 ±â€Š7 kg/m2. Main indications were insufficient weight loss (43%) and gastro-esophageal reflux disease/dysphagia (25%). 90-days postoperatively, 14.6% of benchmark patients presented ≥1 complication, mortality was 0.06% (n = 2). Significantly higher morbidity was observed in non-benchmark cases (OR 1.37) and after conversional/reversal or revisional procedures with gastrointestinal suture/stapling (OR 1.84). Benchmark cutoffs for conversional BS were ≤4.5% re-intervention, ≤8.3% re-operation 90-days postoperatively. At 2-years (IQR 1-3) 15.6% of benchmark patients required a reoperation. CONCLUSION: Secondary BS is safe, although postoperative morbidity exceeds the established benchmarks for primary BS. The excess morbidity is due to an increased risk of gastrointestinal leakage and higher need for intensive care. The considerable rate of tertiary BS warrants expertise and future research to optimize the management of non-success after BS.

Trends in referrals to liaison psychiatry teams from UK emergency departments for patients over 65.

INTRODUCTION: The number of people over the age of 65 attending Emergency Departments (ED) in the United Kingdom (UK) is increasing. Those who attend with a mental health related problem may be referred to liaison psychiatry for assessment. Improving responsiveness and integration of liaison psychiatry in general hospital settings is a national priority. To do this psychiatry teams must be adequately resourced and organised. However, it is unknown how trends in the number and type referrals of older people to liaison psychiatry teams by EDs are changing, making this difficult. METHODS: We performed a national multi-centre retrospective service evaluation, analysing existing psychiatry referral data from EDs of people over 65. We described trends in the number, rate, age, mental health presentation, and time taken to assessment over a 7 years period. RESULTS: Referral data from 28 EDs across England and Scotland were analysed (n = 18,828 referrals). There was a general trend towards increasing numbers of people referred to liaison psychiatry year on year. Variability in referral numbers between different departments, ranged from 0.1 to 24.3 per 1000 ED attendances. The most common reasons for referral were mood disorders, self-harm and suicidal ideas. The majority of referrals were assessed within 60 min, however there is variability between departments, some recording waits over 11 h. DISCUSSION: The data suggests great inter-departmental variability in referral numbers. Is not possible to establish the cause of variability. However, the data highlights the importance of asking further questions about why the differences exist, and the impact that has on patient care.

Typology of psychiatric emergency services in the United Kingdom: a narrative literature review.

BACKGROUND: Mental health crisis requiring emergency access to psychiatric service can occur at any time. Psychiatric Emergency Service (PES) is described as one that provides an immediate response to an individual in crisis within the first 24 h. Presently, several types of PESs are available in the United Kingdom (UK) with the aim of providing prompt and effective assessment and management of patients. Therefore, this study aims to provide a detailed narrative literature review of the various types of Psychiatric Emergency Service (PES) currently available in the UK. METHOD: Electronic search of five key databases (MEDLINE, PsychINFO, EMBASE, AMED and PUBMED) was conducted. Studies were included if it described a mental health service in the UK that provides immediate response in mental health crisis within the first 24 h. Excluded studies did not describe a PES, non-English, and were not conducted in UK. RESULTS: Nine types of PESs were found. Amongst the 9 services, more papers described crisis resolution home treatment. Majority of the papers reported services within England than other countries within the UK. CONCLUSION: All types of PESs were described as beneficial, particularly to mental health service users, but not without some shortcomings. There is a need to continue carrying out methodological research that evaluate impact, cost-effectiveness as well as identify methods of optimising the beneficial outcomes of the various types of PESs. This may help inform researchers, policy makers and commissioners, service users and carers, service providers and many more on how to ensure current and future PESs meet the needs as well as aid recovery during crisis.

Evaluation of the Psychiatric Decisions Unit (PDU): effect on emergency department presentations and psychiatric inpatient admissions.

BACKGROUND: Busy emergency departments (EDs) are not the optimum environment for assessment of patients in mental health crisis. The Psychiatric Decisions Unit (PDU) was developed by the Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health Foundation Trust as an enhanced assessment service to ensure patients in mental health crisis receive optimal care. AIMS: To evaluate the activities of the PDU and its impact on the frequency of ED presentations and inpatient admissions, and to explore patient satisfaction. METHODS: Data were collected over a 6-month period during 2015 regarding patient demographics, referral sources, length of stay, and frequency of mental health-related ED presentations and inpatient psychiatric admissions. Comparison group data were used to evaluate the impact of the PDU. Patient satisfaction was measured using the 'Friends and Family Test' and structured feedback forms. RESULTS: In total, 385 patients were referred to the PDU during the study period. Implementation of the PDU was associated with a 39% decrease in the number of patients taken to the ED by Street Triage and a 26% fall in inpatient psychiatric admissions via the Trusts' in-hospital liaison psychiatry team. Ninety-eight per cent of patients surveyed felt that they were treated with respect and understanding, and 94% reported that they were likely or extremely likely to recommend the service to friends and family. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of the PDU was associated with a reduction in the frequency of ED presentations and inpatient psychiatric admissions. This study suggests that patients are satisfied with the care provided at the PDU.

Cognitive Function Declines Significantly during Haemodialysis in a Majority of Patients: A Call for Further Research.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive impairment (CI) is very common condition that occurs in haemodialysis patients and it is associated with reduced functional capacity and mortality. We assessed the change in cognitive function during haemodialysis and associated risk factors. METHODS: All patients ≥50 years, on haemodialysis for ≥3 months, no dementia from 2 dialysis centres were selected. Cognition was assessed before and after a haemodialysis session using parallel versions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) tool. Multiple regression was used to examine potential confounders. RESULTS: Eight-two patients completed both tests - median age 73 (52-91) years, 59% male, dialysis vintage 41 (3-88) months. Sixty-two (76%) had CI at baseline. Cognition declined over dialysis (MOCA 21 ± 4.8 to 19.1 ± 4.1, p < 0.001) and domains affected were attention, language, abstraction and delayed recall. Age and dialysis vintage were independently associated with decline. CONCLUSION: Cognitive function declines over a haemodialysis session and this has significant clinical implications over health literacy, self-management and tasks like driving. More research is needed to find the cause for this decline in cognition.

Young people who self-harm: a prospective 1-year follow-up study.

PURPOSE: To explore repetition, service provision and service engagement following presentation of young people to emergency services with self-harm. METHODS: 969 patients who presented to accident and emergency services after self-harm were followed up prospectively for a period of 1 year. Data on rates, method, clinical history, initial service provision, engagement and repetition (defined as re-presenting to emergency services with further self-harm) were gathered from comprehensive electronic records. RESULTS: Young people were less likely to repeat self-harm compared to those aged 25 and above. A psychiatric history and a history of childhood trauma were significant predictors of repetition. Young people were more likely to receive self-help as their initial service provision, and less likely to receive acute psychiatric care or a hospital admission. There were no differences in engagement with services between young people and those aged 25 and above. CONCLUSION: Younger individuals may be less vulnerable to repetition, and are less likely to represent to services with repeated self-harm. All young people who present with self-harm should be screened for mental illness and asked about childhood trauma. Whilst young people are less likely to be referred to psychiatric services, they do attend when referred. This may indicate missed opportunity for intervention.

Student filmmakers' attitudes towards mental illness and its cinematic representation - an evaluation of a training intervention for film students.

BACKGROUND: Government strategy for mental health places tackling stigma as a main priority. National initiatives have attempted to tackle stigma by challenging negative media reporting and the use of stereotyped representations of mental illness, with mixed results. Educational interventions have attempted to address stigmatising attitudes in young people but no studies have explored the value of such interventions for film students. AIMS: The study aimed to assess the value of a lecture-based training intervention designed to improve the knowledge and attitudes of student filmmakers towards mental illness and its cinematic representation. METHOD: A self-report questionnaire was administered before and after the intervention, which measured the knowledge and attitudes of the subjects. RESULTS: 32 out of 54 students (59.3%) showed statistically significant improvement in attitudes and knowledge overall, although this was less marked in responses to the attitudinal subset questions compared with knowledge-based questions. Feedback was positive. CONCLUSIONS: The training session was successful in its aims for most but not all students. The intervention is reproducible but further work needs to be done to clarify how best to influence attitudes and behaviour as well as knowledge.

Arterial spin labelling reveals multi-regional cerebral hypoperfusion in patients with transient ischemic attack that are unrelated to ischemia location: A proof-of-concept study.

Background and Aims: Patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) have a substantially increased risk of early dementia. In this exploratory study, we aim to determine whether patients with TIA have 1) measurable regional cerebral hypoperfusion unrelated to the location of ischemia, and 2) determine the relationship of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with their cognitive profiles. Methods: Patients with TIA (N = 49) and seventy-nine (N = 79) age and sex matched controls underwent formal neuropsychological testing and MRI. Quantitative arterial spin labelling rCBF maps (mL/min/100 g) were registered to the corresponding high resolution T1-weighted image. Linear regression was used to determine the association between demographic, clinical and cognitive variables and rCBF. Results: Patients with TIA had significantly (p < 0.05) lower cognitive scores in the MMSE, MOCA, ACE-R, WAIS-IV DS Coding and Trail Making Tests A and B compared to controls. TIA patients had significantly lower rCBF in the left entorhinal cortex (p = 0.03), right posterior cingulate (p = 0.04), and right precuneus (p = 0.05), after adjusting for age and sex, that were unrelated to the regional anatomical volume and DWI positivity. Regional hypoperfusion in the right posterior cingulate and right precuneus was associated with impaired visual memory (BVMT total, p = 0.05 for both regions) and slower processing speed (TMT A, p = 0.04 and p = 0.01), respectively after adjusting for age and sex. Conclusions: TIA patients have patterns of regional hypoperfusion in multiple cortical regions unrelated to the parcellated regional anatomical volume or the presence of a DWI lesion. Regional hypoperfusion in patients with TIA may be an early marker conferring risk of future cognitive decline that needs to be confirmed by future studies.

The relationship of small vessel disease burden on cerebral and regional brain atrophy rates and cognitive performance over one year of follow-up after transient ischemic attack.

Background: Stroke, even when minor, increases the risk of dementia. We aimed to determine whether patients with transient ischaemic attack (TIA) exhibit higher rates of cerebral and regional atrophy 1-year after first stroke symptoms and evaluate the relationship with small vessel disease and cognitive performance. Methods: TIA patients and controls without cognitive symptoms underwent high-resolution T1-weighted MRI and cognitive testing at baseline and 1-year. Percent brain volume change (PBVC) was measured, and the location of regional atrophy and small vessel disease (CSVD) burden was evaluated. Neuropsychological testing assessed memory, processing speed, and executive function. Results: A total of 76 TIA patients and 53 controls of mean age 67 (SD = 8) and 68 years (SD = 8) were recruited. TIA patients demonstrated greater improvement of visual memory and executive function at 1-year. TIA patients had greater median PBVC/year compared to controls (-0.79% [(-1.22)-(-0.38)] vs. -0.41% [(-0.62)-0.19]; p < 0.001), and higher rates of volume loss (ml/year) in subcortical gray (-0.53 [(-1.09)-(-0.06)] vs. -0.13 [(-0.61)-0.31]; p < 0.05) and white matter (-2.21 [-5.47, 0.40] vs. -0.93 [(-3.43)-2.10]; p < 0.05). Linear regression showed that TIA, age, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were associated with greater cerebral volume loss over 1-year. There was no significant relationship between PBVC and 1-year cognition. Conclusion: A near two-fold increase in rate of cerebral atrophy 1-year after TIA is associated with higher SBP emphasizing the need for improved treatment of SBP. Cerebral and regional atrophy rates may be used to select patients for vascular risk reduction trials or novel therapeutics in future dementia prevention trials.

A systematic review of interventions aiming to improve newly-qualified doctors' wellbeing in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND: Newly-qualified doctors in the United Kingdom experience a great deal of stress and have poor wellbeing when compared to more senior counterparts. A number of interventions have been put in place to boost healthcare professionals' wellbeing, but little is known about interventions aimed to improve the wellbeing of newly-qualified doctors in the United Kingdom. This study aims to systematically review current evidence of interventions which improved the wellbeing of newly-qualified junior doctors in the United Kingdom. METHODS: Five key electronic databases were searched. Subsequently, reference scanning and citation search was performed. Studies were included if they were conducted from the commencement of the Foundation Programme in 2004, until 2019. In addition, studies had to be performed on junior doctors: working in the United Kingdom and within their first five years post-qualification and have a quantitative outcome. Studies which did not meet these criteria were excluded. Quality was assessed using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Bias was not formally assessed using a standardised tool. RESULTS: Seven papers met the inclusion criteria and identified three main types of interventions: mentorship, mindfulness and clinical preparation interventions. The majority of included studies reported a positive result from the performed intervention, suggesting these to be beneficial in improving junior doctor wellbeing, and thereby reducing anxiety and stress levels. However, most of the studies used small sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS: This review reveals that there is dearth of evidence on the effectiveness of intervention to improve the wellbeing of newly-qualified doctors in the United Kingdom. Most of the identified interventions focused on relieving stress and anxiety inherent within newly-qualified doctors' training programmes. However, wellbeing interventions need to take into cognisance all the factors which impact on wellbeing, particularly job-related factors. We recommend that future researchers implement large-scale holistic interventions using appropriate research methods. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42019127341.

Machine learning model to predict mental health crises from electronic health records.

The timely identification of patients who are at risk of a mental health crisis can lead to improved outcomes and to the mitigation of burdens and costs. However, the high prevalence of mental health problems means that the manual review of complex patient records to make proactive care decisions is not feasible in practice. Therefore, we developed a machine learning model that uses electronic health records to continuously monitor patients for risk of a mental health crisis over a period of 28 days. The model achieves an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.797 and an area under the precision-recall curve of 0.159, predicting crises with a sensitivity of 58% at a specificity of 85%. A follow-up 6-month prospective study evaluated our algorithm's use in clinical practice and observed predictions to be clinically valuable in terms of either managing caseloads or mitigating the risk of crisis in 64% of cases. To our knowledge, this study is the first to continuously predict the risk of a wide range of mental health crises and to explore the added value of such predictions in clinical practice.

Selective internal radiation therapy of metastatic breast cancer to the liver: A meta-analysis.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of yttrium-90 selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) in treating patients with breast cancer with hepatic metastasis. Method: PubMed and The Cochrane Library were queried from establishment to January 2021. The following keywords were implemented: "breast", "yttrium", and "radioembolization". The following variables and outcomes were collected: publication year, region, sample size, study design, presence of extrahepatic disease, tumor burden, infused radioactivity, breast cancer subtype, previous treatment, median survival time (MST), length of follow-up, adverse events, and radiographical response such as Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), modified RECIST (mRECIST), and Positron Emission Tomography Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST). Results: A total of 24 studies from 14 institutions were included in the present meta-analysis. On the basis of the data from 412 patients, post-embolization MST was 9.8 [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.0-11.6] months. Patients with additional extrahepatic metastasis had a poorer survival rate compared with those with localized hepatic metastasis only (MST: 5.3 vs. 15 months, p < 0.0001). Patients with <25% liver tumor burden exhibited more promising survival than those with >25% (MST: 10.5 vs. 6.8 months, p < 0.0139). On the basis of RECIST, mRECIST, and PERCIST criteria, tumor response rate was 36% (95% CI: 26%-47%), 49% (95% CI: 34%-65%), and 47% (95% CI: 17%-78%), respectively, whereas tumor control rate was 85% (95% CI: 76%-93%), 73% (95% CI: 59%-85%), and 97% (95% CI: 91%-100%), respectively. Conclusion: On the basis of the available published evidence, SIRT is feasible and effective in treating patients with breast cancer with liver metastasis. Patients with lower hepatic tumor burden and without extrahepatic metastasis demonstrated more survival benefit. Future randomized controlled trials are warranted.

Root causes of deaths by suicide among patients under the care of a mental health trust: thematic analysis.

AIMS AND METHOD: This study explored the root causes of deaths by suicide among patients under the care of a mental health trust. Thematic analysis was carried out to identify themes from the serious incident reports for patients between 1 January 2017 and 31 July 2018. RESULTS: In total, 48 cases were reviewed. Three main themes emerged from this study: patient-, professional- and organisation-related factors. The majority of the deaths were caused by patient-related factors, particularly exacerbation of the patient's mental health condition. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: This study provides insight into perceived causes of death by suicide among mental health patients. It is hoped that this will, in turn, influence the manner in which decisions, policies and resource allocation are carried out to further prevent and reduce the incidence of suicide, particularly among mental health patients.

Drug-Coated Balloon Versus Plain Balloon Angioplasty for Hemodialysis Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background Both drug-coated balloon (DCB) angioplasty and conventional plain balloon angioplasty (PBA) can be implemented to treat hemodialysis dysfunction. The present study aims to compare the safety and efficacy of these 2 approaches by conducting a meta-analysis of available randomized controlled trials. Methods and Results PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were queried from establishment to January 2021. A total of 18 randomized controlled trials including 877 and 875 patients in the DCB and PBA groups, respectively, were included in the present meta-analysis. Target lesion primary patency, circuit patency, target lesion revascularization, and mortality were pooled. Odds ratios (ORs) were reported with 95% CIs. Publication bias was analyzed with funnel plot and Egger test. Target lesion primary patency was higher among patients who underwent DCB (OR, 2.93 [95% CI, 2.13-4.03], P<0.001 at 6 months; OR, 2.47 [95% CI, 1.53-3.99], P<0.001 at 1 year). Also, the DCB group had a higher dialysis circuit patency at 6 months (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.56-3.77 [P<0.001]) and 1 year (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.22-3.00 [P=0.005]). Compared with the PBA group, the DCB group had lower odds of target lesion revascularization during follow-up (OR, 0.43 [95% CI, 0.23-0.82], P=0.001 at 6 months; OR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.32-1.73], P=0.490 at 1 year). The OR of mortality was comparable between 2 groups at 6 months (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.42-3.33 [P=0.760]) and 1 year (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.58-1.48 [P=0.750]). Conclusions Based on evidence from 18 randomized controlled trials, DCB angioplasty is superior to PBA in maintaining target lesion primary patency and circuit patency among patients with dialysis circuit stenosis. DCB angioplasty also reduces target lesion revascularization with a similar risk of mortality compared with PBA.

Does insulin resistance influence neurodegeneration in non-diabetic Alzheimer's subjects?

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and AD brain shows impaired insulin signalling. The role of peripheral insulin resistance on AD aetiopathogenesis in non-diabetic patients is still debated. Here we evaluated the influence of insulin resistance on brain glucose metabolism, grey matter volume and white matter lesions (WMLs) in non-diabetic AD subjects. METHODS: In total, 130 non-diabetic AD subjects underwent MRI and [18F]FDG PET scans with arterial cannula insertion for radioactivity measurement. T1 Volumetric and FLAIR sequences were acquired on a 3-T MRI scanner. These subjects also had measurement of glucose and insulin levels after a 4-h fast on the same day of the scan. Insulin resistance was calculated by the updated homeostatic model assessment (HOMA2). For [18F]FDG analysis, cerebral glucose metabolic rate (rCMRGlc) parametric images were generated using spectral analysis with arterial plasma input function. RESULTS: In this non-diabetic AD population, HOMA2 was negatively associated with hippocampal rCMRGlc, along with total grey matter volumes. No significant correlation was observed between HOMA2, hippocampal volume and WMLs. CONCLUSIONS: In non-diabetic AD, peripheral insulin resistance is independently associated with reduced hippocampal glucose metabolism and with lower grey matter volume, suggesting that peripheral insulin resistance might influence AD pathology by its action on cerebral glucose metabolism and on neurodegeneration.

Prevalence of Mental Disorders, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia Among Older Adults in Egypt: Protocol for a Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: In Egypt, the population of older adults is rapidly growing. The last census in 2017 indicated that older adults numbered 94.8 million, which is a 2.56% increase from the 2006 census. There is growing evidence that the older population is at greater risk for some forms of mental disorders such as depression, dementia, and many more. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to review the current evidence regarding the prevalence of mental disorders among older adults in Egypt. This will be achieved by estimating the current prevalence of mental disorders and identifying any sociodemographic correlations with mental disorders. METHODS: An electronic search of 5 key databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, AMED, and PubMed) from their date of inception was conducted. In addition, scans of reference lists and searches of key journals, citations, and relevant internet resources were conducted. Studies were included if they were published in English, point prevalence studies, conducted with older Egyptians aged ≥60 years, and conducted using a validated diagnostic tool to ascertain mental disorders. Studies that did not meet any of these criteria were excluded. RESULTS: This systematic review started in November 2018. The literature search of the 5 databases revealed 343 papers. After screening titles and abstracts, scanning citations and reference lists, and searching internet sources, a total of 38 full-text articles were accessed, of which 16 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. We are currently in the process of data extraction and synthesis. CONCLUSIONS: This research will help bring the scale of mental disorders among older adults in Egypt to the forefront. This may help ensure evidence-based initiatives are established and that priority is given to resource allocation for geriatric mental health in Egypt. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Review CRD42018114831; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=114831. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/14637.

Evaluation of the effect of Cooled HaEmodialysis on Cognitive function in patients suffering with end-stage KidnEy Disease (E-CHECKED): feasibility randomised control trial protocol.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is common in haemodialysis (HD) patients and is associated independently with depression and mortality. This association is poorly understood, and no intervention is proven to slow cognitive decline. There is evidence that cooler dialysis fluid (dialysate) may slow white matter changes in the brain, but no study has investigated the effect of cooler dialysate on cognition. This study addresses whether cooler dialysate can prevent the decline in cognition and improve quality of life (QOL) in HD patients. METHODS: This is a multi-site prospective randomised, double-blinded feasibility trial. SETTING: Four HD units in the UK. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Ninety HD patients randomised (1:1) to standard care (dialysate temperature 36.5 °C) or intervention (dialysate temperature 35 °C) for 12 months. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Change in cognition using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Recruitment and attrition rates, reasons for non-recruitment, frequency of intradialytic hypotension, depressive symptom scores, patient and carers burden, a detailed computerised cognitive test and QOL assessments. ANALYSIS: mixed method approach, utilising measurement of cognition, questionnaires, physiological measurements and semi-structured interviews. DISCUSSION: The results of this feasibility trial will inform the design of a future adequately powered substantive trial investigating the effect of dialysate cooling on prevention and/or slowing in cognitive decline in patients undergoing haemodialysis using a computerised battery of neuro-cognitive tests. The main hypothesis that would be tested in this future trial is that patients treated with regular conventional haemodialysis will have a lesser decline in cognitive function and a better quality of life over 1 year by using cooler dialysis fluid at 35 °C, versus a standard dialysis fluid temperature of 36.5 °C. This also should reflect in improvements in their abilities for activities of daily living and therefore reduce carers' burden. If successful, the treatment could be universally applied at no extra cost. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03645733 . Registered retrospectively on 24 August 2018.

Correction to: Evaluating the effects of the novel GLP-1 analogue liraglutide in Alzheimer's disease: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (ELAD study).

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Memory, attention and fluency deficits in COPD may be a specific form of cognitive impairment.

There is increasing evidence demonstrating an association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cognitive impairment. We present a narrative review of published studies on the subject and a cross-sectional study investigating domain-specific cognitive impairment in people with COPD compared to people with known Alzheimer's dementia, and controls without known COPD or cognitive impairment. The aim of the study was to compare prevalence and pattern of cognitive impairment between the three groups using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE)-III tool. A total of 89 participants were recruited (44 with COPD, 17 with Alzheimer's and 28 controls). Patients with COPD had significantly lower total ACE-III scores than controls (p<0.001). When comparing the COPD group to the known Alzheimer's dementia group, overall ACE-III scores were significantly lower in the Alzheimer's dementia group than the COPD group (p=0.019). The domain-specific scores for attention (p<0.004), memory (p<0.004) and fluency (p<0.001) were significantly lower in the Alzheimer's dementia group than the COPD group. Our result suggest that the COPD group were significantly more likely to have cognitive impairment than the healthy control group. This was supported by the results of a narrative review of the published literature. Our results show that the pattern of impairment in the COPD group is different to the pattern of impairment shown in the known Alzheimer's dementia group, with significant differences in the cognitive domains affected. These results are in keeping with the findings of other previously published studies included in the narrative review.

Evaluating the effects of the novel GLP-1 analogue liraglutide in Alzheimer's disease: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (ELAD study).

BACKGROUND: Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue currently approved for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Preclinical evidence in transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease suggests that liraglutide exerts neuroprotective effects by reducing amyloid oligomers, normalising synaptic plasticity and cerebral glucose uptake, and increasing the proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells. The primary objective of the study is to evaluate the change in cerebral glucose metabolic rate after 12 months of treatment with liraglutide in participants with Alzheimer's disease compared to those who are receiving placebo. METHODS/DESIGN: ELAD is a 12-month, multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase IIb trial of liraglutide in participants with mild Alzheimer's dementia. A total of 206 participants will be randomised to receive either liraglutide or placebo as a daily injection for a year. The primary outcome will be the change in cerebral glucose metabolic rate in the cortical regions (hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, and posterior cingulate) from baseline to follow-up in the treatment group compared with the placebo group. The key secondary outcomes are the change from baseline to 12 months in z scores for clinical and cognitive measures (Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale and Executive domain scores of the Neuropsychological Test Battery, Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes, and Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living) and the incidence and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events or clinically important changes in safety assessments. Other secondary outcomes are 12-month change in magnetic resonance imaging volume, diffusion tensor imaging parameters, reduction in microglial activation in a subgroup of participants, reduction in tau formation and change in amyloid levels in a subgroup of participants measured by tau and amyloid imaging, and changes in composite scores using support machine vector analysis in the treatment group compared with the placebo group. DISCUSSION: Alzheimer's disease is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide. As available treatments are only symptomatic, the search for disease-modifying therapies is a priority. If the ELAD trial is successful, liraglutide and GLP-1 analogues will represent an important class of compounds to be further evaluated in clinical trials for Alzheimer's treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01843075 . Registration 30 April 2013.