Negative plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA nasopharyngeal carcinoma in an endemic region and its influence on liquid biopsy screening programmes.

BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in endemic regions may have undetectable plasma EBV DNA. METHODS: We prospectively recruited 518 patients with non-metastatic NPC and measured their pre-treatment plasma EBV DNA. The stage distribution and prognosis between pre-treatment plasma EBV DNA-negative (0-20 copies/ml) and EBV DNA-positive (>20 copies/ml) patients following radical treatment were compared. RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients (15.1%) were plasma EBV DNA-negative, and 62 in this subset (12.0%) had 0 copy/ml. Only 23/78 (29.5%) plasma EBV DNA-negative patients with advanced NPC (stage III-IVA) had strong EBV encoded RNA (EBER) positivity (score 3) in their tumours compared to 342/440 (77.7%) EBV DNA-positive patients of the same stages (p < 0.001). Though EBV DNA-negative patients had more early-stage disease (p < 0.001) and smaller volumes of the primary tumour and the positive neck nodes (p < 0.001), they had similar 5-year overall survival and cancer-specific survival to those EBV DNA-positive counterparts by stage. Similar results were also seen when plasma EBV DNA cut-off was set at 0 copy/ml. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with low-volume NPC may not be identified by plasma/serum tumour markers and caution should be taken in its utility as a screening tool for NPC even in endemic regions. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02476669.

Integrated palliative medicine in public oncology: a 10-year review.

OBJECTIVES: The rapid ageing population of Hong Kong has a high demand on oncology and palliative care (PC) service. This study was the first territory-wide assessment in Hong Kong to assess the palliative service coverage in patients with advanced cancer in the past decade. METHODS: Cancer deaths of all 43 public hospitals of Hong Kong were screened. Randomly selected 2800 cancer deaths formed a representative cohort in all seven service clusters of Hospital Authority at 4 time points (2006, 2009, 2012, 2015). Individual patient records were thoroughly reviewed. Predictors of PC coverage was evaluated in univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: From 2006 to 2015, PC coverage improved steadily from 55.4% to 68.9% (p<0.001). Median time of referral to PC service to death was 25 days (IQR: 53). For duration of inpatient PC, the median time was 22 days (IQR: 44) and it was stable over the past 10 years. Median time of referral to outpatient service to death was 74 days (IQR: 144) and there was an improvement observed (p<0.05). The current system was highly heterogeneous that PC varied between 9.8% and 84.8% in different hospitals depending on the PC service infrastructure. Multivariable Cox model identified patients associated with lower PC coverage: male, <50, rapid disease deterioration and staying in hospitals without multidisciplinary team clinic and designated palliative bed support (all p<0.01). CONCLUSION: There was concrete achievement in palliative service development in the past decade. Heterogeneity and late service provision should be addressed in future.

Integrative Palliative Care Service Model Improved End-of-Life Care and Overall Survival of Advanced Cancer Patients in Hong Kong: A Review of Ten-Year Territory-Wide Cohort.

Background: Integrated palliative care in oncology service has been widely implemented in Hong Kong since 2006. Aim: The study aimed to review its impact on end-of-life outcomes and overall survival (OS) of cancer patients, as well as its utilization of health care resources in the past 10 years. Design: Cancer deaths of all 43 public hospitals of Hong Kong were screened. Setting/Participants: Randomly selected 2800 cancer deaths formed a representative cohort in all seven service clusters of Hospital Authority at four time points (2006, 2009, 2012, and 2015). Individual patient records were thoroughly reviewed. Propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis was employed to compare the survival of patients. Results: Palliative care provision was associated with improved palliative care outcome, including more prescription of strong opioid, fewer cardiopulmonary resuscitations and intensive care unit admissions, and less futile chemotherapy usage in the end-of-life period (all p < 0.001). In the PSM analysis, the median OS in patients with palliative service (5.10 months, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.52-5.68 months) was significantly better than those without palliative service (1.96 months, 95% CI 1.66-2.27 months). Patients in the palliative care group had more specialist clinic visits (p < 0.001) and longer hospital stay (p < 0.001) in the last six months of life, although the duration of last admission stay at acute general ward was shortened (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our results suggested palliative care has played a role in the remarkable improvement in end-of-life outcomes and OS. However, current palliative care model relied heavily on hospital resources. Future work is needed to strengthen community care and to build up quality monitoring systems.