Significance of Anthropogenic Factors to Freely Dissolved Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Freshwater of China.

Assessment of surface water pollution by organic pollutants is a top priority in many parts of the world, as it provides critical information for implementing effective measures to ensure drinking water safety. This is particularly important in China, where insufficient data of national scale have been acquired on the occurrence of any organic pollutants in the country's water bodies. To fill the knowledge gap, we employed passive samplers to survey polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 42 freshwaters throughout the country. The dissolved Σ24PAH concentrations ranged from 0.28 to 538 ng L-1, with the highest and lowest values obtained in Southern Lake in Wuhan and in the Nam Co Lake in Tibet, respectively. Average Σ24PAH concentrations in West, Central, and East China correlated well with the population densities in these regions. The composition profiles of PAHs showed a mixed PAH source of coal combustion, fossil fuel combustion, and oil spills. In addition, all dissolved PAH concentrations were below the water guidelines developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the European Union, and the Canadian government, except for anthracene in Southern Lake. Our results also demonstrated the feasibility of establishing a global network of monitoring organic pollutants in the aquatic environment with passive sampling techniques.

Variations in the concentration, inventory, source, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Lake Chaohu.

In this study, the ecological risk assessment of PAHs pollution, the existing S-T model was improved and applied to this PAHs pollution assessment in surface sediment in Lake Chaohu. The potential sources and contributions of PAHs in the surface sediment were estimated by molecular diagnostic ratio (MDR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). The results showed that the average concentration of 16 priority PAHs in the surface sediment was 718.16 ng/g in 2009 and 334.67 ng/g in 2020. In 2020, PAHs concentration has decreased compared to 2009 and the dominant composition has changed from high- to low-molecular-weight PAHs. The estimated PAHs mass inventory of the top 2 cm surface sediment was 2712 tons in 2009 and 1263 tons in 2020. Ecosystem risk assessment by improved S-T models suggested that the overall ecosystem risk of the studied regions was acceptable.

Anthropogenic activities have contributed moderately to increased inputs of organic materials in marginal seas off China.

Sediment has been recognized as a gigantic sink of organic materials and therefore can record temporal input trends. To examine the impact of anthropogenic activities on the marginal seas off China, sediment cores were collected from the Yellow Sea, the inner shelf of the East China Sea (ECS), and the South China Sea (SCS) to investigate the sources and spatial and temporal variations of organic materials, i.e., total organic carbon (TOC) and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The concentration ranges of TOC were 0.5-1.29, 0.63-0.83, and 0.33-0.85%, while those of Σn-C14-35 (sum of n-alkanes with carbon numbers of 14-35) were 0.08-1.5, 0.13-1.97, and 0.35-0.96 µg/g dry weight in sediment cores from the Yellow Sea, ECS inner shelf, and the SCS, respectively. Terrestrial higher plants were an important source of aliphatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments off China. The spatial distribution of Σn-C14-35 concentrations and source diagnostic ratios suggested a greater load of terrestrial organic materials in the Yellow Sea than in the ECS and SCS. Temporally, TOC and Σn-C14-35 concentrations increased with time and peaked at either the surface or immediate subsurface layers. This increase was probably reflective of elevated inputs of organic materials to marginal seas off China in recent years, and attributed partly to the impacts of intensified anthropogenic activities in mainland China. Source diagnostics also suggested that aliphatic hydrocarbons were mainly derived from biogenic sources, with a minority in surface sediment layers from petroleum sources, consistent with the above-mentioned postulation.

K235 acetylation couples with PSPC1 to regulate the m6A demethylation activity of ALKBH5 and tumorigenesis.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays important roles in bioprocesses and diseases. AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) is one of two m6A demethylases. Here, we reveal that ALKBH5 is acetylated at lysine 235 (K235) by lysine acetyltransferase 8 and deacetylated by histone deacetylase 7. K235 acetylation strengthens the m6A demethylation activity of ALKBH5 by increasing its recognition of m6A on mRNA. RNA-binding protein paraspeckle component 1 (PSCP1) is a regulatory subunit of ALKBH5 and preferentially interacts with K235-acetylated ALKBH5 to recruit and facilitate the recognition of m6A mRNA by ALKBH5, thereby promoting m6A erasure. Mitogenic signals promote ALKBH5 K235 acetylation. K235 acetylation of ALKBH5 is upregulated in cancers and promotes tumorigenesis. Thus, our findings reveal that the m6A demethylation activity of ALKBH5 is orchestrated by its K235 acetylation and regulatory subunit PSPC1 and that K235 acetylation is necessary for the m6A demethylase activity and oncogenic roles of ALKBH5.

Sediment records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the continental shelf of China: implications for evolving anthropogenic impacts.

Sources, compositions, and historical records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment cores collected from the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea were analyzed to investigate the influence of anthropogenic activities. The occurrence of PAHs was mainly derived from various combustion sources, especially the combustion of biomass and domestic coal. Uniform composition of sedimentary PAHs (52-62% of phenanthrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene) suggested air-borne mixtures intractable to degradation. The concentrations of the sum of 15 PAHs (16 priority pollutants designed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency minus naphthalene; designed as Σ(15)PAH) in Yellow Sea sediment cores were generally higher than those in the South China Sea. The profiles of Σ(15)PAH concentrations recorded in the sediment cores closely followed historical socioeconomic development in China. In general, Σ(15)PAH concentrations started to increase from the background pollution level posed by agricultural economy at the turn of 20th century. In addition, a Σ(15)PAH concentration reduction was observed during the Chinese Civil War (1946-1949) and Great Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), suggesting them as setbacks for economic development in Chinese history. Increasing PAH emissions as a result of increasing coal combustion associated with the rapid urbanization and industrialization since the implementation of the Reform and Open Policy (since 1978) accounted for the fast growth of Σ(15)PAH concentrations in sediment cores. The decline of Σ(15)PAH concentrations from subsurface maximum until sampling time was inconsistent with current-day economic development in China, and may possibly suggest emission reductions due to decreasing proportional use of domestic coal and increasing consumption of cleaner energies (natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas).

Occurrence, source apportionment and toxicity assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Chaohu, one of the most polluted lakes in China.

In order to evaluate the effect of local anthropogenic activities on Chaohu Lake, one of the most eutrophicated lakes in China, surface sediments have been collected from the whole lake with 0.05 × 0.05 degree latitude/longitude resolution and in the estuaries of three main inflowing rivers. The concentrations of the 28 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determined were in a range 82.4-13,000 ng g(-1) with an average value of 1670 ng g(-1) dry weight for total 28 PAHs (referred to as Σ(28)PAH). Amongst the 28 PAHs, 16 are listed as high priority PAHs by the USEPA and they were in the range of 60.8-10,200 ng g(-1) with an average value of 1230 ng g(-1) for the total of them (referred to as Σ(16)PAH); 7 are known as carcinogenic PAHs and their levels ranged from 34.2 to 6400 ng g(-1) with an average of 815 ng g(-1) in total (referred to as Σ(7)PAH). Chaohu Lake was considered significantly polluted by PAHs through the comparison with the PAH burdens in fresh-water lakes both in China and worldwide. Toxic units (TUs) evaluation showed some sampling locations possibly were over the median lethal level for benthic invertebrate. The highest PAH concentrations were found in sediments from the Nanfei River estuary, suggesting the major contributor of PAHs contamination to the lake. The PAHs with four and five rings were found to be dominant among the PAHs detected in all of the sediment samples, and perylene was the most abundant. Σ(16)PAH had a good correlation with those PAHs from pyrogenic sources, such as anthracene and phenanthrene, but a poor correlation with perylene. The results demonstrated that the environmental behavior of PAHs from pyrogenic sources is significantly different to that of perylene from diagenetic sources. The PAHs in sediments were mainly from traffic-related emission by qualitatively assessing with the diagnostic ratios of PAH isomers, and the ratios for low molecular weight PAHs were strongly altered during their transport.

[Oral paroxetine for premature ejaculation: a randomized controlled study].

OBJECTIVE: To validate the therapeutic efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of premature ejaculation (PE). METHODS: Eighty PE patients up to the inclusion criteria were equally randomized to an experimental and a control group. We observed all the patients for 4 weeks and recorded the baseline data on intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) and sexual satisfaction scores, followed by oral medication of paroxetine at 20 mg/d for the patients in the experimental group and placebo for the controls. Thirty days after the treatment, we again recorded IELT and sexual satisfaction scores of the patients. RESULTS: After the treatment, the experimental group showed significantly prolonged IELT ([5.75 +/- 1.24] min) and increased sexual satisfaction score (6.4 +/- 1.2) as compared with the baseline data ([0.89 +/- 0.21] min and [2.7 +/- 0.9]) (P < 0.01). The control group exhibited no significant differences before and after the medication either in the mean IELT or in sexual satisfaction scores ([1.06 +/- 0.28] min vs [0.97 +/- 0.18] min and 3.6 +/- 1.3 vs 3.1 +/- 1.1, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Oral medication of paroxetine at 20 mg/d for 30 days could improve IELT and sexual satisfaction in PE patients.

Fecal steroids in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta, South China: levels, potential sources and inputs to the coastal ocean.

Domestic sewage is a potential source of contamination deteriorating water quality in rivers and coastal environments. The present study determined the concentrations of eight steroids in both filtrate and suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples collected monthly at the eight major riverine runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China, from March 2005 to February 2006. The concentration of the eight steroids (sum of which is defined as Sigma(8)steroid) in the filtrate and SPM samples ranged 16.7-1340 ng L(-1) and 0.44-240 microg g(-1), respectively. The filtrate samples contained the highest levels of cholesterol (CHOE) and stigmasterol (STIG) on average, whereas the SPM samples had the largest relative abundances of CHOE and coprostanol (COP). In general, larger proportions of the steroids were associated with SPM than with the filtrate phase. The combined (filtrate plus SPM) concentrations of COP in riverine runoff of the PRD were at the midpoint of the global range in surface water. The concentrations of Sigma(8)steroid and COP in SPM were not significantly correlated with particulate organic carbon (POC), riverine runoff, or SPM concentrations, which indicates the dominance of nonpoint input sources for the occurrence of steroids in the PRD. The annual riverine inputs of Sigma(8)steroid and COP were estimated at 360 and 31.6 tons yr(-1), respectively, and the monthly inputs of both Sigma(8)steroid and COP were positively correlated with monthly runoff discharge. Furthermore, the concentrations of Sigma(8)steroid, COP, and CHOE showed significant temporal and spatial variability. These results can be explained by a combination of climatic characteristics, socioeconomic conditions, and steroid sources. Analyses of the diagnostic indices of COP and background information suggested that riverine runoff from the PRD may have been affected by domestic wastewater, which appeared to be a major COP source to the Pearl River Estuary and South China Sea.

Small Protein Hidden in lncRNA LOC90024 Promotes "Cancerous" RNA Splicing and Tumorigenesis.

Conventional therapies for late-stage colorectal cancer (CRC) have limited effects because of chemoresistance, recurrence, and metastasis. The "hidden" proteins/peptides encoded by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) may be a novel resource bank for therapeutic options for patients with cancer. Here, lncRNA LOC90024 is discovered to encode a small 130-amino acid protein that interacts with several splicing regulators, such as serine- and arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3), to regulate mRNA splicing, and the protein thus is named "Splicing Regulatory Small Protein" (SRSP). SRSP, but not LOC90024 lncRNA itself, promotes CRC tumorigenesis and progression, while silencing of SRSP suppresses CRC tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, SRSP increases the binding of SRSF3 to exon 3 of transcription factor Sp4, resulting in the inclusion of Sp4 exon 3 to induce the formation of the "cancerous" long Sp4 isoform (L-Sp4 protein) and inhibit the formation of the "noncancerous" short Sp4 isoform (S-Sp4 peptide), which lacks the transactivation domain. The upregulated SRSP level is positively associated with malignant phenotypes and poor prognosis in patients with CRC. Collectively, the findings uncover that a lncRNA-encoded small protein SRSP induces "cancerous" Sp4 splicing variant formation and may be a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for patients with CRC.

An oncopeptide regulates m6A recognition by the m6A reader IGF2BP1 and tumorigenesis.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modification in eukaryotic RNAs. The biological importance of m6A relies on m6A readers, which control mRNA fate and function. However, it remains unexplored whether additional regulatory subunits of m6A readers are involved in the m6A recognition on RNAs. Here we discover that the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00266-1 encodes a 71-amino acid peptide. The peptide mainly interacts with the RNA-binding proteins, including the m6A reader IGF2BP1, and is thus named "RNA-binding regulatory peptide" (RBRP). RBRP binds to IGF2BP1 and strengthens m6A recognition by IGF2BP1 on RNAs, such as c-Myc mRNA, to increase the mRNA stability and expression of c-Myc, thereby promoting tumorigenesis. Cancer patients with RBRPhigh have a poor prognosis. Thus, the oncopeptide RBRP encoded by LINC00266-1 is a regulatory subunit of m6A readers and strengthens m6A recognition on the target RNAs by the m6A reader to exert its oncogenic functions.

Linear alkylbenzenes in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta (China) and their application as anthropogenic molecular markers in coastal environments.

The average concentrations of SigmaLABs (sum of C10-C13-LABs) in runoff samples collected from the eight major riverine outlets of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China ranged from 1.4 to 6124 ng/L in the dissolved phase and from 0.01 to 11.4 microg/g dry weight in the particulate phase during March 2005-February 2006. The annual riverine flux of SigmaLABs from the PRD to the coastal ocean was estimated at approximately 14 tons/yr. The inventories of SigmaLABs in agricultural lands of Guangdong Province ranged from 313 to 1825 kg/yr. The early and late rice fields were the major sink of LABs, accounting for approximately 68% of total LABs inventory in agricultural lands. The social-economically estimated annual discharge of LABs from household detergents in the PRD was approximately 696 tons/yr, more than an order of magnitude higher than that estimated from field measurements (about 14 tons/yr), which was attributed to several factors.

Occurrence and mass loadings of n-alkanes in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta, South China: global implications for levels and inputs.

Riverine runoff samples were collected monthly from March 2005 to February 2006 from the eight major outlets of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China, and analyzed to obtain the concentrations of n-alkanes in both the filtrate and particulate phases. The average concentrations of Sigma(C15-C34) (i.e., sum of C15 to C34 normal alkanes) ranged from 0.06 to 2.97 microg/L (mean, 0.64 microg/L) in filtrate samples and from 1.00 to 98.8 microg/g (average, 19.8 microg/g dry weight) in particulate samples. Compared to results from around the world, the levels of hydrocarbon compounds in the PRD were at the high end of the global range. Evaluation of compositional indices of n-alkanes indicated that petroleum-related sources are the main contributor of n-alkanes found in the PRD, with minor contributions from high plant wax. Regression analyses appeared to suggest that n-alkanes are transported into the aquatic environment of the PRD via various pathways, and the transport mechanisms also are considerably influenced by the complex hydrologic conditions in the PRD. The annual riverine input of Sigma(C15-C34) from the PRD to the coastal ocean was 360 tons/year, or the equivalent of approximately 8,800 tons/year of petroleum hydrocarbons. The emission of Sigma(C15-C34) from all sources in the PRD was estimated at 39,000 tons/year, or 2.4 g/day per capita. Overall, the PRD contributes approximately 0.2% of the annual global input of n-alkanes to the coastal oceans, similar to the contributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, further indicating that the PRD has been a significant source of hydrocarbon contamination to the global coastal marine environment.

Occurrence and phase distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta, China.

The occurrence and phase distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in waters at the eight riverine outlets of the Pearl River Delta (China) were examined based on a monthly sampling program from March 2005 to February 2006. The total concentrations of PAHs in the aqueous phase and suspended particulate matter (SPM) combined ranged from 55.5 to 522 ng/L, at the mid level of the global values in rivers and estuaries. No clear temporal and spatial trends of PAH concentrations were found. However, the concentrations of PAHs associated with SPM coincided with the monthly precipitation of Guangzhou, indicating the importance of atmospheric deposition. The PAHs found in the region were likely derived from a combined pyrolytic and petrogenic origin, as suggested by the molecular indices of PAHs. Normalized partition coefficient (K(oc)) between water and SPM was correlated with octanol-water partition coefficient (K(ow)) to understand the environmental behavior of PAHs.

[Ultrasonographic changes in the epididymis after long-term vasectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ultrasonographic changes in the epididymis after long-term vasectomy. METHODS: Sixty-four patients with a history of vasectomy for more than 10 years (vasectomy group) and another 60 without vasectomy (control group) were included in the study. The patients were referred to scrotal ultrasonography for epididymal indications. The shape, thickness and internal echoes of the head, body and tail of the epididymis were observed with high frequency ultrasonography (HFU), and the blood flow changes were observed with color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) or color Doppler power imaging (CDPI). RESULTS: Significantly higher rates were found in the vasectomy group than in the control: thickened body (64.1% vs 15.0%) and tail (78.1% vs 51.7%) of the epididymis, thickened head, body and tail (42.2% vs 8.3%) of the epididymis, and epididymal tubular ectasia (54.7% vs 8.3%). However, increased blood flow in the epididymis was seen at a significantly lower rate in the vasectomy group than in the control (15.6% vs 61.7%). CONCLUSION: The ultrasonographic changes in the epididymis after long-term vasectomy were mainly epididymis thickening and epididymal tubular ectasia, mostly with no or diminished blood flow in the epididymis.

A numerical scheme to diagnose interferences in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitation of coeluting isotopically labeled and unlabeled counterparts with partially overlapping ion profiles.

Quantitation of chromatographically coeluting compounds with partially overlapping mass profiles is a challenging task, especially if only a low-resolution mass spectrometer is available. To examine whether theoretical predictions can be utilized to determine the appropriate concentration ranges of the coeluting compounds that satisfy the non-interfering condition, we utilized an algorithm based upon a two-component model to compare the experimentally measured and predicted quantitation errors. Selected unlabeled and 13C-labeled polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were investigated as model compounds. Standard solutions containing various concentration ratios of the unlabeled and 13C-labeled PCB congeners were analyzed, and the data were used to compare with theoretical predictions derived from the chlorine isotopic distributions (35Cl and 37Cl). Good agreements between experimental predictions and theoretical predictions were found on the magnitude of interferences for quantitation of 13C-labeled PCB congeners, as well as on the variability of the quantitation errors with the concentration ratio of 13C-labeled and unlabeled PCB counterparts. In addition, the magnitude of interferences considered in the present study was highly dependent upon the number of coexisting ions included for quantitation and their relative abundances in the mass spectrum. All these results suggest that the magnitude of interferences in quantifying a pair of coeluting compounds with partially overlapping mass spectral profiles can be effectively determined and minimized by carefully selecting the concentration ratio of the coeluting compounds and/or the number of quantitation ions. Finally, the selection of the experimental parameters to satisfy the non-interfering condition can be made purely on the basis of theoretical considerations.

Application of a static solid-phase microextraction procedure combined with liquid-liquid extraction to determine poly(dimethyl)siloxane-water partition coefficients for selected polychlorinated biphenyls.

A static solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure combined with liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was used to determine the poly(dimethyl)siloxane (PDMS)-water partition coefficients (K(f)) for selected polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs), including PCB 1, 15, 28, 47, 101, 153, 180, 202, 206, and 209. The accuracy for the measurements of analyte concentrations in the aqueous phase was ensured with a one-to-one recovery correction strategy employing one 13C-labeled PCB congener as a surrogate standard for each unlabeled PCB counterpart. The effects of coating thickness (7, 30, and 100 microm) and sample volume (130 mL and 2 L) on the K(f) values were examined experimentally and confirmed with paired t-tests. Significant dependence of K(f) values on coating thickness was found for a few heavily chlorinated congeners only, and was tentatively attributed to the use of the inaccurate effective coating volumes and the structural variation with these PDMS coatings. In addition, no significant differences in the log K(f) values of all analytes except for PCB 206 were found between the sample sizes of 130 mL and 2 L for both the 7- and 100-microm coatings. Overall, K(f) values obtained with 2-L sample containers were consistently higher than those reported in the literature, which is attributable to the selection of appropriate equilibrium times for SPME and direct measurements of aqueous analyte concentrations with LLE in the present study.

Occurrence, source identification and ecological risk evaluation of metal elements in surface sediment: toward a comprehensive understanding of heavy metal pollution in Chaohu Lake, Eastern China.

In the present study, surface sediment samples from 48 sites covering the whole water area and three main estuaries of Chaohu Lake were collected to determine the concentrations of 25 metal elements using microwave-assisted digestion combined with ICP-MS. Spatial variation, source appointments, and contamination evaluation were examined using multivariate statistical techniques and pollution indices. The results show that for the elements Cd, Pb, Zr, Hf, U, Sr, Zn, Th, Rb, Sn, Cs, Tl, Bi, and Ba, which had higher coefficients of variation (CV), the concentrations were significantly higher in the eastern lake than in the western lake, but other elements with low CV values did not show spatial differences. The accumulation of Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Cd, Sn, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, Tl, Pb, Bi, U, and Th in the surface sediments was inferred as long-term agricultural cultivation impact, but that of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, and Ni may have been a natural occurrence. The contribution from industrial and municipal impact was negligible, despite the rapid urbanization around the studied area. Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) predicted the contribution from agricultural activities to range from 0.45 ± 1.31% for Co to 92.7 ± 17.7% for Cd. The results of the pollution indices indicate that Chaohu Lake was weakly to moderately affected by Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, and Ni but was severely contaminated by Hf and Cd. The overall pollution level in the eastern lake was higher than that in the western lake with respect to the pollution level index (PLI). Therefore, our results can help comprehensively understand the sediment contamination by metals in Chaohu Lake.

[Modeling the Environmental Behaviors and Ecological Risks of Permethrin in Chaohu Lake].

Environmental pollution caused by synthetic pyrethroid insecticides has received a great deal of attention with the increase in usage recently.To understand the occurrence, environmental processes, fate and ecological impact of permethrin in Chaohu Lake, fugacity based multimedia fate model combining species sensitivities model (SSD) were employed.The concentration distribution, and transfer fluxes were predicted under nonequilibrium steady-state condition, and the effect of input parameter on the outputs was evaluated by sensitive and uncertainty analysis.Furthermore, SSD model of aquatic organisms was constructed for permethrin to assess the potential ecological risk and to determine the maximum annual input amount of permethrin for the purpose of protecting 95% of species.The results showed that the predicted concentrations of permethrin in air, water and sediment were 3.99×10-16, 5.63×10-11, 1.95×10-5mol·m-3, and sediment was the largest sink.Most permethrin was transported from water to air via volatilization, but elimination from air was mostly by particle dry deposition.Permethrin in water was predominately from advection, and was removed by deposition of suspended particulate matter.Sediment associated permethrin was generally derived from suspended particulate matter deposition, and was eliminated by resuspension and sediment burial.The results of SSD model suggested HC5 value was at 0.97 ng·L-1, which was much higher than the predicted environmental concentration of permethrin in water.Only 0.77% of species was possibly impacted by exposure to permethrin.In order to protect 95% of species in Chaohu Lake, the maximum annual input amount of permethrin should be controlled below 78.2 t·a-1.

Identification and determination of the contribution of iron-steel manufacturing industry to sediment-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a large shallow lake of eastern China.

Seventeen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were determined in surface sediments collected from the Chaohu Lake (a large shallow lake in eastern China) and its tributaries. Both diagnostic ratios and a receptor model (positive matrix factorization, PMF) were applied to identify and determine the contribution of a local iron-steel manufacturing plant located in the Nanfei River (NFR) to the Chaohu Lake basin. The results show that sites located in the downstream of the steel plant contained concentrations of 17 PAH (Σ17PAH) approximately two orders of magnitudes higher than those from other sites. Five factors were identified by the PMF model, including industrial waste, wood/biomass burning, diagenetic origin, domestic coal combustion, and industrial combustion. Our findings suggest that sediments in the downstream of the plant and in the western part of the Chaohu Lake were predominantly affected by industrial coal combustion. A mixture of pyrolytic origins impacted urban sediments in the upstream of the plant, whereas diagenetic origins along with coal and biomass burning were suggested to influence the eastern part and rural tributaries of the lake. To assess the potential ecological risk and toxicity caused by the iron-steel plant, sediment toxicity was evaluated by the PMF model, sediment quality guideline, and toxic equivalent factors. All of the three approaches suggested PAH accumulation in the NFR sediments could produce significant adverse ecological effects and half of the sediment toxicity in the NFR may be attributed to the emissions from the iron-steel plant. Some rural locations also exhibited PAH concentrations above probable effects, most likely contributed by wood/biomass burning.

Occurrence, compositional distribution, and toxicity assessment of pyrethroid insecticides in sediments from the fluvial systems of Chaohu Lake, Eastern China.

Surface sediment-associated synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (SPs) are known to pose high risks to the benthic organisms in Chaohu Lake, a shallow lake of Eastern China. However, the pollution status of the lake's tributaries and estuaries is still unknown. The present study was conducted to investigate the occurrence, compositional distribution, and toxicity of 12 currently used SPs in the surface sediments from four important tributaries, as well as in the sediment cores at their estuaries, using GC-MS for quantification. All SPs selected were detectable, with cypermethrin, es/fenvalerate, and permethrin dominant in both surface and core sediments, suggesting that these compounds were extensively applied. Urban samples contained the highest summed concentrations of the 12 SPs analyzed (Σ12SP) in both surface and core sediments compared with rural samples, suggesting that urban areas near aquatic environments posed high risks for SPs. The mean concentration of Σ12SP in surface sediments of each river was generally higher than that found in core sediments from its corresponding estuary, perhaps implying recent increases in SP usage. Surface sediments were significantly dominated by cypermethrin and permethrin, whereas core sediments were dominated by permethrin and es/fenvalerate. The compositional distributions demonstrated a spatial variation for surface sediments because urban sediments generally contained greater percentages of permethrin and cypermethrin, but rural sediments had significant levels of es/fenvalerate and cypermethrin. In all sediment cores, the percentage of permethrin gradually increased, whereas es/fenvalerate tended to decrease, from the bottom sediments to the top, indicating that the former represented fresh input, whereas the latter represented historical residue. Most urban samples would be expected to be highly toxic to benthic organisms due to the residue of SPs based on a calculation of toxic units (TUs) using toxicity data of the amphipod Hyalella azteca. However, low TU values were found for the samples from rural areas. These results indicate that the bottom sediments were exposed to high risk largely by the residual SPs from urban areas. The summed TUs were mostly attributable to cypermethrin, followed by λ-cyhalothrin and es/fenvalerate. Despite permethrin contributing ∼28.7 % of the Σ12SP concentration, it only represented 6.34 % of the summed TUs. Therefore, our results suggest that high levels of urbanization can increase the accumulation of SPs in aquatic environments.