Popular Dietary Patterns: Alignment With American Heart Association 2021 Dietary Guidance: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

The evolution of dietary guidelines from isolated nutrients to broader dietary pattern recommendations results from growing knowledge of the synergy between nutrients and their food sources as they influence health. Macronutrient and micronutrient needs can be met by consuming various dietary patterns, but guidance is often required to facilitate population-wide adherence to wise food choices to achieve a healthy dietary pattern. This is particularly true in this era with the proliferation of nutrition misinformation and misplaced emphasis. In 2021, the American Heart Association issued a scientific statement outlining key principles of a heart-healthy dietary pattern that could be operationalized in various ways. The objective of this scientific statement is to assess alignment of commonly practiced US dietary patterns with the recently published American Heart Association criteria, to determine clinical and cultural factors that affect long-term adherence, and to propose approaches for adoption of healthy dietary patterns. This scientific statement is intended to serve as a tool for clinicians and consumers to evaluate whether these popular dietary pattern(s) promote cardiometabolic health and suggests factors to consider when adopting any pattern to improve alignment with the 2021 American Heart Association Dietary Guidance. Numerous patterns strongly aligned with 2021 American Heart Association Dietary Guidance (ie, Mediterranean, DASH [Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension], pescetarian, vegetarian) can be adapted to reflect personal and cultural preferences and budgetary constraints. Thus, optimal cardiovascular health would be best supported by developing a food environment that supports adherence to these patterns wherever food is prepared or consumed.

Person-Centered Models for Cardiovascular Care: A Review of the Evidence: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death and disability in the United States and globally. Disease burden continues to escalate despite technological advances associated with improved life expectancy and quality of life. As a result, longer life is associated with multiple chronic cardiovascular conditions. Clinical guidelines provide recommendations without considering prevalent scenarios of multimorbidity and health system complexities that affect practical adoption. The diversity of personal preferences, cultures, and lifestyles that make up one's social and environmental context is often overlooked in ongoing care planning for symptom management and health behavior support, hindering adoption and compromising patient outcomes, particularly in groups at high risk. The purpose of this scientific statement was to describe the characteristics and reported outcomes in existing person-centered care delivery models for selected cardiovascular conditions. We conducted a scoping review using Ovid MEDLINE, Embase.com, Web of Science, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through Ovid, and ClinicalTrials.gov from 2010 to 2022. A range of study designs with a defined aim to systematically evaluate care delivery models for selected cardiovascular conditions were included. Models were selected on the basis of their stated use of evidence-based guidelines, clinical decision support tools, systematic evaluation processes, and inclusion of the patient's perspective in defining the plan of care. Findings reflected variation in methodological approach, outcome measures, and care processes used across models. Evidence to support optimal care delivery models remains limited by inconsistencies in approach, variation in reimbursement, and inability of health systems to meet the needs of patients with chronic, complex cardiovascular conditions.

Variety of High and Very Low-Energy Density Foods among Preschool-Aged Children and Associations with Food Intake, Diet Quality, and Weight Status.

BACKGROUND: Energy density (ED) and the variety of foods are 2 factors that may have a combined effect on preschool-aged children's ability to regulate food intake. However, little is known about the variety of foods consumed within different ED categories by children in the United States. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, we explored the variety of high ED (HED, 4-9 kcal/g) and very low ED (VLED, <0.6 kcal/g) foods consumed by a nationally representative sample of children aged 2-5 y in the United States and the relationship between variety with food intake, diet quality, and weight status. METHODS: ED, variety, and diet quality were assessed using two 24-h dietary recalls collected as part of the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018 cycles (n = 1682). We assessed associations between HED and VLED varieties with energy intake, volume of food, diet quality, and weight status using multivariable linear and logistic regressions. RESULTS: The HED variety was positively associated with energy intake (P < 0.0001). The VLED variety was positively associated with the volume of food (P < 0.0001) and diet quality (P < 0.0001). VLED was negatively associated with the odds of having obesity in minimally adjusted models [odds ratio (OR): 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31, 0.87]; however, the relationship was not significant in fully adjusted models. Patterns of variety intake were differently associated with energy, volume, and diet quality. Children consuming the high VLED variety and the low HED variety had lower odds of obesity [OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.90]; however, this pattern was rare (10%). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the variety of HED foods is associated with higher average energy intake per day, and the variety of VLED foods is associated with a higher volume of food consumed per day and diet quality in a nationally representative sample of preschool-aged children.

Associations between child eating behaviors with eating patterns and diet quality in preschool-aged children.

Childhood eating behaviors are associated with weight status and laboratory assessments of dietary intake. However, little is known about how eating behaviors relate to the eating patterns and diet quality of children from marginalized populations when assessed in their natural environments. Therefore, we examined the association of food avoidant (e.g., food fussiness and satiety responsiveness) and food approach (e.g., food responsiveness and enjoyment of food) eating behaviors with children's meal size, eating frequency, and diet quality. We analyzed data from 61 predominately low-income Hispanic/Latinx preschool-aged children. Caregivers completed the Childhood Eating Behavior Questionnaire and two 24-h dietary recalls. From the recalls, we calculated meal size, eating frequency, and modified Diet Quality Index Scores (DQIS), and evaluated associations with eating behaviors using multivariable linear models. We also explored the relationship between eating behaviors and DQIS components. Food-avoidant subscales were associated with smaller meals and satiety responsiveness were associated with decreased snack frequency. Food approach subscales were not associated with meal size or eating frequency. Both food-avoidant and food-approach behaviors were associated with components of diet quality and caloric beverages outside of meal and snacks. These findings can inform future research on the relationship between child eating behaviors and dietary intake so that we can develop more tailored and effective interventions to promote healthy eating habits for low-income, Hispanic/Latinx preschool-aged children.

Feasibility and acceptability of a personalized, pre-filled online grocery cart to improve benefit redemption and diet quality of grocery purchases among participants of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).

Most participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) do not fully redeem their benefits due to barriers like transportation, confusing product eligibility, and unclear labeling. Online food shopping enables choice architecture to promote benefit redemption and maximize diet quality. We conducted a mixed-methods pilot randomized-controlled trial to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a pre-filled online grocery shopping cart to improve WIC benefit redemption and diet quality of grocery purchases. Rhode Island WIC participants (n = 24, mean age 29.4 ± 1.1 years, 75% Hispanic, 54% had never grocery shopped online) completed a baseline questionnaire and a simulated shopping episode (SSE), buying WIC and non-WIC items. After a week, we randomized participants into the intervention (personalized, modifiable carts pre-filled with 100% of the 2022 proposed WIC packages) or control (selected their items individually) groups before the second SSE. Both groups had WIC labels. We assessed feasibility using process data and percent agreement to feasibility questions, and acceptability via percent agreement to acceptability questions and post-intervention qualitative interviews. We conducted exploratory analyses to examine differences within and between groups at each timepoint for percent WIC benefit redemption and diet quality of grocery purchases, evaluated using the Grocery Purchase Quality Index-2016 (GPQI-2016) scores. Quantitative study measures suggest that the intervention was feasible and that the personalized, modifiable pre-filled cart was acceptable. These findings were supported during qualitative interviews, where participants highlighted time-savings, flexibility, and WIC labels as facilitators of WIC online shopping. Exploratory results showed significant increases in mean percent redemption of most WIC food categories and non-significant moderate increases in most GPQI-2016 scores. These measures are vital for the future adaptation of a full-scale efficacy trial in real-life settings.

Participant Characteristics Associated with High Responsiveness to Personalized Healthy Food Incentives: a Secondary Analysis of the Randomized Controlled Crossover Smart Cart Study.

BACKGROUND: Personalized dietary behavioral interventions could be enhanced by understanding factors accounting for individual variability in dietary decisions. OBJECTIVE: This study was a secondary analysis of the Smart Cart randomized controlled trial to determine whether participant characteristics predicted high responsiveness to personalized grocery incentives for purchasing healthy food. METHODS: This secondary analysis of a 9-mo crossover study included 192 regular shoppers (86%) from a Rhode Island supermarket. To analyze whether health, behavioral, and/or sociodemographic characteristics predicted responsiveness to a personalized grocery incentive intervention, participants were divided into 3 categories [high (n = 47), moderate (n = 50), and unresponsive (n = 95)] based on percentage changes in their Grocery Purchase Quality Index scores during the intervention versus control period calculated from sales data. We tested whether participant characteristics, including individual, household, and intervention-related factors, differed across responsiveness groups using ANOVA and whether they predicted the likelihood of being high responsive versus unresponsive or moderate responsive using logistic regression. RESULTS: Participants had a mean (SD) age of 56.0 (13.8) y and were 89% female. Education, self-reported BMI, income, diet-related medical condition, food insecurity, cooking adequacy, and value consciousness differed across responsiveness categories (P < 0.1). High versus moderate and unresponsive participants increased their percentage of spending on targeted foods (P < 0.0001) and purchased fewer unique items (P = 0.01). In multinomial adjusted models, the odds of being high versus unresponsive or moderate responsive were lower for participants with a BMI (in kg/m2) <25 versus ≥25 (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.90) and higher with a diet-related medical condition present (OR: 3.75; 95% CI: 1.20, 11.8). Other characteristics were not associated with responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Findings demonstrated that a BMI ≥25 and having a diet-related medical condition within the household predicted high responsiveness to a personalized grocery purchasing intervention, suggesting that personalized dietary interventions may be particularly effective for households with higher health risk. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03748056.

Associations between Participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and Maternal Diet Quality.

BACKGROUND: An objective of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is to improve maternal diet quality, but its effectiveness remains unclear. Better understanding how WIC participation shapes women's diet quality is crucial given that maternal diet plays a critical role in determining mothers' and children's short- and long-term overall health. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the diet quality of WIC-participating women to WIC-eligible nonparticipating women and higher-income pregnant and postpartum women using a nationally representative sample. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2018 cycles. Women aged 20 to 44 with at least one 24-h recall and complete data on pregnancy and postpartum status and WIC participation were included (n = 626). Diet quality was evaluated using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015). Multivariable Tukey-adjusted linear models were used to compare HEI-2015 total and component scores between groups. Models were adjusted for age, pregnancy and postpartum status, breastfeeding status, race and ethnicity, and food security. RESULTS: Most women were postpartum and not pregnant (75%), nonbreastfeeding (60%), identified as non-Hispanic White (58%), and food secure (64%). WIC participants, WIC-eligible nonparticipants, and income-ineligible women had mean Total HEI-2015 scores of 52.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 50.6, 54.8), 54.2 (95% CI: 51.6, 56.7), and 55.0 (95% CI: 51.8, 58.2), respectively. There were no differences between groups for total and most component scores. Income-ineligible women had better Fatty Acids scores (5.7; 95% CI: 5.0, 6.4) than WIC participants (4.7; 95% CI: 4.1, 5.3; P < 0.05). WIC-eligible nonparticipants had better Refined Grains scores (6.0; 95% CI: 5.3, 6.6) than WIC participants (5.0; 95% CI: 4.4, 5.6; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall diet quality was similar across WIC and income groups. Lower HEI-2015 component scores for WIC participants compared with WIC-eligible nonparticipants warrant further exploration. Research evaluating WIC's impact on maternal diet quality is needed to ensure continued support for low-income women's health.

2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Poor diet quality is strongly associated with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. This scientific statement emphasizes the importance of dietary patterns beyond individual foods or nutrients, underscores the critical role of nutrition early in life, presents elements of heart-healthy dietary patterns, and highlights structural challenges that impede adherence to heart-healthy dietary patterns. Evidence-based dietary pattern guidance to promote cardiometabolic health includes the following: (1) adjust energy intake and expenditure to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight; (2) eat plenty and a variety of fruits and vegetables; (3) choose whole grain foods and products; (4) choose healthy sources of protein (mostly plants; regular intake of fish and seafood; low-fat or fat-free dairy products; and if meat or poultry is desired, choose lean cuts and unprocessed forms); (5) use liquid plant oils rather than tropical oils and partially hydrogenated fats; (6) choose minimally processed foods instead of ultra-processed foods; (7) minimize the intake of beverages and foods with added sugars; (8) choose and prepare foods with little or no salt; (9) if you do not drink alcohol, do not start; if you choose to drink alcohol, limit intake; and (10) adhere to this guidance regardless of where food is prepared or consumed. Challenges that impede adherence to heart-healthy dietary patterns include targeted marketing of unhealthy foods, neighborhood segregation, food and nutrition insecurity, and structural racism. Creating an environment that facilitates, rather than impedes, adherence to heart-healthy dietary patterns among all individuals is a public health imperative.

The relationship between maternal prenatal and postnatal vegetable intake and repeated measures of infant vegetable intake frequency in a national U.S. sample.

Experimental research suggests that passive flavor transfer from maternal diet to the infant via amniotic fluid and breastmilk may improve infant vegetable intake. This secondary analysis examined associations between maternal (prenatal and postnatal) and infant vegetable intake in 696 mothers with eligible dietary data from the U.S. longitudinal Infant Feeding Practices Study II. Adjusted mixed models examined associations between 4 levels of maternal vegetable intake (mean splits of high/low on prenatal and postnatal food frequency questionnaires) and repeated measures of infant vegetable intake frequency (times/day, from monthly surveys). Mothers were on average 29.5 years old, mostly non-Hispanic White (86.2%) and educated (84.0% ≥some college). In base models, mothers with consistently high vegetable intake (vs. consistently low) reported more frequent infant vegetable intake. In multivariable models, infant vegetable intake was significantly more frequent amongst mothers with consistently high prenatal/high postnatal intake (0.9 times/day) versus consistently low intake (0.8 times/day). In this sample, maternal vegetable consumption was associated with frequency of infant vegetable consumption; consistently high vegetable intake across prenatal and postnatal periods was most strongly associated with infant intake. While infant vegetable intake is multifactorial, maternal prenatal and postnatal vegetable intake appeared to have a small but significant influence.

Contributions of Food Environments to Dietary Quality and Cardiovascular Disease Risk.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To evaluate the multidimensional influence of food environments on food choice, dietary quality, and diet-related health and identify critical gaps necessary to develop effective population interventions that influence food choice. RECENT FINDINGS: Multicomponent interventions that interact with multiple layers of the food environment show limited but consistent effects on dietary behaviors and may have wider and substantive population-level reach with greater incorporation of validated, holistic measurement tools. Opportunities to use smartphone technology to measure multiple components of the food environment will facilitate future interventions, particularly as food environments expand into online settings and interact with consumers in novel ways to shape food choice. While studies suggest that all dimensions of the food environment influence diet and health outcomes, robust and consistent measurements of food environments that integrate objective and subjective components are essential for developing stronger evidence needed to shift public policies.

The utility of household Grocery Purchase Quality Index scores as an individual diet quality metric.

The Grocery Purchase Quality Index (GPQI) reflects concordance between household grocery purchases and US dietary recommendations. However, it is unclear whether GPQI scores calculated from partial purchasing records reflect individual-level diet quality. This secondary analysis of a 9-month randomised controlled trial examined concordance between the GPQI (range 0-75, scaled to 100) calculated from 3 months of loyalty-card linked partial (≥50 %) household grocery purchasing data and individual-level Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores at baseline and 3 months calculated from FFQ (n 209). Concordance was assessed with overall and demographic-stratified partially adjusted correlations; covariate-adjusted percentage score differences, cross-classification and weighted κ coefficients assessed concordance across GPQI tertiles (T). Participants were middle aged (55·4 (13·9) years), female (90·3 %), from non-smoking households (96·4 %) and without children (70·7 %). Mean GPQI (54·8 (9·1) %) scores were lower than HEI scores (baseline: 73·2 (9·1) %, 3 months: 72·4 (9·4) %) and moderately correlated (baseline r 0·41 v. 3 months r 0·31, P < 0·001). Correlations were stronger among participants with ≤ bachelor's degree, obesity and children. Scores showed moderate agreement (κ = 0·25); concordance was highest in T3. Participants with high (T3) v. low (T1) GPQI scores had 7·3-10·6 higher odds of having HEI scores >80 % at both time points. Household-level GPQI was moderately correlated with self-reported intake, indicating their promise for evaluating diet quality. Partial purchasing data appear to moderately reflect individual diet quality and may be useful in interventions monitoring changes in diet quality.

A recurrent cross-sectional qualitative study exploring how low-income mothers define snacks and reasons for offering snacks during infancy.

Despite rapid increases in snacking in recent decades, little is known about snacking during infancy. This study explored how low-income mothers define snacks and their reasons for offering snacks during infancy. A recurrent cross-sectional qualitative approach was used to identify themes from semi-structured interviews with low-income mothers when their infants were 6 and 12 months of age. A purposive sample of mothers (N = 15) was recruited from Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) offices and childcare centers serving low-income families in Rhode Island. Mothers also completed demographic and infant feeding questionnaires. Independent thematic analyses were conducted to identify themes from the 6 and 12 month interviews. Themes from the 6 month interviews for how mothers defined snacks were: snacks are consumed between meals, snacks are smaller portions, and snacks are sweet. Themes from the 12 month interviews also included snacks are consumed between meals and snacks are smaller portions with one additional theme: snacks do not include all food groups. Themes from the 6 month interviews for the reasons mothers offered snacks were: infants seemed hungry, infants showed interest, and snacks help manage behavior. Themes from 12 month interviews also included snacks help manage behavior with two additional themes: snacks expose infants to different flavors and snacks expose infants to different textures. Findings suggest that snacks are commonly offered during infancy and that mothers define snacks as smaller portions that help with hunger between meals. However, during early infancy mothers describe snacks as sweet, and across infancy report using snacks to manage behavior, underscoring the importance of providing parents with guidance on healthy snacking during the first year of life.

Socio-economic and racial prenatal diet quality disparities in a national US sample.

OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in prenatal diet quality by socio-economic status (SES) and race/ethnicity. DESIGN: A secondary, cross-sectional analysis. Race and SES were self-reported prenatally; SES was categorized into four groups: high-income, middle-income and low-income WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children) participant/non-participant. The Alternative Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P) measured diet quality, including four moderation and nine adequacy components (higher scores = healthier diet). Generalized linear models adjusted for covariates and post hoc testing with Tukey adjustment compared AHEI-P scores between groups, using a threshold of P < 0·05. SETTING: Infant Feeding Practices Study II, conducted in a national US convenience cohort. PARTICIPANTS: Women in their third trimester (n 1322) with dietary history. RESULTS: Participants were of 28·9 (se 5·6) years on average and predominantly non-Hispanic White (84 %); approximately one-third participated in WIC and 17 % were high-income. The mean AHEI-P score was 61·7 (se 10·8) of 130 points. High-income women had higher total (62·4 (se 1·0)) and moderation component AHEI-P scores than middle-income (60·1 (se 0·8), P = 0·02), low-income WIC participants (58·3 (se 0·8), P < 0·0001) and non-participants (58·9 (se 0·9), P = 0·001). Non-Hispanic Black participants had lower total (57·8 (se 1·4)) and adequacy scores than Other races (i.e. neither non-Hispanic Black nor White, 62·1 (se 0·9), P = 0·02). CONCLUSIONS: Disparities in prenatal diet quality were observed, with non-Hispanic Black women, low-/middle-income and WIC participants having lower diet quality. However, interventions are needed to improve prenatal diet quality broadly among US women.

Maternal vegetable intake during and after pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Improved understanding of vegetable intake changes between pregnancy and postpartum may inform future intervention targets to establish healthy home food environments. Therefore, the goal of this study was to explore the changes in vegetable intake between pregnancy and the postnatal period and explore maternal and sociodemographic factors that are associated with these changes. METHODS: We examined sociodemographic, dietary, and health characteristics of healthy mothers 18-43y from the prospective Infant Feeding Practices II cohort (n = 847) (2005-2012). Mothers completed a modified version of the diet history questionnaire, a food-frequency measure, developed by the National Cancer Institute. We created four categories of mothers, those that were: meeting vegetable recommendations post- but not prenatally (n = 121; improved intake), not meeting vegetable recommendations during pregnancy and postnatally (n = 370; stable inadequate), meeting recommendations pre- but not postnatally (n = 123; reduced intake), and meeting recommendations at both time points (n = 233; stable adequate). To make our results more relevant to public health recommendations, we were interested in comparing the improved vegetable intake group vs. stable inadequate vegetable intake group, as well as those that reduced their vegetable intake compared to the stable adequate vegetable intake group. Separate multivariable-adjusted logistic regression were used to examine sociodemographic predictors of improved vs. stable inadequate and reduced vs. stable adequate vegetable intake. RESULTS: Women with improved vegetable intake vs. stable inadequate smoked fewer cigarettes while women with reduced vegetable intake vs. stable adequate were more likely to experience less pregnancy weight gain. In adjusted models, employed women had greater odds of reduced vegetable intake (OR = 1.64 95% CI 1.14-2.36). In exploratory analyses, employment was associated with greater odds of reduced vegetable intake among low-income (OR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.03-3.1), but not higher income women (OR = 1.31; 95% CI 0.94-1.84). After further adjustment for paid maternity leave, employment was no longer associated with vegetable intake among lower income women (OR: 1.53; 95% CI: 0.76-3.05). CONCLUSIONS: More women with reduced vs. stable adequate vegetable intake were lower income and worked full time. Improved access to paid maternity leave may help reduce disparities in vegetable quality between lower and higher income women.

Maternal predictors of infant beverage consumption: results from the Nurture cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study was to estimate prevalence and maternal risk factors for infant beverage consumption. DESIGN: Observational birth cohort. SETTING: Central North Carolina, USA. PARTICIPANTS: Mothers 20-36 weeks pregnant were surveyed every 3 months through their infant's first year (n 666) on their sociodemographics and infant's consumption frequency of 100 % fruit and vegetable juices and sugar-sweetened-beverages (SSB). Repeated-measure models, using a compound symmetry covariance structure, were used to assess the association of sociodemographic and maternal predictors with introducing juice and SSB separately and explored interaction terms with time to determine how the effects of the predictors change over time. RESULTS: On average, mothers were 28 years old, 72 % were non-Hispanic Black and 59 % were low-income. We found time by race, income, education, maternal age and breast-feeding duration interactions for both juice and SSB consumption. At approximately 6-7 months of age through 12 months of age, being Black, having a lower income (≤$US 20 000 v. >$US 20 000 per year) and education (less than high-school degree v. high-school degree or higher), being younger (<26 years v. ≥26 years) and breast-feeding for fewer than 26 weeks were each associated with introduction of both juice and SSB consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Future efforts are needed to raise awareness on the importance of national recommendations of limiting juice and SSB for infants, together with decreasing disparities in unhealthy beverage intake early in life.

Processing level and diet quality of the US grocery cart: is there an association?

OBJECTIVE: The majority of groceries purchased by US households are industrially processed, yet it is unclear how processing level influences diet quality. We sought to determine if processing level is associated with diet quality of grocery purchases. DESIGN: We analysed grocery purchasing data from the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey 2012-2013. Household grocery purchases were categorized by the NOVA framework as minimally processed, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods or ultra-processed foods. The energy share of each processing level (percentage of energy; %E) and Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) component and total scores were calculated for each household's purchases. The association between %E from processed foods and ultra-processed foods, respectively, and HEI-2015 total score was determined by multivariable linear regression. Foods purchased by households with the highest v. lowest ultra-processed food purchases and HEI-2015 total score <40 v. ≥60 were compared using linear regression. SETTING: USA. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative sample of 3961 households. RESULTS: Processed foods and ultra-processed foods provided 9·2 (se 0·3) % and 55·8 (se 0·6) % of purchased energy, respectively. Mean HEI-2015 score was 54·7 (se 0·4). Substituting 10 %E from minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients for ultra-processed foods decreased total HEI-2015 score by 1·8 points (ß = -1·8; 95 % CI -2·0, -1·5). Processed food purchases were not associated with diet quality. Among households with high ultra-processed food purchases, those with HEI-2015 score <40 purchased less minimally processed plant-foods than households with HEI-2015 score ≥60. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing purchases of minimally processed foods, decreasing purchases of ultra-processed foods and selecting healthier foods at each processing level may improve diet quality.

Pathways between maternal depression, the family environment, and child BMI z scores.

PURPOSE: Modifiable aspects of the family environment that contribute to overweight in younger children have been identified, including parental feeding practices, child eating behaviors, and parenting practices related to eating and household routines. Maternal depression influences many of these factors, yet research examining pathways that may link maternal depression through the family environment to child weight is lacking. The current study examined parental feeding practices, child eating behaviors, and eating and household routines as potential mediators between maternal depressive symptoms and child weight at age six. The study also tested for differential effects of early versus concurrent maternal depressive symptoms. METHODS: Longitudinal data on 1130 mothers and their children who participated in the Infant Feeding Practices Study II (IFSP II) and its Year 6 Follow-Up study were analyzed. A multi-step, multiple mediator model assessed direct and indirect relationships between early depressive symptoms (two months post-partum) and concurrent depressive symptoms with child Body Mass Index (BMI) z scores at age six. Potential mediators included parental feeding practices, child eating behaviors, and eating and household routines. RESULTS: Higher early depressive symptoms directly explained lower child BMI z scores. Early depression also worked through concurrent depression, the child's food responsiveness, and the hours the child slept on week nights to explain higher child BMI z scores. Parental efforts to make sure the child eats enough directly predicted lower child weight but did not mediate the effects of early or concurrent maternal depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest the need for greater attention to the relationships between maternal depression and child weight as a critical step toward developing effective obesity prevention strategies.

Associations between timing and quality of solid food introduction with infant weight-for-length z-scores at 12 months: Findings from the Nurture cohort.

This study assesses associations of the timing and quality of solid foods introduced during infancy with weight-for-length (WFL) z-scores at 12 months within the Nurture cohort. Women from North Carolina self-reported sociodemographics, the timing and type of solid food introduction, and reasons for introducing solids; infant anthropometrics were measured every 3 months through 1 year (n = 666). Frequency (0-5x/day) infants consumed fruits and vegetables was used to compute a mean (4-12 months) healthy food score (HFS), and sweets, french fries, snacks, and ice cream was used to compute a mean unhealthy food score (UnHFS). Multivariable-adjusted generalized linear models were used to examine the relationship of early solid food introduction, HFS quartiles (Q), UnHFS quartiles, and interactions between these variables with WFL z-scores at 12 months (n = 449). Exploratory analyses evaluated WFL z-scores among 4 groups of infants with high/low HFS and high/low UnHFS. On average, mothers were 28 years with a pre-pregnancy BMI of 30.5 kg/m2; 65% were Non-Hispanic Black, and 59% had incomes <$20,000. Mean HFS and UnHFS were 2.4 (range 0-7.4 of 10) and 1.8 (range 0-9.9 of 20), respectively. Nearly 1/3 of mothers introduced solids early, but early introduction and the HFS were not associated with WFL z-scores. Infants in Q3 and Q4 of the UnHFS had higher WFL z-scores (0.75-0.79 ±â€¯0.09) compared to infants in Q1 (0.42 ±â€¯0.0.9), p < 0.05. Frequent unhealthy food intake was associated with higher WFL z-scores at 12-months, underscoring the importance of reducing unhealthy food intake in the first year.

Sensory variety in shape and color influences fruit and vegetable intake, liking, and purchase intentions in some subsets of adults: a randomized pilot experiment.

Dietary variety increases food intake, but it is unclear if sensory differences elicit increases in eating-related behaviors. Using a 4×3 between-subject pilot experiment, we examined if increasing sensory variety (control, color, shape, both color and shape) and priming individuals to notice differences or similarities in the foods (positive, neutral, negative) influenced ad libitum proximal intake, liking, and willingness to purchase pears and peppers among 164 Greater Boston adults >18y/o. MANOVA was used to examine associations between sensory variety (independent variable) and six dependent measures. We tested for interactions between sensory variety condition and individual-level factors that may influence food intake. There was no main effect of sensory variety condition for any dependent measure. However, interactions between sensory variety condition and age, overweight status, and prime were detected. Adults with overweight (vs. adults of normal weight) ate more pear with color variety (7.2 vs. 4.4 oz, p=0.01). Pear intake was also higher among adults with overweight in the color variety (7.2 oz) vs. combination variety (4.4 oz) condition. Adults ≥36y/o ate more peppers (3.5 oz) in the color variety condition versus other conditions (2.1-2.2 oz, p=0.04). Participants primed to notice differences were more willing to purchase pears in the color variety (5.0 ± 0.5) versus control (3.7 ± 0.5) condition. Color variety may modestly increase proximal intake, liking, and purchase intentions for fruits and vegetables in some subsets of adults. Our preliminary findings encourage more research to determine if color variety can be used to improve diet quality of targeted populations.