Longitudinal Associations of Diet, Food Insecurity, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Use with Global Cognitive Performance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: Diet quality, food access, and food assistance policies may be key modifiable factors related to cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate whether diet quality, food insecurity, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) use are associated with longitudinal changes in cognition among older adults in the United States. METHODS: Food intake data from the Health Care and Nutrition Study were linked with longitudinal health information from 5 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (2012-2020). The analytic sample (n = 6968) included community-dwelling United States adults aged ≥51 y without cognitive impairment. Global cognition was measured using a telephone-based cognitive status interview (range: 0-27). Diet quality was measured with the Healthy Eating Index, using participants' average intake of 13 dietary components. Questions regarding food access and affordability were used to determine food insecurity and use of SNAP benefits. Linear mixed-effects regression models were used to estimate longitudinal associations between diet-related factors and cognitive score changes. RESULTS: Poorer diets [ß: -0.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.33, -0.15], food insecurity (ß: -1.08; 95% CI: -1.31, -0.85), and SNAP use (ß: -0.57; 95% CI: -0.82, -0.32) were associated with lower baseline cognitive scores. Poorer diets (ß: -0.17; 95% CI: -0.29, -0.05) and food insecurity (ß: -0.23; 95% CI: -0.47, -0.01) were associated with significantly steeper declines in cognitive scores over time, after 8 and 2 y of follow-up, respectively; however, SNAP use was not significantly associated with the rate of cognitive decline over time. Estimates were qualitatively similar when restricting the sample to participants aged ≥65 y. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that food access and adherence to healthy diet recommendations may be important elements to maintain cognitive health in aging. SNAP benefits may be insufficient to prevent negative cognitive effects of poor diet and limited access to nutritious foods.

Amycolatopsis mediterranei: A Sixty-Year Journey from Strain Isolation to Unlocking Its Potential of Rifamycin Analogue Production by Combinatorial Biosynthesis.

Ever since the isolation of Amycolatopsis mediterranei in 1957, this strain has been the focus of research worldwide. In the last 60 years or more, our understanding of the taxonomy, development of cloning vectors and conjugation system, physiology, genetics, genomics, and biosynthetic pathway of rifamycin B production in A. mediterranei has substantially increased. In particular, the development of cloning vectors, transformation system, characterization of the rifamycin biosynthetic gene cluster, and the regulation of rifamycin B production by the pioneering work of Heinz Floss have made the rifamycin polyketide biosynthetic gene cluster (PKS) an attractive target for extensive genetic manipulations to produce rifamycin B analogues which could be effective against multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Additionally, a better understanding of the regulation of rifamycin B production and the application of newer genomics tools, including CRISPR-assisted genome editing systems, might prove useful to overcome the limitations associated with low production of rifamycin analogues.

Identification and Analysis of Atrial-Bronchial-Abdominal Disharmony in Patients with Isomeric Atrial Appendages.

Ideally, the morphology of atrial appendages should solely be used to identify and differentiate patients with isomeric right and left atrial appendages. However, in clinical practice, the segregation is often indirectly based on the arrangement of thoraco-abdominal structures. The correlation between thoraco-abdominal arrangement and atrial appendages, however, is imperfect. In this study, we sought to clarify the cardiovascular malformations in patients with isomeric atrial appendages with an emphasis on atrial-thoracic-abdominal disharmony. A retrospective review of all patients who underwent cardiac CT angiography between January 2014 and June 2023 and identified to have isomeric atrial appendages was performed. Of the 366 cases (median age: 2 years [interquartile range: 11 months-7 years]), 247 (67.5%) patients had isomeric right atrial appendages while 119 (32.5%) patients had isomeric left atrial appendages. In 316 (86.3%) patients, the thoraco-abdominal arrangement was as per atrial appendage morphology while the remaining 50 (13.6%) patients had disharmonious patterns. Compared to isomeric left atrial appendages, the disharmonious pattern was more frequent with isomeric right atrial appendages (5.9% vs. 17.4%; p 0.003). Irrespective of the type of isomerism, disharmony was mostly confined to the level of the abdomen. Not all patients with isomeric atrial appendages have a harmonious thoraco-abdominal arrangement. The atrial-bronchial-abdominal disharmony is more frequent with isomeric right atrial appendages and is mostly present at the level of the abdomen. A detailed sequential segmental analysis with an independent description of each organ system is, therefore, essential for the complete evaluation of patients with isomeric atrial appendages.

A Domain-Shift Invariant CNN Framework for Cardiac MRI Segmentation Across Unseen Domains.

The emergence of various deep learning approaches in diagnostic medical image segmentation has made machines capable of accomplishing human-level accuracy. However, the generalizability of these architectures across patients from different countries, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans from distinct vendors, and varying imaging conditions remains questionable. In this work, we propose a translatable deep learning framework for diagnostic segmentation of cine MRI scans. This study aims to render the available SOTA (state-of-the-art) architectures domain-shift invariant by utilizing the heterogeneity of multi-sequence cardiac MRI. To develop and test our approach, we curated a diverse group of public datasets and a dataset obtained from private source. We evaluated 3 SOTA CNN (Convolution neural network) architectures i.e., U-Net, Attention-U-Net, and Attention-Res-U-Net. These architectures were first trained on a combination of three different cardiac MRI sequences. Next, we examined the M&M (multi-center & mutli-vendor) challenge dataset to investigate the effect of different training sets on translatability. The U-Net architecture, trained on the multi-sequence dataset, proved to be the most generalizable across multiple datasets during validation on unseen domains. This model attained mean dice scores of 0.81, 0.85, and 0.83 for myocardial wall segmentation after testing on unseen MyoPS (Myocardial Pathology Segmentation) 2020 dataset, AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences) dataset and M&M dataset, respectively. Our framework achieved Pearson's correlation values of 0.98, 0.99, and 0.95 between the observed and predicted parameters of end diastole volume, end systole volume, and ejection fraction, respectively, on the unseen Indian population dataset.

A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of quiescent-interval-single-shot magnetic resonance angiography in peripheral arterial disease.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate by meta-analysis the diagnostic accuracy of non-contrast quiescent-interval-single-shot (QISS) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) or contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) as reference standard. METHODS: This study was performed and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus was done for studies reporting the diagnostic accuracy of QISS in PAD published up to 31 May 2021. The pooled sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of QISS were calculated on a per-segment basis for the entire arterial tree. RESULTS: Seventeen studies including 459 patients were found eligible for the meta-analysis. There was significant heterogeneity among studies as depicted by chi-square test (p = 0.02) and moderate heterogeneity by I2 statistic (I2: 69 [95% CI: 30-100]). The pooled sensitivity and specificity of QISS on a per-segment basis with DSA/CE-MRA as reference standard was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.85-0.91) and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92-0.96) respectively. The area under hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic reflected a high accuracy of 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94-0.98). There was a low likelihood of publication bias as indicated by Deeks' funnel plot. CONCLUSIONS: The present meta-analysis has consolidated the evidence that QISS has high accuracy for identifying as well as excluding arterial stenosis/occlusions in patients with symptoms of PAD. It can thus be considered the test of choice in patients with renal failure and in "at-risk patients" including pregnant women and patients with contrast allergy. KEY POINTS: • The pooled sensitivity and specificity of QISS magnetic resonance angiography on a per-segment basis with DSA or contrast-enhanced MRA as reference standard are 88% and 94% respectively. • The diagnostic accuracy of QISS in patients with peripheral arterial disease as reflected by area under hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic is high (0.96 (95% CI: 0.94-0.98)). • There is moderate to significant heterogeneity among studies as depicted by I2 statistic and chi-square test.

Efficacy and Safety of Venous Sac Embolization With or Without Feeding Artery Embolization Versus Feeding Artery Embolization Alone in the Management of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate by meta-analysis the safety and efficacy of venous sac embolization (VSE) with or without feeding artery embolization versus feeding artery embolization (FAE) alone in the management of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs). METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus till August 31, 2021 to identify studies comparing the safety and efficacy of VSE with or without FAE versus FAE alone in PAVMs. The success of treatment was assessed by comparing the number of PAVMs with ≥70% decrease in the size of draining vein/sac between the 2 groups. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using the random-effects inverse-variance model and were used to compare pooled therapeutic efficacy between the groups. RESULTS: Three studies were found eligible for the meta-analysis. The included studies had a total of 169 patients (119 females and 50 males). The total number of PAVMs was 298, and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia was present in 119 patients. The success of treatment was higher with VSE as compared to FAE (OR=3.54, 95% CI=1.66-7.56). The minor complications were similar in both groups, and one major complication occurred in the FAE group. More coils were used in the VSE group. CONCLUSIONS: The present systematic review and meta-analysis has consolidated the evidence that VSE with or without FAE is more efficacious than FAE alone in the management of PAVMs without any increase in the associated risk of sac rupture or coil migration. CLINICAL IMPACT: Until high-quality data from a prospective, multicentric, randomized controlled trial becomes available, the evidence consolidated by the present systematic review and meta-analysis showing the efficacy of venous sac embolization (with or without feeding artery embolization) over feeding artery embolization alone, can be used for clinical decision-making in the management of pulmonary arterio-venous malformations.

MoCA in five Indian languages: A brief screening tool to diagnose dementia and MCI in a linguistically diverse setting.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Early dementia diagnosis in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) is challenging due to limited availability of brief, culturally appropriate, and psychometrically validated tests. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is one of the most widely used cognitive screening tests in primary and secondary care globally. In the current study, we adapted and validated MoCA in five Indian languages (Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam) and determined the optimal cut-off points that correspond to screening for clinical diagnosis of dementia and MCI. METHODS: A systematic process of adaptation and modifications of MoCA was fulfilled. A total of 446 participants: 214 controls, 102 dementia, and 130 MCI were recruited across six centers. RESULTS: Across five languages, the area under the curve for diagnosis of dementia varied from 0.89 to 0.98 and MCI varied from 0.73 to 0.96. The sensitivity, specificity and optimum cut-off scores were established separately for five Indian languages. CONCLUSIONS: The Indian adapted MoCA is standardized and validated in five Indian languages for early diagnosis of dementia and MCI in a linguistically and culturally diverse population.

Phylogenomics of the Phylum Proteobacteria: Resolving the Complex Relationships.

Proteobacteria is one of the largest and phenotypically most diverse divisions within the domain bacteria. Due to the economic importance, this phylum demands an urgent need for a clear and scientifically sound classification system to streamline their characterization. The goal of our study was to carefully reevaluate the current system of classification and suggest changes wherein necessary. Phylogenetic trees of 84 Proteobacteria were constructed using single gene-based phylogeny involving 16S rRNA genes and protein sequences of 85 conserved genes, whole genome-based phylogenetic tree using CVtree3.0, amino acid Identity matrix tree, and concatenated tree with aforementioned conserved genes. The results of our study confirm the polyphyletic relationship between Desulfurella acetivorans, a Deltaproteobacteria with Epsilonproteobacteria. The group Syntrophobacterales was found to be polyphyletic with respect to Desulfarculus baarsii and the group Thiotrichales was found to be splitting in different phylogenetic trees. Placement of phylogenetic groups belonging to Rhodocyclales, Oceonospirilalles, and Chromatiales is controversial and requires further study and revisions. Based on our analysis, we strongly support reclassification of Magnetococcales as a separate class Etaproteobacteria. From our results, we conclude that concatenated trees of conserved proteins are a more accurate method for phylogenetic analysis, as compared to other methods used.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance perfusion volumetrics can differentiate tuberculosis of the spine and vertebral malignancy.

BACKGROUND: There is considerable overlap in radiologic features of tubercular and malignant spinal lesions on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI perfusion parameters in differentiating vertebral malignancy from spinal tuberculosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective study and we enrolled consecutive patients presenting with a clinical/radiologic evidence of vertebral lesions. DCE-MRI of the spine was performed using 3D volume interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequence after intravenously injecting 0.1 mmol/kg body weight of gadopentetate dimeglumine. We used Tofts model to calculate DCE parameters that included Ktrans (transfer constant), kep (rate constant), ve (fractional volume of extracellular extravascular space), and iAUC (initial area under the curve). We compared the mean value of each perfusion parameter by type of lesion (tubercular/malignant) at 0.05 significance level and performed receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: We could confirm histologic/cytologic diagnosis in 35 of the 45 patients recruited. Of these, 19 were tubercular and 16 were malignant lesions. The mean (± standard deviation) of kep (min-1) was significantly higher (2.89 ± 3.3) in malignant compared to tubercular lesions (0.81 ± 0.19), whereas ve was significantly lower in malignant (0.27 ± 0.13 mL/g) compared to benign lesions (0.47 ± 0.12 mL/g) at 0.05 significance level. kep cutoff of ≥1.17 min-1 had a sensitivity of 93.8% and specificity of 100% with a diagnostic accuracy of 94.4% in detecting malignant disease. CONCLUSION: High kep is the single best predictor of malignant vertebral lesions. We recommend kep cutoff value of ≥1.17 min-1 that has high diagnostic accuracy in identifying malignant lesions.

Evaluation of cardiovascular morphology and associated anomalies in patients with crossed pulmonary arteries on multidetector computed tomography angiography.

AIM: The present study sought to study morphology and associated cardiovascular anomalies in patients with crossed pulmonary arteries on multidetector computed tomography (CT) angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated all CT angiography studies performed at a tertiary medical center from January 2014 to December 2021 to identify patients with crossed pulmonary arteries. The associated cardiovascular anomalies as identified on CT angiography were evaluated. RESULTS: Out of 4773 patients who had undergone CT angiography for evaluation of congenital heart diseases, we identified 24 (0.5%) patients (18 males; mean age: 7.7 years) with crossed pulmonary arteries. Tetralogy of Fallot was associated in seven (29.17%) patients, double outlet right ventricle in one (4.17%) patient, and common arterial trunk in four (16.67%) patients. An aortopulmonary window was seen in three (12.5%) patients while atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect were seen in two (8.33%) and 16 (66.67%) patients, respectively. Aortic arch anomalies were present in 16 (66.67%) patients including interrupted aortic arch and coarctation of aorta with hypoplastic aortic arch seen in two (8.33%) patients each. A double aortic arch with an atretic left arch was seen in one (4.17%) patient. Coronary artery anomalies were seen in three (12.5%) patients. CONCLUSION: Crossed pulmonary arteries are a rare anomaly and their presence suggests the coexistence of a variety of cardiovascular anomalies, including aortic arch anomalies and outflow tract malformations. Comprehensive CT angiography-based evaluation of cardiovascular morphology is imperative in the presence of crossed pulmonary arteries to facilitate presurgical planning.

Left pulmonary veins draining into persistent left superior caval vein in presence of unroofed coronary sinus.

We report a case of 5-year-old girl with double outlet right ventricle with a rare combination of partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into a persistent left superior caval vein in the presence of an unroofed coronary sinus while highlighting its possible embryological origins and therapeutic implications.

Juxtaposition of atrial appendages: Evaluation of cardiovascular morphology and associated anomalies on multidetector computed tomography angiography.

AIM: To evaluate the morphology and associated cardiovascular abnormalities in patients with juxtaposition of atrial appendages (JAA) on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed the retrospective study at a tertiary referral center to identify patients diagnosed with JAA on MDCT angiography using dual-source CT scanner between January 2014 and April 2021. The various imaging abnormalities evaluated included the type of JAA, morphological and positional classification of JAA, atrial situs, cardiac position, atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections, great vessel relationship, and other associated cardiovascular anomalies. RESULTS: We identified 129 patients with JAA. Left-sided juxtaposition was seen in 124 (96.1%) patients while right-sided juxtaposition was seen in 5 (3.9%) patients. Among patients with left-sided juxtaposition, frequent cardiovascular associations included outflow tract malformations (100%), hypoplastic right ventricle (40.3%), tricuspid atresia (32.2%), and right-sided heart (19.4%). The most frequent outflow tract malformation was double outlet right ventricle (DORV; 60.5%) followed by transposition of great arteries (20.1%) and transposed aorta with pulmonary atresia (18.5%). In patients with right-sided juxtaposition, outflow tract malformation was seen in three (60%) patients with one (20%) patient each showing DORV, transposed aorta with pulmonary atresia, and tetralogy of Fallot, respectively. CONCLUSION: The identification of JAA on MDCT angiography suggests coexistence of various complex congenital heart diseases, especially outflow tract malformations. A meticulous search is imperative to identify this anomaly before interventional or surgical procedures to avoid complications.

Extremely tortuous vertical vein in supracardiac totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

We present a case of a 2-month-old boy with supracardiac totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection where computed tomography angiography demonstrated an extremely tortuous course of the vertical vein before its drainage into the left brachiocephalic vein.

Total transseptal course of anomalous anterior interventricular artery arising from the right coronary aortic sinus.

We report a case of a 4-year-old girl with tetralogy of Fallot where computed tomography angiography revealed an anomalous origin of anterior interventricular artery from the right coronary aortic sinus with total transseptal course up to its termination.

Anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery from aorta: Evaluation on computed tomography angiography.

AIM: The present study sought to evaluate the morphology and associated cardiovascular anomalies in patients with anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery from aorta (AOPA) on CT angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective search of the departmental database from January 2014 to September 2021 was conducted to identify patients diagnosed with AOPA on CT angiography. The subtype of AOPA, site of origin, and associated cardiovascular abnormalities were assessed. RESULTS: AOPA was identified in 27 patients (19 males, mean age: 8.8 years). Anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from aorta (AORPA) was observed in 17/27 (63%) patients, while anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery (AOLPA) was seen in 10/27 (37%) patients. The proximal and distal subtypes were observed in 24/27 (88.9%) and 3/27 (11.1%) patients respectively. AOPA was associated with other cardiac anomalies in 92.6% (25/27) patients. Patent arterial duct (11/17; 64.7%) was the most frequently anomaly associated with AORPA, while tetralogy of Fallot (10/10; 100%) was the most commonly anomaly associated with AOLPA. The anomalous pulmonary artery was contralateral to the aortic arch in 23/27 (85.2%) patients. Right-sided aortic arch was observed in only 2/17 (11.8%) patients with AORPA and 8/10 (80%) patients with AOLPA. In 2/10 (20%) patients, AORPA was associated with aortopulmonary window and aortic arch anomaly. CONCLUSION: AOPA is rare and frequently associated with other cardiovascular anomalies like patent arterial duct, tetralogy of Fallot, and right-sided aortic arch. CT angiography helps in providing exact anatomical delineation and identifying associated anomalies, thus aiding preoperative planning of surgical management.

Coronary-to-pulmonary collateral artery from a superdominant morphologically right coronary artery.

We present a case of a 16-year-old cyanotic male patient with ventricular septal defect, pulmonary atresia and discordant atrioventricular connections where computed tomography angiography demonstrated a large tortuous coronary-to-pulmonary collateral artery arising from the superdominant morphologically right coronary artery and coursing cranially to supply the pulmonary parenchyma.

Aberrant origin of right vertebral artery from right common carotid artery in a right-sided aortic arch.

We present a case of a 2-year-old girl with incidentally detected aberrant origin of right vertebral artery from right common carotid artery in a right-sided aortic arch. The case highlights the role of computed tomography angiography in detecting anomalies of the aortic arch and arch vessels in the setting of complex congenital heart diseases while also discussing the potential clinical implications.

Separate origin of all three coronary arteries from a single sinus of Valsalva.

We present a case of a 6-year-old boy with a double outlet right ventricle where the independent origin of all three coronary arteries from a single sinus of Valsalva was incidentally detected on CT angiography. The case highlights the role of CT angiography in identifying coronary arterial anomalies in the setting of complex congenital heart diseases.

Imaging characteristics and associations of left atrioventricular valve atresia and patent aortic root with isometric atrial appendages on multidetector CT.

AIM: The present study sought to study the imaging associations of left atrioventricular valve (mitral) atresia and patent aortic root in patients with isomerism of atrial appendages as detected on multidetector computed tomography (CT) angiography MATERIALS AND METHODS: The CT angiography studies performed at a tertiary medical center from January 2014 to December 2021 were retrospectively evaluated to identify patients with left atrioventricular valve atresia and patent aortic root with isometric atrial chambers. The morphology of the atrial appendage and extent of pectinate muscles was used to identify the type of isomeric atrial chambers. A comprehensive assessment of discordant arrangement of organs and the variations in venoatrial connections was done. RESULTS: Left atrioventricular valve atresia in the presence of patent aortic root and isomeric atrial appendages was identified in eight patients (four males). The mean age at diagnosis was 7 years. Right isomerism of the atrial appendages was seen in five patients while three patients had left isomerism. Disharmonious patterns of abdominal visceral arrangement were seen in two patients. Atrial and ventricular septal defects were seen in all patients. The most common pattern of ventricular arterial connection was DORV (double outlet right ventricle) (n = 4). While five patients had normally related great arteries, three had aorta anterior to the pulmonary trunk. Right ventricular outflow obstruction was seen in seven patients. Right aortic arch with mirror image branching was seen in four patients. Coronary artery anomalies were seen in four patients. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of left atrioventricular valve atresia and patent aortic root with isomeric atrial appendages is a rare congenital anomaly frequently associated with anomalous systemic and pulmonary drainage, conotruncal anomalies, and right ventricular outflow obstruction. Hence, comprehensive CT-based evaluation is indispensable in providing detailed anatomy and aids in presurgical planning.

Evaluation of aortopulmonary window using virtual dissection of multidetector computed tomography angiography data sets.

AIM: The present study sought to evaluate the morphology and associated cardiovascular anomalies in patients with aortopulmonary window on virtual dissection of multidetector computed tomography (CT) angiography data sets. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective search of our departmental database from January 2014 to September 2021 to identify patients with aortopulmonary window and relevant information was extracted from the electronic case records and from routine examination as well as virtual dissection of CT data sets. RESULTS: An aortopulmonary window was observed in 26 patients (20 males; 6 females). Based on location of the defect, a distal aortopulmonary window was the most common subtype, seen in 13/26 (50%) patients followed by a proximal, complete and intermediate subtypes seen in 7/26 (27%), 5/26 (19%) and 1/26 (4%) patients respectively. Associated ventricular septal defect was observed in 9/26 (34.6%) patients while an interrupted aortic arch was present in 5/26 (19.2%) patients. Tetralogy of Fallot was seen in 5/26 (19.2%) patients. Anomalous origin of right pulmonary artery from ascending aorta and crossed pulmonary arteries were seen in 2/26 (7.6%) patients each. An isolated aortopulmonary window without any simple/complex congenital anomaly was seen in 10/26 (38.5%) patients. CONCLUSION: Aortopulmonary window is associated with a wide gamut of cardiovascular lesions, with ventricular septal defect being the commonest associated anomaly followed by tetralogy of Fallot and interrupted aortic arch respectively. Virtual dissection of multidetector CT angiography allows detailed anatomical evaluation of aortopulmonary window, allowing a clear visualization of the defect and associated cardiovascular anomalies.