Estimate your dose: RADDOSE-3D.

We present the current status of RADDOSE-3D, a software tool allowing the estimation of the dose absorbed in a macromolecular crystallography diffraction experiment. The code allows a temporal and spatial dose contour map to be calculated for a crystal of any geometry and size as it is rotated in an X-ray beam, and gives several summary dose values: among them diffraction weighted dose. This allows experimenters to plan data collections which will minimize radiation damage effects by spreading the absorbed dose more homogeneously, and thus to optimize the use of their crystals. It also allows quantitative comparisons between different radiation damage studies, giving a universal "x-axis" against which to plot various metrics.

A review of polyvinyl alcohol and its uses in cartilage and orthopedic applications.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a synthetic polymer derived from polyvinyl acetate through partial or full hydroxylation. PVA is commonly used in medical devices due to its low protein adsorption characteristics, biocompatibility, high water solubility, and chemical resistance. Some of the most common medical uses of PVA are in soft contact lenses, eye drops, embolization particles, tissue adhesion barriers, and as artificial cartilage and meniscus. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the available published information on PVA with respect to its safety as a medical device implant material for cartilage replacement. The review includes historical clinical use of PVA in orthopedics, and in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility studies. Finally, the safety recommendation involving the further development of PVA cryogels for cartilage replacement is addressed.