OnabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of headache: an updated review.

Botulinum toxin (BT) is a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium. Systemic human intoxication from BT following oral ingestion results in acute and life-threatening muscle paralysis called botulism. BT has a wide scope of therapeutic uses, including conditions associated with increased muscle tone, smooth muscle hyperactivity, salivation, sweating, and allergies, as well as for cosmetic purposes. Several commercial forms of BT are available for medical use, including Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA). Multiple studies have found evidence of an analgesic effect of onabotulinumtoxinA and demonstrated the benefits of its use for the treatment of various chronic pain disorders. In this review, we provide an update on the use of onabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of headache disorders.

Incorporating the Osseous Genioplasty Into Rejuvenation of the Lower Face.

BACKGROUND: The chin plays a critical role in the shape, projection, and soft tissue support of the lower face. Osseous genioplasty is a powerful tool in facial rejuvenation as it allows for optimal control of the resulting chin dimensions and improvement in submental and submandibular laxity. Osseous genioplasty can be used alone or in combination with other facial rejuvenation procedures to achieve an optimal result. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to present the senior author's approach to skeletal analysis of the lower facial third and propose an algorithm that can be used to optimize skeletal support of the overlying soft tissue laxity while maintaining an aesthetic facial shape and proportion of the chin. METHODS: All patients undergoing cosmetic osseous genioplasty for soft tissue rejuvenation of the lower face and/or perioral region with the senior author between 2010 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Complications, including infection, numbness, and prolonged ecchymosis, were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 37 patients underwent cosmetic osseous genioplasty. The average age of the cohort was 44.5 years. Twenty-six patients (70.3%) were female. Eleven patients (29.7%) underwent genioplasty alone. In addition to genioplasty, 8 patients (21.6%) underwent orthognathic surgery, 5 patients (13.5%) underwent platysmaplasty and liposuction, and 2 patients (5.4%) underwent facelift. The authors propose an algorithm to guide evaluation of the lower facial third to help determine the possible role of osseous genioplasty for facial rejuvenation based on each patient's unique facial characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: In properly selected patients, osseous genioplasty can improve lower facial projection, submandibular laxity, and perioral soft tissue support while also optimizing facial shape and proportion.

Dental Topics for Plastic Surgeons, Part Three: Infection and Trauma of the Dentition.

ABSTRACT: Conditions that affect dental and periodontal structures receive sparse coverage in the plastic surgery literature, yet a working knowledge of this subject matter is important in certain areas of clinical practice and a fundamental understanding is part of plastic surgery competency tested on the in-service and written board examinations. This 4-part series written to provide plastic surgeons with a working knowledge of dental topics that may be relevant to their clinical practice. This section, Part III, covers inflammatory and infectious conditions of the dentition and related structures, as well as dentoalveolar trauma.

Methotrexate monotherapy for unilateral moderately active thyroid-related eye disease.

A type 1 diabetic patient with unilateral active thyroid-related eye disease was intolerant to systemic steroid therapy due to uncontrollable blood sugar levels. She was treated with low-dose methotrexate monotherapy, which resulted in a marked improvement of her condition with no adverse events.

Optic Nerve Sheath Fenestration for Papilledema Due to Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Associated with Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a serious life- and vision-threatening condition that can have a variable presentation according to the site of venous occlusion, including mimicking idiopathic intracranial hypertension. We report on a patient with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) who presented with papilledema due to CVST that was refractory to medical treatment but responded to optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF). CASE REPORT A 21-year-old man presented with blurred vision of gradual onset and a progressive course for 1 month, accompanied by fever, headache, and confusion. He had a history of lower-limb deep vein thrombosis. Examination revealed decreased vision with bilateral grade IV papilledema. Magnetic resonance venography showed evidence of CVST and laboratory investigations revealed lupus anticoagulant antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, and anti-double stranded DNA antibodies, with hyperhomocysteinemia. The patient did not meet the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) nor the new European League Against Rheumatism and American College of Rheumatology SLE classification criteria. He was diagnosed with CVST secondary to APS and hyperhomocysteinemia and treated with acetazolamide, systemic anticoagulation, and vitamins for 1 month, but with no improvement in his ophthalmic condition. He subsequently underwent unilateral ONSF, which resulted in improvement in vision bilaterally that continued throughout a 6-month follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Papilledema associated with CVST can be the first presentation of APS. When performed in a timely manner, ONSF can save useful vision and lead to improvement in vision in patients with papilledema due to CVST that is refractory to medical treatment.

Abnormal Cranial Shape Preceding Radiographic Evidence of Craniosynostosis.

Premature fusion of a cranial suture is known to result in characteristic changes in the head shape, even when the synostosis involves only part of the suture. We report an unusual case of a patient seen at the age of 2 months for an abnormal head shape that was present at birth. The phenotype was consistent with an isolated fusion of the frontosphenoidal suture, but the suture was open on a high-resolution computed tomography scan finding. There was no improvement in cranial form after 6 months of helmet therapy, and a follow-up computed tomography scan image taken at age 10 months showed the development of bilateral isolated frontosphenoidal synostosis. This case highlights that an abnormal head shape may, in some patients, predate radiographic evidence of craniosynostosis.

Vitrectomy for a secondary epiretinal membrane following treatment of adult-onset Coats' disease.

PURPOSE: To report a case of adult-onset Coats' disease that had worsening of macular edema and progressive macular traction following cryotherapy and repeated intravitreal bevacizumab injections due to formation of a secondary epiretinal membrane which only improved following pars plana vitrectomy and membrane peeling. OBSERVATIONS: A 35-year-old male presented with diminution of vision in his left eye and was found to have localized telangiectatic retinal vessels and aneurysmal dilatations with massive exudation and cystoid macular edema. He was diagnosed as adult-onset Coats' disease and treated with cryotherapy and a concomitant intravitreal injection of 2.5 mg bevacizumab followed by 3 monthly intravitreal injections of 2.5 mg bevacizumab and a single injection of 4 mg triamcinolone acetonide. Partial obliteration of the telangiectatic vessels and aneurysmal dilatations with improvement in surrounding lipid and fluid exudate was achieved, however, this was associated with progressive worsening of macular edema and macular traction due to formation of an epiretinal membrane which only improved following vitrectomy and membrane peeling. Effect of therapy at each stage was evaluated using visual acuity testing, fundus examination, fundus fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE: A secondary epiretinal membrane can develop following treatment of adult-onset Coats' disease and cause traction especially when combining cryotherapy with bevacizumab injections. Vitrectomy in such cases with membrane peeling may result in improvement of anatomical and functional outcomes.