High-pressure Hydrodynamic Injection as a Method of Establishing Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Mice.

Among several existing mouse models for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the high-pressure hydrodynamic injection (HDI) method is frequently used in HBV research due to its economic advantages and ease of implementation. The use of the HDI method is influenced by factors such as mouse genetic background, age, sex, and the type of HBV plasmid used. This overview provides a multidimensional analysis and comparison of various factors that influence the effectiveness of the HBV mouse model established through HDI. The goal is to provide a summary of information for researchers who create HBV models in mice.

Biocontrol ability of Bacillus velezensis T9 against Apiospora arundinis causing Apiospora mold on sugarcane.

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) may be infected with Apiospora, which can produce the toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) during improper transportation and storage. The consumption of sugarcane that contains 3-NPA can lead to food poisoning. Therefore, this study sought to explore a novel biocontrol agent to prevent and control Apiospora mold. Bacteria were isolated from the soil of healthy sugarcane and identified as Bacillus velezensis T9 through colony morphological, physiological and biochemical characterization and molecular identification. The inhibitory effect of B. velezensis T9 on Apiospora mold on sugarcane was analyzed. Assays of the cell suspension of strain T9 and its cell-free supernatant showed that T9 had significant in vitro antifungal activities against Apiospora arundinis and thus, would be a likely antagonist. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that treatment with T9 significantly distorted the A. arundinis mycelia, perforated the membrane, contracted the vesicles, and decomposed most organelles into irregular fragments. A re-isolation experiment demonstrates the ability of T9 to colonize the sugarcane stems and survive in them. This strain can produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are remarkably strong inhibitors, and it can also form biofilms. Additionally, the cell-free supernatant significantly reduced the ability of A. arundinis to produce 3-NPA and completely inhibited its production at 10%. Therefore, strain T9 is effective at controlling A. arundinis and has the potential for further development as a fungal prevention agent for agricultural products.