Distortion measurement of optical system using phase diffractive beam splitter.

Traditional methods for distortion measurement of large-aperture optical systems are time-consuming and ineffective because they require each field of view to be individually measured using a high-precision rotating platform. In this study, a new method that uses a phase diffractive beam splitter (DBS) is proposed to measure the distortion of optical systems, which has great potential application for the large-aperture optical system. The proposed method has a very high degree of accuracy and is extremely economical. A high-precision calibration method is proposed to measure the angular distribution of the DBS. The uncertainty analysis of the factors involved in the measurement process has been performed to highlight the low level of errors in the measurement methodology. Results show that high-precision measurements of the focal length and distortion were successfully achieved with high efficiency. The proposed method can be used for large-aperture wide-angle optical systems such as those used for aerial mapping applications.

Genome-wide analysis of the potato Hsp20 gene family: identification, genomic organization and expression profiles in response to heat stress.

BACKGROUND: Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are essential components in plant tolerance mechanism under various abiotic stresses. Hsp20 is the major family of heat shock proteins, but little of Hsp20 family is known in potato (Solanum tuberosum), which is an important vegetable crop that is thermosensitive. RESULTS: To reveal the mechanisms of potato Hsp20s coping with abiotic stresses, analyses of the potato Hsp20 gene family were conducted using bioinformatics-based methods. In total, 48 putative potato Hsp20 genes (StHsp20s) were identified and named according to their chromosomal locations. A sequence analysis revealed that most StHsp20 genes (89.6%) possessed no, or only one, intron. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that all of the StHsp20 genes, except 10, were grouped into 12 subfamilies. The 48 StHsp20 genes were randomly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Nineteen tandem duplicated StHsp20s and one pair of segmental duplicated genes (StHsp20-15 and StHsp20-48) were identified. A cis-element analysis inferred that StHsp20s, except for StHsp20-41, possessed at least one stress response cis-element. A heatmap of the StHsp20 gene family showed that the genes, except for StHsp20-2 and StHsp20-45, were expressed in various tissues and organs. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression level of StHsp20 genes and demonstrated that the genes responded to multiple abiotic stresses, such as heat, salt or drought stress. The relative expression levels of 14 StHsp20 genes (StHsp20-4, 6, 7, 9, 20, 21, 33, 34, 35, 37, 41, 43, 44 and 46) were significantly up-regulated (more than 100-fold) under heat stress. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide valuable information for clarifying the evolutionary relationship of the StHsp20 family and in aiding functional characterization of StHsp20 genes in further research.

Fabrication of a high-accuracy phase-type computer-generated hologram by physical vapor deposition.

With the development of optical systems used in astronomical and earth observation, aspherical and free-form surfaces are increasingly used because they are lightweight and have improved image quality. As a highly accurate, aberrationless technique, computer-generated hologram (CGH) plays an important role in wavefront testing. At present, the main way to fabricate phase CGH is reactive ion etching, which suffers from low accuracy. To improve the accuracy, physical vapor deposition (PVD) is applied in the fabrication of phase CGH. The wavefront errors of PVD-fabricated phase CGH were analyzed. Testing results indicate that the wavefront error of the CGH is 0.020λ root mean square (RMS), mainly caused by the machine tool orthogonality error rather than the PVD process. The diffraction efficiency of the +1st order is 22.4%.

Development and validation of sex-linked molecular markers for rapid and accurate identification of male and female Hippophae tibetana plants.

Hippophae tibetana, one of the highest-altitude woody plants endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, primarily thrives on riverbanks formed by glacial meltwater. As a dioecious species, it demonstrates significant ecological and economic value in extreme alpine environments. However, the lack of sex identification techniques outside of the flowering period severely limits research on sex ratio, differentiation, and breeding. There is an urgent need to develop effective sex-linked molecular markers that are independent of developmental stages, but current research in this area remains limited. This study developed a set of accurate sex-linked molecular markers for the rapid identification of male and female individuals of H. tibetana. Through whole-genome resequencing of 32 sexually differentiated H. tibetana samples, this study offers strong evidence supporting chromosome 2 as the sex chromosome and successfully identified key loci related to sex determination on this chromosome. Utilizing these loci, we, for the first time, developed three reliable pairs of sex-specific molecular markers, which exhibited high accuracy during validation across various geographic populations, offering an effective tool for the sex identification of H. tibetana. Additionally, this study lays the groundwork for further research into the mechanisms of sex determination and the evolution of sex chromosomes in H. tibetana.

Complete mitochondrial genome of Hippophae tibetana: insights into adaptation to high-altitude environments.

Hippophae tibetana, belonging to the Elaeagnaceae family, is an endemic plant species of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, valued for its remarkable ecological restoration capabilities, as well as medicinal and edible properties. Despite being acknowledged as a useful species, its mitochondrial genome data and those of other species of the Elaeagnaceae family are lacking to date. In this study, we, for the first time, successfully assembled the mitochondrial genome of H. tibetana, which is 464,208 bp long and comprises 31 tRNA genes, 3 rRNA genes, 37 protein-coding genes, and 3 pseudogenes. Analysis of the genome revealed a high copy number of the trnM-CAT gene and a high prevalence of repetitive sequences, both of which likely contribute to genome rearrangement and adaptive evolution. Through nucleotide diversity and codon usage bias analyses, we identified specific genes that are crucial for adaptation to high-altitude conditions. Notably, genes such as atp6, ccmB, nad4L, and nad7 exhibited signs of positive selection, indicating the presence of unique adaptive traits for survival in extreme environments. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the close relationship between the Elaeagnaceae family and other related families, whereas intergenomic sequence transfer analysis revealed a substantial presence of homologous fragments among the mitochondrial, chloroplast, and whole genomes, which may be linked to the high-altitude adaptation mechanisms of H. tibetana. The findings of this study not only enrich our knowledge of H. tibetana molecular biology but also advance our understanding of the adaptive evolution of plants on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study provides a solid scientific foundation for the molecular breeding, conservation, and utilization of H. tibetana genetic resources.

How to survive in the world's third poplar: Insights from the genome of the highest altitude woody plant, Hippophae tibetana (Elaeagnaceae).

Hippophae tibetana (Tibetan sea-buckthorn) is one of the highest distributed woody plants in the world (3,000-5,200 meters a.s.l.). It is characterized by adaptation to extreme environment and important economic values. Here, we combined PacBio Hifi platform and Hi-C technology to assemble a 1,452.75 Mb genome encoding 33,367 genes with a Contig N50 of 74.31 Mb, and inferred its sexual chromosome. Two Hippophae-specific whole-genome duplication events (18.7-21.2 million years ago, Ma; 28.6-32.4 Ma) and long terminal repeats retroelements (LTR-RTs) amplifications were detected. Comparing with related species at lower altitude, Ziziphus jujuba (<1, 700 meters a.s.l.), H. tibetana had some significantly rapid evolving genes involved in adaptation to high altitude habitats. However, comparing with Hippophae rhamnoides (<3, 700 meters a.s.l.), no rapid evolving genes were found except microtubule and microtubule-based process genes, H. tibetana has a larger genome, with extra 2, 503 genes (7.5%) and extra 680.46 Mb transposable elements (TEs) (46.84%). These results suggest that the changes in the copy number and regulatory pattern of genes play a more important role for H. tibetana adapting to more extreme and variable environments at higher altitude by more TEs and more genes increasing genome variability and expression plasticity. This suggestion was supported by two findings: nitrogen-fixing genes of H. tibetana having more copies, and intact TEs being significantly closer genes than fragmentary TEs. This study provided new insights into the evolution of alpine plants.

Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma in the Clivus Region: A Case Report.

Ectopic pituitary adenoma (EPA) is a pituitary adenoma unrelated to the intrasellar component and is an extremely rare disease. EPA resembles typical pituitary adenomas in morphology, immunohistochemistry, and hormonal activity, and it may present with specific or non-specific endocrine manifestations. Here, we report a rare case of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma in the clival region. Only three patients with ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas occurring in the clivus have been previously reported, and the present case was diagnosed as a clivus-ectopic ACTH-secreting pituitary macroadenoma. Thus, in addition to the more common organs, such as the lung, thymus, and pancreas, in the diagnosis of ectopic ACTH syndrome, special attention should be paid to the extremely rare ectopic ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma of the clivus region.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Hippophae salicifolia D. Don (Elaeagnaceae).

Seabuckthorn (Hippophae L.) is a pioneer species widely distributed in Eurasia. We assembled and annotated the chloroplast genome of Hippophae salicifolia from Illumina pair-end data, which was 155,420 bp in length with 36.74% GC content; this plastome featured a quadripartite structure with two copies of a large inverted repeat (IR) of 26,528 bp separated by large single copy (LSC) region of 83,504 bp and small single copy region (SSC) of 18,860 bp. In total, 131 complete genes were annotated, including 38 tRNA, eight rRNA, and 85 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis recovered H. salicifolia and H. gyantsensis as monophyletic and sister to all other Hippophae species for which complete plastome sequences have been published.

Plasma hemoglobin and the risk of death in HIV/AIDS patients treated with antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies concerning the effect of plasma hemoglobin (HB) and other factors that may modify the risk of death in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) are limited. RESULTS: Higher HB was independently linked to a lower death risk in PLHIV, with a decrease of 29% (13%, 43%) per standard deviation (SD) increment after adjusting for CD4, VL and other potential factors [hazard ratio (HR): 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57-0.87, P<0.001]. In addition, the addition of HB to the predictive model containing VL and CD4 significantly improved the C-index, by 0.69% (95% CI: 0.68%-0.71%), and net discrimination, by 0.5% (95% CI: 0.0%-1.6%, P=0.040), when predicting the death risk of PLHIV. CONCLUSIONS: A lower level of HB was an independent risk factor for HIV/AIDS-associated death in PLHIV. HB combined with VL and CD4 may be an appropriate predictive model of the death risk of PLHIV. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A propensity-score matching (PSM) approach was applied to select a total of 750 PLHIV (150 deceased and 600 living) from the AIDS prevention and control information system in the Wenzhou area from 2006 to 2018. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were formulated to estimate the effect of HB. The predictive performance improvement contributed by HB was evaluated using the C-index and net reclassification improvement.

Systematic identification and functional analysis of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) bZIP transcription factors and overexpression of potato bZIP transcription factor StbZIP-65 enhances salt tolerance.

Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play important roles in numerous growth and developmental processes. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a worldwide important vegetable crop; nevertheless, no systematic identification or functional analysis of the potato bZIP gene family has been reported. In this research, 65 potato bZIPs distributed on 12 potato chromosomes were identified. According to the topology of Arabidopsis and potato bZIP phylogenetic tree, the bZIPs were classified into thirteen groups, designated as A-K, M, and S, with no potato bZIPs included in groups J and M. The bZIPs from the same group shared a conserved exon-intron structure, intron phase, and motif composition. Eighteen potato bZIPs were involved in segmental duplications, and the duplicated gene pairs were under purifying selection. No tandemly duplicated potato bZIP was found. Each potato bZIP promoter contained at least one kind of stress-responsive or stress-related hormone-responsive element. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses revealed different expression patterns of potato bZIPs under abiotic stresses. The overexpression of StbZIP-65 in Arabidopsis enhanced salt tolerance. The StbZIP-65 protein localized in the nucleus. ß-Glucuronidase staining showed that promoter activity of StbZIP-65 was induced by exogenous methyl jasmonate. These results may aid in further functional studies of potato bZIP transcription factors.

Efficient Red/Near-Infrared-Emissive Carbon Nanodots with Multiphoton Excited Upconversion Fluorescence.

Red/near-infrared (NIR) emissive carbon nanodots (CNDs) with photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) of 57% are prepared via an in situ solvent-free carbonization strategy for the first time. 1-Photon and 2-photon cellular imaging is demonstrated by using the CNDs as red/NIR fluorescence agent due to the high PL QY and low biotoxicity. Further study shows that the red/NIR CNDs exhibit multiphoton excited (MPE) upconversion fluorescence under excitation of 800-2000 nm, which involves three NIR windows (NIR-I, 650-950 nm; NIR-II, 1100-1350; NIR-III, 1600-1870 nm). 2-Photon, 3-photon, and 4-photon excited fluorescence of the CNDs under excitation of different wavelengths is achieved. This study develops an in situ solvent-free carbonization method for efficient red/NIR emissive CNDs with MPE upconversion fluorescence, which may push forward the application of the CNDs in bioimaging.

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Potato bHLH Transcription Factor Family.

Plant basic/helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors participate in a number of biological processes, such as growth, development and abiotic stress responses. The bHLH family has been identified in many plants, and several bHLH transcription factors have been functionally characterized in Arabidopsis. However, no systematic identification of bHLH family members has been reported in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Here, 124 StbHLH genes were identified and named according to their chromosomal locations. The intron numbers varied from zero to seven. Most StbHLH proteins had the highly conserved intron phase 0, which accounted for 86.2% of the introns. According to the Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree, 259 bHLH proteins acquired from Arabidopsis and potato were divided into 15 groups. All of the StbHLH genes were randomly distributed on 12 chromosomes, and 20 tandem duplicated genes and four pairs of duplicated gene segments were detected in the StbHLH family. The gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that StbHLH mainly function in protein and DNA binding. Through the RNA-seq and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses, StbHLH were found to be expressed in various tissues and to respond to abiotic stresses, including salt, drought and heat. StbHLH1, 41 and 60 were highly expressed in flower tissues, and were predicted to be involved in flower development by GO annotation. StbHLH45 was highly expressed in salt, drought and heat stress, which suggested its important role in abiotic stress response. The results provide comprehensive information for further analyses of the molecular functions of the StbHLH gene family.

Rewritable Painting Realized from Ambient-Sensitive Fluorescence of ZnO Nanoparticles.

Paper, as one of the most important information carriers, has contributed to the development and transmission of human civilization greatly. Meanwhile, a serious problem of environmental sustainable development caused by the production and utilization of paper has been resulted to modern society. Therefore, a simple and green route is urgently demanded to realize rewritable painting on paper. Herein, a simple route to rewritable painting on copy paper has been demonstrated by using eco-friendly ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) as fluorescent ink, and vinegar and soda that are frequently used in kitchen as erasing and neutralizing agents. Words or patterns written using the ZnO NPs as ink can be erased by vinegar vapour within five seconds, and after a neutralizing process in the ambient of soda vapour, the paper can be used for writing again. It is worth noting that the resolution and precision of the patterns produced via the above route degrade little after ten rewriting cycles, and the quality of the patterns produced using the ZnO NPs as ink fades little after being storage for several months, which promises the versatile potential applications of the rewriting route proposed in this paper.

Genome-wide identification of the potato WRKY transcription factor family.

WRKY transcription factors play pivotal roles in regulation of stress responses. This study identified 79 WRKY genes in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Based on multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic relationships, WRKY genes were classified into three major groups. The majority of WRKY genes belonged to Group II (52 StWRKYs), Group III had 14 and Group I consisted of 13. The phylogenetic tree further classified Group II into five sub-groups. All StWRKY genes except StWRKY79 were mapped on potato chromosomes, with eight tandem duplication gene pairs and seven segmental duplication gene pairs found from StWRKY family genes. The expression analysis of 22 StWRKYs showed their differential expression levels under various stress conditions. Cis-element prediction showed that a large number of elements related to drought, heat and salicylic acid were present in the promotor regions of StWRKY genes. The expression analysis indicated that seven StWRKYs seemed to respond to stress (heat, drought and salinity) and salicylic acid treatment. These genes are candidates for abiotic stress signaling for further research.