E3 Ligase VHL Promotes Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Maturation and Function via Glycolysis Inhibition and Induction of Interleukin-33 Receptor.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a specialized subset of lymphoid effector cells that are critically involved in allergic responses; however, the mechanisms of their regulation remain unclear. We report that conditional deletion of the E3 ubiquitin ligase VHL in innate lymphoid progenitors minimally affected early-stage bone marrow ILC2s but caused a selective and intrinsic decrease in mature ILC2 numbers in peripheral non-lymphoid tissues, resulting in reduced type 2 immune responses. VHL deficiency caused the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and attenuated interleukin-33 (IL-33) receptor ST2 expression, which was rectified by HIF1α ablation or inhibition. HIF1α-driven expression of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 downmodulated ST2 expression via epigenetic modification and inhibited IL-33-induced ILC2 development. Our study indicates that the VHL-HIF-glycolysis axis is essential for the late-stage maturation and function of ILC2s via targeting IL-33-ST2 pathway.

[Status and related factors of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 6-17 in Yunnan Province during 2016-2017].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the status and related factors of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 6-17 in Yunnan Province. METHODS: From 2016 to 2017, 3463 children and adolescents aged 6-17 from 65 primary and secondary schools in 13 counties of Yunnan Province were selected by stratified cluster sampling method for face-to-face questionnaire survey, including 1716 boys and 1747 girls, 2098 elementary school students, 762 middle school students, 603 high school students, of which, 1368 students from urban area and 2095 students from rural area. The questionnaire included information including, weekly consumption of sugary drinks, sweets, puffed food, fruits, vegetables, breakfast, daily activities of moderate or high intensity, school sports, daily hours of playing video games and watching TV, daily sleep and outdoor activities. Height and weight were measured using standard method. SPSS20.0 was used for χ~(2 )test and multivariate Logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 6-17 were 8.43%(292/3463) and 6.01%(208/3463) respectively. The overweight rates of male students and female students were 8.45%(145/1716) and 8.41%(147/1747) respectively, and the statistic was significant differently(χ~(2 )=0.001, P>0.05). The overweight rates of urban and rural children and adolescents were 11.99%(164/1368) and 6.11%(128/2095) respectively, and the statistic was significant differently(χ~2=37.04, P<0.01). The overweight rates of primary school, middle school and high school were 7.53%(158/2098), 9.32%(71/762) and 10.45%(63/603) respectively, and the statistic was significant differently(χ~2=6.15, P<0.05). The obesity rates of male and female students were 7.11%(122/1716) and 4.92%(86/1747) respectively, and the statistic was significant differently(χ~2=7.33, P<0.01). The obesity rates of urban and rural children and adolescents were 9.50%(130/1368) and 3.72%(78/2095) respectively, and the statistic was significant differently(χ~2=48.97, P<0.01). The obesity rates of primary school, middle school and high school were 7.67%(161/2098), 3.15%(24/762) and 3.81%(23/603), respectively, and the statistic was significant differently(χ~2=26.48, P<0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that cities(OR=2.025, 95%CI 1.646-2.492) and non-residential schools(OR=1.808, 95%CI 1.470-2.223) were associated with overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, both of which were statistically significant(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 6-17 in Yunnan Province were high. Urban, non-residential school children and adolescents are more likely to be overweight and obesity.

Designing a CRISPR/Cas12a- and Au-Nanobeacon-Based Diagnostic Biosensor Enabling Direct, Rapid, and Sensitive miRNA Detection.

Direct, rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of nucleic acids in complex biological fluids is crucial for medical early diagnosis. We herein combine the trans-cleavage ability of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas12a with Au-nanobeacon to establish a CRISPR-based biosensor, providing rapid miRNA detection with high speed and attomolar sensitivity. In this strategy, we first report that the trans-cleavage activity of CRISPR/cas12a, which was previously reported to be triggered only by target ssDNA or dsDNA, can be activated by the target miRNA directly. Therefore, this method is direct, i.e., does not need the conversion of miRNA into its complementary DNA (cDNA). Meanwhile, as compared to the traditional ssDNA reporters and molecular beacon (MB) reporters, the Au-nanobeacon reporters exhibit improved reaction kinetics and sensitivity. In this assay, the miRNA-21 could be detected with very high sensitivity in only 5 min. Finally, the proposed strategy enables rapid, sensitive, and selective miRNA determination in complex biological samples, providing a potential tool for medical early diagnosis.

The deubiquitinase CYLD controls protective immunity against helminth infection by regulation of Treg cell plasticity.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 immunity can be modulated by regulatory T (Treg) cell activity. It has been suggested that the deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD) plays a role in the development or function of Treg cells, implying that it could be important for normal protective immunity, where type 2 responses are prevalent. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the role of CYLD in Treg cell function and TH2 cell immune responses under steady-state conditions and during helminth infection. METHODS: Foxp3-restricted CYLD conditional knockout (KO) mice were examined in mouse models of allergen-induced airway inflammation and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. We performed multiplex magnetic bead assays, flow cytometry, and quantitative PCR to understand how a lack of CYLD affected cytokine production, homing, and suppression in Treg cells. Target genes regulated by CYLD were identified and validated by microarray analysis, coimmunoprecipitation, short hairpin RNA knockdown, and transfection assays. RESULTS: Treg cell-specific CYLD KO mice showed severe spontaneous pulmonary inflammation with increased migration of Treg cells into the lung. CYLD-deficient Treg cells furthermore produced high levels of IL-4 and failed to suppress allergen-induced lung inflammation. Supporting this, the conditional KO mice displayed enhanced protection against N brasiliensis infection by contributing to type 2 immunity. Treg cell conversion into IL-4-producing cells was due to augmented mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor κB signaling. Moreover, Scinderin, a member of the actin-binding gelsolin family, was highly upregulated in CYLD-deficient Treg cells, and controlled IL-4 production through forming complexes with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular receptor kinase. Correspondingly, both excessive IL-4 production in vivo and the protective role of CYLD-deficient Treg cells against N brasiliensis were reversed by Scinderin ablation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that CYLD controls type 2 immune responses by regulating Treg cell conversion into TH2 cell-like effector cells, which potentiates parasite resistance.

[Status of malnutrition and its influencing factors in children under 5 years old in Yunnan Province from 2016 to 2017].

OBJECTIVE: To analyzing the malnutrition status and influencing factors of children under 5 years in Yunnan Province. METHODS: Multi-stage stratified sampling used in the national survey was performed. The subjects of the study were 2869 children under 5 years, selected from 13 counties(cities) in Yunnan Province from 2016 to 2017. The contents of the investigation included questionnaire survey and anthropometric measurement. Z-scores were calculated according to WHO growth standards by WHO Anthro V3.2.2 software. Non conditional Logistic regression model was used to analyze the multiple factors. SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used to calculate and analyze the malnutrition rate of children. RESULTS: A total of 2869 children under 5 years old were investigated in Yunnan Province, including 1433 boys(49.95%) and 1436 girls(50.05%). The prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting of children under 5 years old were 3.46%, 6.37% and 3.42%. Logistic multifactor regression analysis showed that low birth weight(OR=4.368, 95% CI 2.057-9.275), rural area(OR=1.931, 95% CI 1.076-3.462), household use of unsanitary toilets(OR=1.688, 95% CI 1.022-2.790), children without supplemental food(OR=2.000, 95% CI 1.130-3.542) were the most important factors making the child more likely to become malnutrition in 6-23 month age group. Asking children for advice on food selection or cooking(OR=3.570, 95%CI 1.249-10.204) was the most important factors making the child more likely to become malnutrition in 6-23 month age group. CONCLUSION: The nutritional status of children under 5 years old in Yunnan Province has been improved, but the prevalence of malnutrition is still high.

[Breast milk composition and influencing factors of the Han, Bai and Dai nationalities in Yunnan Province in 2011-2012].

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of breast milk composition and influencing factors of the Han, Bai and Dai nationalities in Yunnan Province from 2010 to 2012. METHODS: To choose two typical ethnic minorities-Bai and Dai in Yunnan province with high density of minorities population by using cross-sectional survey and multi-stage cluster sampling. 1053 aged 0-9 month babies and their healthy mothers with the first delivery of Dai, Bai and Han were selected as samples from Heqing county of Dali and Xishuangbanna city where most population were Bai and Dai people. The mothers were surveyed with the questionnaire and their breast milk was collected for the determination of the content of protein, fat and carbohydrate of breast milk; to evaluate the nutrition status of babies by using Z-scoremethod and to analyze the result by using multiple factors analysis of stepwise regression method. RESULTS: The contents of protein, fat and carbohydrate from the three nationalities breast milk are as follows. First, the protein, fat and carbohydrate from Han woman were( 1. 509 ± 0. 700), ( 3. 613 ± 1. 491) and( 6. 168 ± 0. 599) g/100 mL, respectively. Secondly, those of Dai nationality the lastrias breast milk were( 1. 464 ±0. 980), ( 2. 843 ± 1. 434) and( 6. 386 ± 0. 652) g/100 mL. Finally, those from Bai people were( 1. 567 ± 0. 724), ( 3. 791 ± 1. 643) and( 6. 190 ± 0. 669) g/100 mL. Morbidities of the babies sample including Han, Bai and Dai nationalities underweight, growth retardation and emaciation were 3. 80%( 40/1053), 5. 14%( 54/1051), 2. 39%( 25/1045). With other variables excluded, within one month after postpartum, breading mothers' milk was lower in fat due to their more outdoor activities and intake of olive and sesame oil compared with those who took peanut and soybean oil. More than 60 days after delivery, the more iodated salt and the more eating yellow fruits the mothers took in within one month by eating yellow fruits, the higher of fat content their breast milk was. More than 60 days after delivery, the more iodated salt the mothers take in within one month, the lower of carbohydrate content their breast milk was. Meanwhile the more number of pregnancy and more intake of olive and sesame oil comparing with peanut and soybean oil, the higher of carbohydrate content. The less of protein content of female babies compared with male babies their breast milk was. The lastrias who took in olive and sesame oil had less protein content of the breast milk compared with those taking in peanut and soybean oil. The lastrias who took in milk or milk products within 60 days after delivery had higher protein content of the breast milk. CONCLUSION: Nutrition problems of babies under 1 year old in Yunnan Province still exist. Breast milk contents of breast-feed mothers of Han, Dai and Bai can be influenced by a lot of factors, such as baby sex, pregnant times, outdoor activities in daytime and dietary intake of breast-feed mother.

[Status of exclusive breastfeeding and influencing factors for 1,882 pairs of mother and neonate during 0- 7 days postpartum in China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status of exclusive breastfeeding(EBF) and possible influencing factors during 0-7 days postpartum in China. METHODS: During 2011 to 2013, healthy mothers and neonates who were in the period of 0- 7 days postpartum from 8 provinces across different regions of China were recruited to take the questionnaire investigations and physical examinations. Information about socio-economic, pregnant, and delivery status, infant healthy situation and feeding indicators was collected to calculate the rate of exclusive breastfeeding during 0- 7 days postpartum and analyze the influencing factors. RESULTS: A total of 1 882 pairs of mothers and neonates were covered by this study. The rate of EBF was 13.3% (250 cases) during 0- 7 days postpartum. Bottle feeding (OR=0.08, 95% CI: 0.05- 0.12), the mothers themselves mixed fed at their 0-4 months old (OR=0.22, 95%CI: 0.08-0.58), the mothers who had used methods to stimulate milk secretion (OR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.35- 0.94) might decrease the EBF rate. Compared with the mothers who believed that their breast milk was not enough for their infants, the mothers who believed breastmilk was enough may increase the EBF rate (OR=6.04, 95%CI: 3.34-10.94). Comparing to the EBF rate of Beijing, Yunnan (OR=0.10, 95%CI: 0.04-0.24), and Gansu(OR=0.03,95%CI: 0.01-0.08) had lower EBF rate during 0-7 days postpartum. What's more, the EBF rate increased with the increasing neonates' age (OR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.16- 1.53). CONCLUSION: The EBF rate during 0- 7 days postpartum is still low in China and had significant differences in different regions. Suboptimal feeding knowledge and practices affected the EBF rate significantly.

Social capital and healthy eating among two ethnic minority groups in Yunnan Province, Southwest China: the mediating role of social support and nutrition knowledge.

Background: Although social capital has been linked to dietary intake particularly in disadvantaged populations, little is known about the mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate whether social support (SS) and nutrition knowledge (NK) mediate the association between social capital and healthy eating habits. Methods: A probability sample of two ethnic minority groups in Yunnan Province, Southwest China were included (n = 1,033, mean age 47.5 ± 14.7 years). Bonding and bridging social capital (BOC and BRC) were assessed with the Personal Social Capital Scale (PSCS-16). Dietary data were evaluated with the Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI), a measure of diet quality which reflects adherence to the Chinese Dietary Guidelines. NK and SS were measured with a validated questionnaire and scale, respectively. Structural Equation Modeling was used to calculate the direct, indirect and total effects of social capital on CHEI scores. Results: The mean score of CHEI was 57.4 ± 9.8, which was significantly lower in men and older people. Low adherence to dietary guidelines were to observed in the consumption of dairy, beans, nuts, animal-source food vegetables and fruits. BOC and BRC were positively associated with CHEI score (ß = 0.37 and 0.38, all p < 0.05). Social support and nutrition knowledge mediated 45.9 and 39.5% of the total effect of social capital on CHEI score, respectively. Conclusion: Social capital appears to enhance adherence to dietary guidelines by improving nutrition knowledge and social support. Nutrition promotion programs therefore should consider incorporating strategies that foster social capital development, particularly in disadvantaged populations.

[Influencing factors of malnutrition of the children within 6 years in pour rural areas of Yunnan Province].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the status of malnutrition for the children within 6 years in pour rural areas of Yunnan during 2006 - 2009 and to study it's influencing factors. METHODS: By the random cluster sampling and stratified sampling methods, 4873 children within 6 years in rural areas were selected from four poverty-stricken counties in Yunnan Province. The questionnaire survey including questionnaire, anthropometric measurement and dietary survey such as body height and weight were used respectively for the survey. Z scores were calculated to evaluate the nutritional status. The prevalence of malnutrition was calculated by statistics software. Multiple factors analysis were finished by non condition logistic regression in software. RESULTS: During 2006 - 2009, of all children under the age of 6 years, the underweight rate is 15.2%, stunted growth rate is 11.5% and emaciation rate is 7.1% in impoverished rural area of Yunnan Province. Removing other variables, the result indicated: (1) The children with breastfeeding in first six months are less possible to get malnutrition than the children with formula feeding or mixed breastfeeding and formula feeding. (2) The children who are complemented grains, eggs, fruits and zinc supplement are less possible to get malnutrition than those children who are not. (3) Comparing these children who are provided with calcium supplement, the children who are not are more possible to get malnutrition. (4) Supplying supplementary such as animal liver and blood in earlier period can decrease the possibility to get malnutrition among 2-5 years old children. CONCLUSION: The main influencing factors of Children malnutrition include feeding ways in first six months, increasing supplementary food in recent one month among the children younger than 2 years old, month age when supplementary food were introduced in 2-5 years old children, and the types and frequency of introducing supplementary food among 2-5 years old children.

Waste coal cinder catalyst enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation and persulfate advanced oxidation for the degradation of sulfadiazine.

Waste coal cinder, a kind of waste cinder discharged from coal combustion of thermal power plants, industrial and civil boilers, and other equipment, was rich in metal oxides with catalytic activity. In this work, waste coal cinder was used to enhance electrochemical coupling peroxymonosulfate (PMS) advanced oxidation degradation of sulfadiazine (SD). The surface morphology, elemental composition, and electrocatalytic activity of waste coal cinder were characterized by various characterization instruments. The results show that compared with simple electrocatalytic oxidation, electrocatalytic oxidation + waste coal cinder and electrocatalytic coupled persulfate oxidation, electrocatalytic oxidation + PMS advanced oxidation + waste coal cinder has the largest removal efficiency (99.95%) and mineralization rates (90.16%) of SD in 90 min, indicating that the introduction of waste coal cinder greatly increases the degradation efficiency. •OH and SO4-• were detected during the process of degradation. The optimal degradation process parameters were explored through different voltage, pH, plate spacing, aeration flow rate, potassium peroxymonosulfate sulfate complex salt dose, and Na2SO4 dosage. Cycling experiments show waste coal cinder has good structural stability. Through the analysis of triple quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we put forward three possible ways of SD degradation. This research will provide a novel vision for water treatment.

Hypoxia induces adrenomedullin from lung epithelia, stimulating ILC2 inflammation and immunity.

Hypoxia contributes to airway inflammation and remodeling in several lung diseases; however, exactly how hypoxic pulmonary epithelium regulates allergic inflammation remains to be fully characterized. Here, we report that conditional deletion of the E3 ubiquitin ligase VHL in lung epithelial cells resulted in exacerbated type 2 responses accompanied by selective increase of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) at steady state and following inflammation or helminth infection. Ablation of expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) significantly reversed VHL-mediated ILC2 activation. VHL deficiency in lung epithelial cells caused increased expression of the peptide hormone adrenomedullin (ADM), and our data suggest that HIF2α controls Adm expression. ADM directly promoted ILC2 activation both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings indicate that the hypoxic response mediated by the VHL-HIF2α axis is critical for control of pulmonary type 2 responses by increasing ADM expression in lung epithelia, causing ILC2 activation.

Increasing extracellular cellulase activity of the recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae by engineering cell wall-related proteins for improved consolidated processing of carbon neutral lignocellulosic biomass.

Sustainable bioproduction usingcarbon neutral feedstocks, especially lignocellulosic biomass, has attracted increasing attention due to concern over climate change and carbon reduction. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulosic biomass using recombinantyeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeis a promising strategy forlignocellulosic biorefinery. However, the economic viability is restricted by low enzyme secretion levels.For more efficient CBP, MIG1spsc01isolated from the industrial yeast which encodes the glucose repression regulator derivative was overexpressed. Increased extracellular cellobiohydrolase (CBH) activity was observed with unexpectedly decreased cell wall integrity. Further studies revealed that disruption ofCWP2, YGP1, andUTH1,which are functionally related toMIG1spsc01, also enhanced CBH secretion. Subsequently, improved cellulase production was achieved by simultaneous disruption ofYGP1and overexpression ofSED5, which remarkably increased extracellular CBH activity of 2.2-fold over the control strain. These results provide a novel strategy to improve the CBP yeast for bioconversion of carbon neutral biomass.

Social capital and dietary patterns in three ethnic minority groups native to Yunnan Province, Southwest China.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have focused on the influencing factors of dietary practices among ethnic minority groups in China, particularly from a social capital perspective. METHODS: Between May and September 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among adults (n = 1,813) from three ethnic minority communities (A Chang, De Ang and Jing Po) in Yunnan Province, Southwest China. Dietary intakes during the past 12 months were measured with a 100-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and two forms of social capital (bonding and bridging) were measured using the validated Personal Social Capital Scale 16 (PSCS-16). Principal component factor analysis was used to derive dietary patterns from 20 food groups. Multivariate linear regressions were used to examine the associations between social capital and dietary patterns. RESULTS: Two distinct dietary patterns were identified: the traditional and the modern. The traditional pattern was characterized by high consumptions of tubers, poultry, rice, fruits, vegetables and low consumptions of oil and salt, whereas the modern pattern was highly correlated with egg, nut, beverage, snack and oil consumptions. After adjusted for potential confounders, the modern pattern was positively associated with bonding capital (ß = 0.066; 95%CI: 0.058, 0.075) and negatively associated with bridging capital (ß = -0.017; 95%CI: -0.024, -0.010). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, an unhealthy dietary pattern was identified among the ethnic minority groups in Southwest China. The influences of people's social connections on dietary behaviors should be considered in designing and implementing nutrition intervention programs for the population.

Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete under Uniaxial and Triaxial Stress.

To explore the influence of fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) on the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) under uniaxial and triaxial, the compressive strength test, splitting strength test, ultrasonic testing test, and triaxial test were performed in this paper. The results show that the 3 days compressive strength and splitting strength of SCC decreased with the increase of FA substitution rate. The 28 days, 56 days, and 91 days compressive strength and splitting strength of SCC increased first and then decreased with the increase of FA substitution rate. The peak stress and peak strain of SCC gradually increased with the increase of confining pressure. The peak stress and strain of SCC increased first and then decreased with the increase of FA substitution rate. Moreover, the relationship models between compressive strength and splitting strength, between compressive strength and amplitude, between peak stress, peak strain and confining pressure under different FA substitution rates were proposed. As a conclusion, the addition of SF can increase the strength of SCC obviously. Under uniaxial stress, SCC failure mode is splitting failure, under triaxial stress, SCC failure mode is shear failure. Based on the Mohr-Coulomb strength theory, the failure criterion of SCC with FA and SF was discussed.

Factors associated with exclusive breast-feeding: A cross-sectional survey in Kaiyuan, Yunnan, Southwest China.

Breastfeeding has a wide range of benefits for both infants and mothers. The identification of factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) are important to increase the prevalence of EBF. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of EBF within the first six months and its associated factors in Kaiyuan, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kaiyuan, a middle-sized city of Yunnan Province, Southwest China. Mothers of infants under twelve months were randomly selected for a face to face interview in four towns (two in urban areas and two in rural areas) in Kaiyuan. A structured questionnaire was applied for collection of sociodemographic information, mothers' and infants' health, and breastfeeding information. A 24-hour food recall survey was used to collect infant feeding information. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors independently associated with exclusive breastfeeding for infants up to six months of age. The number of 417 mothers with infants under six months was interviewed. The prevalence of EBF at six months was 27.34%. Logistic regression indicated that EBF within six months was more likely to be practiced by mothers who had higher average household income per year (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.05-4.17 p = 0.037; OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.04-3.28 p = 0.037), and mothers who received breastfeeding information (OR = 2.46, (95%CI: 1.45-4.18, p = 0.0009). The prevalence of EBF in Kaiyuan, Southwest China is considerably lower than national and international recommendations. Yearly household income, and mothers who received breastfeeding information are associated with higher EBF prevalence. Breastfeeding information should be given to mothers in order to increase the prevalence of EBF.

Dietary Balance Index-07 and the Risk of Anemia in Middle Aged and Elderly People in Southwest China: A Cross Sectional Study.

A balanced diet is essential to achieve and maintain good health. In this study, we assessed diet quality of middle aged and elderly people based on Chinese Diet Balance Index-07 (DBI-07) and explored the associations between DBI-07 and anemia. Data analyzed for this study was from the 2010-2012 National Nutrition and Health Survey in Yunnan province, southwest China (n = 738, aged 50-77 years). Dietary recalls over there consecutive days were done in a face-to-face interview. The scores of DBI-07 for each component and three DBI-07 indicators ((Lower Bound Score (LBS), Higher Bound Score (HBS), Diet Quality Distance (DQD)) were calculated according to compliance with the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese residents. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was determined using the cyanmethemoglobin method. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to explore the associations between DBI-07 indicators and anemia, as well as scores of DBI-07 components and Hb level. The sample included 336 men and 402 women. Inadequate intakes of vegetables, fruits, dairy, soybean, eggs, fish and excessive intakes of cereals, meat, cooking oil, salt were both common. 91.3% of the participants had moderate or high levels of inadequate food intake, while 37.7% had moderate or high levels of excessive food intake. The mean Hb was 14.2 ± 1.7 g/dL, with a prevalence of anemia of 13.0%. Subjects with high LBS and DQD were more likely to be anemic (all p < 0.05). After adjustment for potential confounders, there were positive correlations between Hb level and the intakes of vegetables and soybean (ßvegetables = 1.04, p < 0.01; ßsoybean = 0.82, p = 0.04). In conclusion, dietary imbalance and anemia are common in middle aged and elderly population in southwest China and inadequate intakes of vegetables and soybean may increase the risk of anemia.

Dietary Patterns in Relation to General and Central Obesity among Adults in Southwest China.

Dietary patterns represent a broader picture of food consumption, and are better correlated with a variety of health outcomes. However, few studies have been conducted to explore the associations between dietary patterns and obesity in Southwest China. Data from the 2010-2012 National Nutrition Survey in the province of Yunnan, Southwest China, were analyzed (n = 1604, aged 18-80 years). Dietary data were collected using the 24 h dietary recall over three consecutive days. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured following standard methods. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. Logistic regression was used to explore the association between dietary patterns and obesity. Three distinct dietary patterns were identified, which were labeled as traditional, modern, and tuber according to their key components. With potential confounders adjusted, adults in the highest quartile of the modern pattern were at higher risk of general and central obesity (odds ratio (OR) 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15-3.48; OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.37-2.93). In contrast, adults in the highest quartile of the tuber pattern were at lower risk of general and central obesity (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.15-0.61; OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.43-0.95) but at higher risk of underweight (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.20-6.45). No significant association was found between the traditional pattern and obesity. Moreover, dietary pattern differences occurred due to the differences in socio-demographic characteristics. In conclusion, the modern dietary pattern was positively, and the tuber pattern negatively, associated with general and central obesity among adults in Southwest China.