Protective role of the novel cytokine Metrnl/ interleukin-41 in host immunity defense during sepsis by promoting macrophage recruitment and modulating Treg/Th17 immune cell balance.

BACKGROUND: Metrnl play an immunocytokine-like role in several diseases, which is also known as meteorin-like because it is homologous to the neurotrophic factor meteorin (Metrn). Although the expression and function of Metrnl, including neurotrophic, immunomodulatory, and insulin resistance functions in different tissues have been extensively studied, its role in sepsis has remained largely limited. METHODS: The present work analyzed the levels of Metrnl and cytokines in the circulation, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-1)ß, IL-6, IL-8, together with IL-10 among septic adult patients. Clinical information was obtained from such patients, including sofa score, procalcitonin(PCT)count, and C-reactive count (CRP) within 24 h when entering the intensive care unit (ICU). We constructed a sepsis model in Metrnl-deficient or normal wild-type mice using cecal ligation and perforation to study its functions in bacterial burden, survival, cytokine/chemokine generation, peritoneal lavage fluid neutrophils, macrophage and lymphocyte recruitment, and Treg/Th17 immune cell balance after CLP-induced sepsis. RESULTS: The expression of Metrnl was remarkably elevated in the early phase of sepsis clinically. Its serum content in patients dying of sepsis slightly decreased relative to that in survivors. Furthermore, the concentration of Metrnl in septic cases when entering the ICU independently predicted the 28-day mortality. For septic patients who had low serum Metrnl content (≤ 274.40 pg/mL), the death risk increased by 2.3 folds relative to those who had a high serum content. It is reported that Metrnl is probably insufficient among patients dying of sepsis. Additionally, the content of Metrnl in the serum of septic patients when entering the ICU is markedly and negatively related to the levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, PCT, and Sofa score. Collectively, Metrnl could be a potential therapeutic target for sepsis. A low-lethality non-severe sepsis (NSS) model was constructed, which suggested that Metrnl insufficiency elevated the death rate and reduced bacterial clearance during sepsis. For Metrnl-deficient mice, impaired sepsis immunity defense might be related to decreased macrophage recruitment and Treg/Th17 lymphocyte imbalance. Recombinant Metrnl administered to Metrnl-deficient mice abolished the immunity defense impairment following NSS while protecting the high-lethality severe sepsis (SS) model in wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, Metrnl-induced sepsis prevention was intricately associated with the increased recruitment of peritoneal macrophages and modulation of the Treg/TH17 immune cell balance. Furthermore, CCL3 exposure in Metrnl-deficient mice reduced peritoneal bacterial loads while improving survival during sepsis partially by promoting the recruitment of peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, Metrnl regulated the polarization of M1 macrophages through the ROS signaling pathway and promoted macrophage phagocytosis, thereby killing Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS: The present proof-of-concept work suggests that Metrnl-mediated recruitment of macrophages significantly affects sepsis defense in the host and modulates the Treg/Th17 immune cell balance. Findings in this work shed more light on the development of host-directed treatments that can be used to manipulate host immunity to treat sepsis.

Exploring the metabolic phenotypes associated with different host inflammation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from lung metabolomics in mice.

RATIONALE: The aim of this study was to analyze the metabolomics of lung with different host inflammation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) for the identification of biomarkers for predicting severity under different inflammatory conditions. METHODS: Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-intratracheal injection induced acute lung injury (ALI) were used. A mouse model was used to explore lung metabolomic biomarkers in ALI/ARDS. The splenectomy model was used as an auxiliary method to distinguish between hyper- and hypo-inflammatory subtypes. Plasma, lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected from mice after CLP/LPS. The severity of lung injury was evaluated. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in mice serum and lung was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymer chain reaction (PCR). Polymorphonuclear cells in BALF were counted. The lung metabolites were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and the metabolic pathways predicted using the KEGG database. RESULTS: The LPS/CLP-Splen group had more severe lung injury than the corresponding ALI group; that in the CLP-Splen group was more serious than in the LPS-Splen group. TNF-α expression was significantly elevated in the serum and lung tissue after LPS or CLP, and higher in the LPS/CLP-Splen group than in the corresponding ALI group. The level of TNF-α in the CLP-Splen group was elevated significantly over that in the LPS-Splen group. Both these groups also showed significant neutrophil exudation within the lungs. During differential inflammation, more differential metabolites were detected in the lungs of the CLP group ALI mice than in the LPS group. A total of 41 compounds were detected in the lungs of the CLP and CLP-Splen groups. Contrastingly, eight compounds were detected in the lungs of the LPS and LPS-Splen groups. The LPS-Splen and CLP-Splen groups had significant neutrophil exudation in the lung. Random forest analysis of lung-targeted metabolomics data indicated 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC), cis-aconitic acid, and hydroxybenzoic acid as strong predictors of the hyper-inflammatory subgroup in the CLP group. Furthermore, with splenectomy, 13 differential metabolic pathways between the CLP and LPS groups were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Hyper-inflammatory subgroups of ARDS have a greater inflammatory response and a more active lung metabolism. Combined with the host inflammation background, biomarkers from metabolomics could help evaluate the response severity of ARDS.

Basil Polysaccharide Reverses Development of Experimental Model of Sepsis-Induced Secondary Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Basil polysaccharide (BPS) represents a main active ingredient extracted from basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), which can regulate secondary bacterial pneumonia development in the process of sepsis-mediated immunosuppression. METHODS: In this study, a dual model of sepsis-induced secondary pneumonia with cecal ligation and puncture and intratracheal instillation of Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa was constructed. RESULTS: The results indicated that BPS-treated mice undergoing CLP showed resistance to secondary S. aureus pneumonia. Compared with the IgG-treated group, BPS-treated mice exhibited better survival rate along with a higher bacterial clearance rate. Additionally, BPS treatment attenuated cell apoptosis, enhanced lymphocyte and macrophage recruitment to the lung, promoted pulmonary cytokine production, and significantly enhanced CC receptor ligand 4 (CCL4). Notably, recombinant CCL4 protein could enhance the protective effect on S. aureus-induced secondary pulmonary infection of septic mice, which indicated that BPS-induced CCL4 partially mediated resistance to secondary bacterial pneumonia. In addition, BPS priming markedly promoted the phagocytosis of alveolar macrophages while killing S. aureus in vitro, which was related to the enhanced p38MAPK signal transduction pathway activation. Moreover, BPS also played a protective role in sepsis-induced secondary S. aureus pneumonia by inducing Treg cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these results shed novel lights on the BPS treatment mechanism in sepsis-induced secondary S. aureus pneumonia in mice.

Gadolinium Chloride Inhibits the Production of Liver Interleukin-27 and Mitigates Liver Injury in the CLP Mouse Model.

BACKGROUND: Liver macrophages play an important regulatory role in the inflammatory response of liver injury after severe infection. Interleukin- (IL-) 27 is an inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in diseases caused by bacterial infection. However, the relationship between IL-27 and liver macrophages in liver injury after severe infection is not yet clear. METHODS: A cecal ligation puncture (CLP) model was established in wild-type (WT) and IL-27 receptor- (WSX-1-) deficient (IL-27r-/-) mice, and recombinant IL-27 and gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) were injected into WT mice in the designated groups. The serum and liver IL-27, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-1ß expression levels were evaluated by ELISA, quantitative PCR, or Western blotting; serum ALT and AST were detected by detection kits; and the severity of liver damage was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and the TUNEL assay of the liver tissue from the different groups. Liver macrophage polarization was evaluated by immunofluorescence. In addition, the polarization of peritoneal macrophage was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The serum and liver IL-27 expression levels were elevated in WT mice after CLP-induced severe infection, which were consistent with the changes in HE scores in the liver tissue. The levels of serum ALT, AST, liver IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1ß mRNA and liver pathological injury scores were further increased when pretreated with recombinant IL-27 in WT mice, but these levels were decreased in IL-27r-/- mice after CLP-induced severe infection compared to WT mice. In WT mice pretreated with GdCl3, liver pathological scores, serum ALT and AST, TUNEL-positive cell proportion from liver tissues, liver IL-27 expression, and the liver macrophages M1 polarization proportion decreased after CLP; however, the serum IL-27, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1ß levels and the pathological lung and kidney scores were not significantly changed. When supplemented with exogenous IL-27, the liver pathological scores, serum ALT, AST, TUNEL-positive cell proportion of liver tissues, liver IL-27 expression, and the liver macrophage M1 polarization proportion increased. The in vitro, IL-27 expression increased in peritoneal macrophages when stimulated with LPS. Recombinant IL-27 together with LPS promoted the elevations in IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1ß levels in supernatant and the M1 polarization of peritoneal macrophages. CONCLUSION: IL-27 is an important cytokine in the inflammatory response to liver injury after severe infection. The reduction of liver injury by gadolinium chloride in severe infection mice models may relate to the inhibition of liver IL-27 production. These changes may be mainly related to the decrease of liver macrophages M1 polarization. IL-27 may have a positive feedback on these macrophages.

An Improved Weighted Gradient Projection Method for Inverse Kinematics of Redundant Surgical Manipulators.

Different from traditional redundant manipulators, the redundant manipulators used in the surgical environment require the end effector (EE) to have high pose (position and orientation) accuracy to ensure the smooth progress of the operation. When analyzing the inverse kinematics (IK) of traditional redundant manipulators, gradient-projection method (GPM) and weighted least-norm (WLN) method are commonly used methods to avoid joint position limits. However, for the traditional GPM and WLN method, when joints are close to their limits, they stop moving, which greatly reduces the accuracy of the IK solution. When robotic manipulators enter a singular region, although traditional damped least-squares (DLS) algorithms are used to handle singularities effectively, motion errors of the EE will be introduced. Furthermore, selecting singular region through trial and error may cause some joint velocities exceed their corresponding limits. More importantly, traditional DLS algorithms cannot guide robotic manipulators away from singular regions. Inspired by the merits of GPM, WLN, and DLS methods, an improved weighted gradient projection method (IWGPM) is proposed to solve the IK problem of redundant manipulators used in the surgical environment with avoiding joint position limits and singularities. The weighted matrix of the WLN method and the damping factor of the DLS algorithm have been improved, and a joint limit repulsive potential field function and singular repulsive potential field function belong to the null space are introduced to completely keep joints away from the damping interval and redundant manipulators away from the unsafe region. To verify the validity of the proposed IWGPM, simulations on a 7 degree of freedom (DOF) redundant manipulator used in laparoscopic surgery indicate that the proposed method can not only achieve higher accuracy IK solution but also avoid joint position limits and singularities effectively by comparing them with the results of the traditional GPM and WLN method, respectively. Furthermore, based on the proposed IWGPM, simulation tests in two cases show that joint position limits have a great impact on the orientation accuracy, and singular potential energy function has a great impact on the position accuracy.

High Expression of RING Finger Protein 126 Predicts Unfavorable Prognosis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.

BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The clinical outcome of EOC remains unsatisfactory with current therapeutic approaches such as surgery and platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy. Therefore, novel prognostic markers and personalized therapies targeting specific molecules are urgently needed. Here, we explored whether RNF126, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is a potential biomarker for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of 122 EOC patients. The chi-square test was used to assess correlations between RNF126 level and clinical characteristics of enrolled patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to monitor the prognosis of enrolled patients. In addition, proliferation and invasion assays were conducted to assess the cellular effects of RNF126 on SKOV3 cell progression. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry analysis (IHC) revealed that RNF126 was upregulated in EOC tissues compared to adjacent ovarian tissues. In addition, RNF126 expression was remarkably associated with LN metastasis, pathological differentiation, and FIGO stage. RNF126 protein level was found to be an independent biomarker for predication of prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. Cellular results showed that RNF126 enhanced the proliferation and invasion abilities of SKOV3 cells. CONCLUSIONS Upregulated protein level of RNF126 in EOC tissues is a biomarker predicting poor outcomes of EOC patients.

Progranulin Improves Acute Lung Injury through Regulating the Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells and Interleukin-10 Immunomodulation to Promote Macrophage Polarization.

Progranulin (PGRN), which plays an anti-inflammatory role in acute lung injury (ALI), is promising as a potential drug. Studies have shown that regulatory T cells (Tregs) and interleukin- (IL-) 10 can repress inflammation and alleviate tissue damage during ALI. In this study, we built a lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced ALI mouse model to illustrate the effect of PGRN on regulation of Treg differentiation and modulation of IL-10 promoting macrophage polarization. We found that the proportion of Tregs in splenic mononuclear cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells was higher after treatment with PGRN. The increased proportion of Tregs after PGRN intratracheal instillation was consistent with the decreased severity of lung injury, the reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, and the increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In vitro, the percentages of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs from splenic naïve CD4+ T cells increased after PGRN treatment. In further research, it was found that PGRN can regulate the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 and affect the polarization of M1/M2 macrophages by upregulating IL-10. These findings show that PGRN likely plays a protective role in ALI by promoting Treg differentiation and activating IL-10 immunomodulation.

Different intensity of autophagy regulate interleukin-33 to control the uncontrolled inflammation of acute lung injury.

OBJECTIVES: Cytokines participate in the progression of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and uncontrolled inflammation is a central issue of acute lung injury (ALI). Interleukin (IL)-33 is a nuclear protein that has been reported to have a proinflammatory role in ARDS. Studies have shown that excessive autophagy may lead to the increased mortality of patients with ARDS, while several investigations indicated that IL-33 and autophagy interact with one another. The present study sought to clarify the relation between autophagy and IL-33's proinflammatory role in ARDS. METHODS: We built a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury mouse model. To study the relationship between IL-33 and autophagy, mice were pretreated with rapamycin (RAPA; a promoter of autophagy) and 3-methyladenine (3-MA; an inhibitor of autophagy) prior to LPS administration. The expression of IL-33 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured. Immunohistochemistry of IL-33 in lung tissue was examined. Th1,Th2 cytokines/chemokine levels in serum and BALF were tested. Further, the severity of lung injury was evaluated. And the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)'s nuclear translocation in lung tissue was detected. RESULTS: In comparison with the control group, the levels of IL-33 in serum and BALF were increased after LPS injection. Th1 cytokines/chemokine levels were significantly increased in serum and BALF, while Th2 cytokine levels changed only a little. The levels of IL-33 in serum and BALF of the RAPA group was significantly increased after LPS was injected as compared with the LPS group; additionally, the levels of IL-33 in serum and BALF of the 3-MA group was significantly reduced after LPS was injected as compared with the LPS group, and that lung injury was ameliorated after 3-MA pretreatment. Th1 cytokines and chemokines in both serum and BALF were also decreased in the 3-MA group. Furthermore, we found that the nuclear translocation of NF-κB increased after LPS administration, and NF-κB's nuclear translocation was significantly increased in comparison with the LPS group after RAPA pretreatment. In contrast, NF-κB's nuclear translocation decreased after 3-MA pretreatment as compared with the LPS group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings showed that autophagy might regulate IL-33 by activating or inhibiting NF-κB to control the uncontrolled inflammation of acute lung injury.

Interleukin 38 Protects Against Lethal Sepsis.

Background: Interleukin 38 (IL-38) is the most recently characterized cytokine of the interleukin 1 family. However, its role in sepsis remains unknown. Methods: Circulating IL-38 levels were measured in 2 cohorts of adult and pediatric patients with sepsis. Using 2 murine models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis, the effects of IL-38 on survival, inflammation, tissue injury, and bacterial clearance were assessed. Results: Serum IL-38 concentrations were significantly elevated in adult and pediatric patients with sepsis relative to corresponding healthy adult and pediatric controls, respectively. An increased IL-38 level negatively correlated with the number of blood leukocytes and with the level of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in clinical sepsis. Anti-IL-38 antibody impaired survival and while recombinant IL-38 improved survival in the 2 murine models of LPS-induced endotoxemia and CLP-induced sepsis. IL-38 administration decreased the inflammatory response, as reflected by lower levels of cytokines and chemokines (including IL-6, TNF-α, interleukin 10, interleukin 17, interleukin 27, CXCL1, and CCL2), and less damage to tissues (including lung, liver, and kidney) in CLP-induced sepsis. Furthermore, IL-38 augmented bacterial clearance in CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis. Conclusions: These findings suggest that IL-38 attenuates sepsis by decreasing inflammation and increasing bacterial clearance, thus providing a novel tool for antisepsis therapy.

Rac GTPase activating protein 1 promotes oncogenic progression of epithelial ovarian cancer.

Rac GTPase activating protein 1 (RacGAP1) can regulate cytokinesis and cell differentiation. The oncogenic role of RacGAP1 has been partially studied in gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. In the present study, we endeavor to evaluate its expression and functions in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). We retrospectively collected the clinicopathological information of 117 patients who underwent curative surgery for EOC. Expression of RacGAP1 protein in primary tumor tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, which was significantly associated with tumor pathological grade, tumor stage, and lymph node metastasis. Patients with lower RacGAP1 level had a longer survival time and lower recurrence risk. Multivariate results identified the independent prognostic role of RacGAP1 for both recurrence and survival in EOC patients. Cellular studies showed that RacGAP1 can positively regulate the activation of RhoA and Erk proteins. In addition, wound healing assay and Transwell assay found that RacGAP1 can up-regulate the migration and invasion process of EOC cells, respectively. In all, our results not only confirmed the prognostic role of RacGAP1 for recurrence and survival in EOC patients, but also highlighted its possible potency for drug development.

Interleukin 36α Attenuates Sepsis by Enhancing Antibacterial Functions of Macrophages.

Background: Sepsis is newly defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection with a high mortality rate and limited effective treatments. The role of interleukin 36α (IL-36α) in host response during sepsis remains unknown. Methods: An experimental sepsis model of cecal ligation and puncture was established to investigate the effects of IL-36α on host response to sepsis. Results: IL-36α production was significantly up-regulated during sepsis. IL-36α treatment reduced the mortality rate in mice with severe sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture. IL-36α-treated mice had more efficient bacterial clearance, inhibited tissue inflammation, improved organ injury, and reduced immune cell apoptosis. The therapeutic implication of these observations was also highlighted by the finding that specific blockade of IL-36α led to an increased mortality rate in mice with nonsevere sepsis. Furthermore, we found that IL-36α enhanced bacterial phagocytosis and killing by macrophages, thereby allowing local and systemic bacterial clearance. Importantly, macrophage depletion before the onset of sepsis eliminated IL-36α-mediated protection against sepsis. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that IL-36α plays an important role in the host defense response to sepsis and suggest a potential therapeutic role for IL-36α in sepsis.

Inflammation elevated IL-33 originating from the lung mediates inflammation in acute lung injury.

Excessive inflammatory reactions occur with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), however, the underlying mechanisms of ARDS remain incompletely understood. Here we investigated whether interleukin (IL)-33 was elevated in ARDS patients. Serum samples were obtained from 14 ARDS patients and 24 control healthy volunteers. ELISA was used to measure the concentrations of IL-33. Besides, we established pulmonary ARDS and extrapulmonary ARDS models in mice, and serum and lung tissue samples were collected for analyses. The results showed that serum IL-33 concentrations were significantly higher in pulmonary ARDS patients compared to controls. Also, the levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 were positively correlated with IL-33 levels. We also showed that there were increased IL-33 levels in both the serum and lungs in the pulmonary ARDS model. This was not the case, however, in the extrapulmonary ARDS model. Pulmonary inflammation and injury in the pulmonary ARDS model was reduced with IL-33 neutralizing antibody treatment.

Interleukin-35 is upregulated in response to influenza virus infection and secondary bacterial pneumonia.

Postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia is an important cause of global morbidity and mortality. What causes this increased susceptibility is not well elucidated. IL-35 is a newly described cytokine in infectious tolerance. A murine model was established to study postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia and evaluate the role of IL-35 in host defense against postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia. Pulmonary IL-35 was rapidly up-regulated during murine influenza infection, which was partially mediated by type I IFN-α/ß receptor signaling pathway. Secondary pneumococcal infection led to a synergistic IL-35 response in influenza-infected mice. Clinical analysis showed that IL-35 levels were significantly elevated in the patients with influenza infection compared with healthy individuals and influenza infection could induce IL-35 production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These data suggest that IL-35 contributes to the increased susceptibility to secondary pneumococcal pneumonia at least in part by inhibiting the early immune response.

EARLY PREDICTIVE VALUE OF PRESEPSIN FOR SECONDARY SEPSIS AND MORTALITY IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ACUTE PANCREATITIS.

ABSTRACT: Purpose : Sepsis is the leading cause of death in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in the intensive care unit (ICU). Early prediction of sepsis secondary to SAP developed in the late phase and of related mortality can enable appropriate treatment and improve outcomes. This study was conducted to evaluate the predictive value of presepsin in ICU patients with SAP at the early stage and compared it with established blood markers and scoring systems. Methods : This retrospective study enrolled 48 septic patients and 53 nonseptic patients admitted to ICU with SAP. Presepsin and other blood markers (procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, IL-6, white blood cell, and serum creatinine) on days 1, 3, and 7 after enrollment as well as scoring systems were assessed to predict secondary sepsis. Outcomes were evaluated at ICU discharge and on days 28 and 90. Results : Presepsin levels (on days 1, 3, and 7) were significantly higher in septic patients than in nonseptic patients. Presepsin levels showed an increasing trend over time in both sepsis and nonsepsis groups, but concentrations increased more rapidly in the sepsis group than in the nonsepsis group. Among the analyzed biomarkers, presepsin was the only blood marker independently associated with sepsis secondary to SAP on days 3 and 7, and presepsin on day 3 was independently associated with mortality at ICU discharge and on days 28 and 90. It showed similar or even better predictive accuracy for both secondary sepsis and mortality than procalcitonin and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score. Conclusion : Presepsin could be a valuable early predictor of secondary sepsis and mortality in patients admitted to the ICU with SAP and may serve as an indicator for early risk stratification.

Contribution of IL-38 in Lung Immunity during Pseudomonas Aeruginosa-induced Pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: Interleukin-38 (IL-38), a new type of cytokine, is involved in processes such as tissue repair, inflammatory response, and immune response. However, its function in pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is still unclear. METHODS: In this study, we detected circulating IL-38 and cytokines such as IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10 in adults affected by early stage pneumonia caused by P. aeruginosa. Collected clinical data of these patients, such as the APACHE II score, levels of PCT, and oxygenation index when they entering the ICU. Using P. aeruginosa-induced pneumonia WT murine model to evaluate the effect of IL-38 on Treg differentiation, cell apoptosis, survival, tissue damage, inflammation, and bacterial removal. RESULTS: In clinical research, although IL-38 is significantly increased during the early stages of clinical P. aeruginosa pneumonia, the concentration of IL-38 in the serum of patients who died with P. aeruginosa pneumonia was relatively lower than that of surviving patients. It reveals IL-38 may insufficiently secreted in patients who died with P. aeruginosa pneumonia. Besides, the serum IL-38 level of patients with P. aeruginosa pneumonia on the day of admission to the ICU showed significantly positive correlations with IL-10 and the PaO2/FiO2 ratio but negative correlations with IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α, APACHE II score, and PCT In summary, IL-38 might be a molecule for adjuvant therapy in P. aeruginosa pneumonia. In experimental animal models, first recombinant IL-38 improved survival, whereas anti-IL-38 antibody reduced survival in the experimental pneumonia murine model. Secondly, IL-38 exposure reduced the inflammatory response, as suggested by the lung injury, and reduced cytokine levels (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL- 17A, TNF-α, and IL-8, but not IL-10). It also increased bacterial clearance and reduced cell apoptosis in the lungs. Furthermore, IL-38 was shown to reduce TBK1 expression in vitro when naive CD4+ T lymphocytes were differentiated to Tregs and played a protective role in P. aeruginosa pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: To summarize, the above findings provide additional insights into the mechanism of IL-38 in the treatment of P. aeruginosa pneumonia.

Exploring the Muscle Metabolomics in the Mouse Model of Sepsis-Induced Acquired Weakness.

Background/Aim: We aimed to identify the differentially expressing metabolites (DEMs) in the muscles of the mouse model of sepsis-induced acquired weakness (sepsis-AW) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Materials and Methods: Sepsis by cecal ligation puncture (CLP) with lower limb immobilization was used to produce a sepsis-AW model. After this, the grip strength of the C57BL/6 male mice was investigated. The transmission electron microscopy was utilized to determine the pathological model. LC-MS was used to detect the metabolic profiles within the mouse muscles. Additionally, a statistically diversified analysis was carried out. Results: Compared to the sepsis group, 30 DEMs, including 17 upregulated and 13 down-regulated metabolites, were found in the sepsis-AW group. The enriched metabolic pathways including purine metabolism, valine/leucine/isoleucine biosynthesis, cGMP-PKG pathway, mTOR pathway, FoxO pathway, and PI3K-Akt pathway were found to differ between the two groups. The targeted metabolomics analysis explored significant differences between four amino acid metabolites (leucine, cysteine, tyrosine, and serine) and two energy metabolites (AMP and cAMP) in the muscles of the sepsis-AW experimental model group, which was comparable to the sepsis group. Conclusion: The present work identified DEMs and metabolism-related pathways within the muscles of the sepsis-AW mice, which offered valuable experimental data for diagnosis and identification of the pathogenic mechanism underlying sepsis-AW.

Potential therapeutic effects of interleukin-35 on the differentiation of naïve T cells into Helios+Foxp3+ Tregs in clinical and experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Regulatory T lymphocytes are important targets for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). IL-35 is a newly identified IL-12 cytokine family member that plays an important protective role in a variety of immune system diseases by regulating Treg cell differentiation; however, the role of IL-35 in the pathogenesis of ARDS is still unclear. Here, we found that IL-35 was significantly elevated in adult patients with ARDS compared to controls. Additionally, IL-35 was positively and significantly correlated with IL-6, IL-10 and the oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2 ratio) but negatively correlated with TNF-α, IL-1ß and APACHE II score during ARDS. Moreover, the proportion of Treg/CD4+ cells in the peripheral blood of ARDS patients and the expression of NF-κB in PMBCs were significantly higher than in healthy individuals. Recombinant IL-35 improved survival in a murine model of CLP-induced ARDS. Additionally, IL-35 administration decreased the inflammatory response, as reflected by lower levels of cytokines (including IL-2, TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6) and less lung damage in CLP-induced ARDS. Furthermore, recombinant IL-35 reduced the apoptosis of lung tissue and the expression of NF-κB signalling in a CLP-induced ARDS model and increased the proportion of Treg cells in spleen and peripheral blood. In vitro experiments revealed that IL-35 can affect the phosphorylation of STAT5 during differentiation of naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes into Foxp3+Helios+ Tregs. Our findings suggest that IL-35 attenuates ARDS by promoting the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Foxp3+Helios+ Tregs, thereby providing a novel tool for anti-ARDS therapy.

Analysis of the Influencing Factors of FDM-Supported Positions for the Compressive Strength of Printing Components.

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) has the advantage of being able to process complex workpieces with relatively simple operations. However, when processing complex components in a suspended state, it is necessary to add support parts to be processed and formed, which indicates an excessive dependence on support. The stress intensity of the supported positions of the printing components can be modified by changing the supporting model of the parts, their density, and their distance in relation to the Z direction in the FDM printing settings. The focus of the present work was to study the influences of these three modified factors on the stress intensity of the supporting position of the printing components. In this study, 99 sets of compression tests were carried out using a position of an FDM-supported part, and the experimental results were observed and analyzed with a 3D topographic imager. A reference experiment on the anti-pressure abilities of the printing components without support was also conducted. The experimental results clarify how the above factors can affect the anti-pressure abilities of the supporting positions of the printing components. According to the results, when the supporting density is 30% and the supporting distance in the Z direction is Z = 0.14, the compressive strength of the printing component is lowest. When the supporting density of the printing component is ≤30% and the supporting distance in the Z direction is Z ≥ 0.10, the compressive strength of printing without support is greater than that of the linear support model. Under the same conditions, the grid-support method offers the highest compressive strength.

Luteolin Regulates the Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells and Activates IL-10-Dependent Macrophage Polarization against Acute Lung Injury.

OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory disease characterized by clinical destructive respiratory disorder is called acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). Studies have shown that luteolin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by increasing regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of luteolin on ALI/ARDS and Treg differentiation. METHODS: In this paper, we used cecal ligation puncture (CLP) to generate an ALI mouse model to determine the effects of luteolin on ALI/ARDS. Lung tissues were stained for interleukin- (IL-) 17A and myeloperoxidase (MPO) by immunohistochemical analysis. The levels of Treg-related cytokines in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice were detected. The protein levels of NF-κB p65 in lung tissues were measured. Macrophage phenotypes in lung tissues were measured using immunofluorescence. The proportion of Tregs in splenic mononuclear cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was quantified. Furthermore, in vitro, we evaluated the effects of luteolin on Treg differentiation, and the effects of IL-10 immune regulation on macrophage polarization were examined. RESULTS: Luteolin alleviated lung injury and suppressed uncontrolled inflammation and downregulated IL-17A, MPO, and NF-κB in the lungs of CLP-induced mouse models. At this time, luteolin upregulated the level of IL-10 in serum and BALF and the frequency of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs in PBMCs and splenic mononuclear cells of CLP mice. Luteolin treatment decreased the proportion of M1 macrophages and increased the proportion of M2 macrophages in lungs of CLP-induced mouse models. In vitro, administration of luteolin significantly induced Treg differentiation, and IL-10 promoted the polarization of M2 macrophages but reduced the polarization of M1 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: Luteolin alleviated lung injury and suppressed uncontrolled inflammation by inducing the differentiation of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs and upregulating the expression of IL-10. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 promoted polarization of M2 macrophages in vitro. Luteolin-induced Treg differentiation from naïve CD4+ T cells may be a potential mechanism for regulating IL-10 production.