A longitudinal modelling study estimates acute symptoms of community acquired pneumonia recover to baseline by 10†days.

Our aims were to address three fundamental questions relating to the symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): Do patients completely recover from pneumonia symptoms? How long does this recovery take? Which factors influence symptomatic recovery?We prospectively recruited patients at two hospitals in Liverpool, UK, into a longitudinal, observational cohort study and modelled symptom recovery from CAP. We excluded patients with cancer, immunosuppression or advanced dementia, and those who were intubated or palliated from admission. We derived a statistical model to describe symptom patterns.We recruited 169 (52% male) adults. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that the time taken to recover to baseline was determined by the initial severity of symptoms. Severity of symptoms was associated with comorbidity and was inversely related to age. The pattern of symptom recovery was exponential and most patients' symptoms returned to baseline by 10 days.These results will inform the advice given to patients regarding the resolution of their symptoms. The recovery model described here will facilitate the use of symptom recovery as an outcome measure in future clinical trials.

Recovery from pneumonia requires efferocytosis which is impaired in smokers and those with low body mass index and enhanced by statins.

BACKGROUND: Efferocytosis (the phagocytosis of apoptotic self cells) is a key mechanism in the resolution of inflammatory processes such as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Efferocytosis therefore represents a modifiable target for therapy aimed at enhancing intrinsic recovery mechanisms. It is currently not known which patients recovering from CAP would mostly benefit from a strategy aimed at enhancing efferocytosis. METHODS: We recruited a cohort of patients with CAP admitted to a hospital in Liverpool. One month into recovery, subjects were invited for research bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage. An ex vivo efferocytosis assay was performed by challenging alveolar macrophages with autologous, apoptotic neutrophils. The percentage of alveolar macrophages that had undergone efferocytosis was determined by flow cytometry. We conducted a multivariable regression using a linear mixed effects model to determine which clinical parameters were most closely associated with efferocytosis. RESULTS: We observed high rates of comorbidity among this CAP cohort. Efferocytosis was measured in 22 subjects. We assessed multiple combinations of clinical parameters for association with efferocytosis and found the best-fitting model included an interaction between smoking status and prior statin use-smoking being associated with decreased efferocytosis and statin use with increased efferocytosis. These effects were modified by an association between efferocytosis and body mass index (BMI), such that as BMI increased so did efferocytosis. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to measure efferocytosis in patients recovering from CAP. The results suggest that smokers with low BMI have impaired efferocytosis and may benefit from a statin to boost recovery.

The Prevent Alcohol and Risk-related Trauma in Youth (P.A.R.T.Y.) Program Questionnaire Validation Study (PQVS).

The Prevent Alcohol and Risk-related Trauma in Youth (P.A.R.T.Y.) program is an immersive hospital-based education program designed to reduce trauma in adolescents. The efficacy of the program in reducing risk-taking attitudes and preventing traumatic injuries has been proven through various methodologies. However, there is currently no study that has investigated the efficacy of the program using a validated, multi-domain questionnaire. This study outlines the design of the P.A.R.T.Y. Program Questionnaire (PPQ) and validates it through examining its construct and criterion validity as well as its internal consistency. Its capacity to risk-stratify participants was compared against the RT-18, a robust, 18-item risk-profiling instrument. The PPQ and the RT-18 were completed by New South Wales school students (N = 458) aged 15 to 18. The PPQ was designed in consultation with relevant field experts to optimise engagement and sensitivity. Examination of the construct validity of the PPQ was performed through exploratory factor analysis which demonstrated the presence of two underlying factors which aligned with the constructed two-scenario questionnaire format. The PPQ was shown to be internally consistent with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.77. Individual scenarios were shown to be internally consistent as well (α = 0.69, α = 0.66). The PPQ also identified high risk and low risk participants effectively as demonstrated by comparison against the risk stratification performed with the RT-18 (p-value < 0.001). This suggests the PPQ demonstrates criterion validity. Hence, the PPQ is an effective and valid tool for assessing risk-taking attitudes in adolescent populations.

A Haemophilus sp. dominates the microbiota of sputum from UK adults with non-severe community acquired pneumonia and chronic lung disease.

The demographics and comorbidities of patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) vary enormously but stratified treatment is difficult because aetiological studies have failed to comprehensively identify the pathogens. Our aim was to describe the bacterial microbiota of CAP and relate these to clinical characteristics in order to inform future trials of treatment stratified by co-morbidity. CAP patients were prospectively recruited at two UK hospitals. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify the dominant bacteria in sputum and compositional data analysis to determine associations with patient characteristics. We analysed sputum samples from 77 patients and found a Streptococcus sp. and a Haemophilus sp. were the most relatively abundant pathogens. The Haemophilus sp. was more likely to be dominant in patients with pre-existing lung disease, and its relative abundance was associated with qPCR levels of Haemophilus influenzae. The most abundant Streptococcus sp. was associated with qPCR levels of Streptococcus pneumoniae but dominance could not be predicted from clinical characteristics. These data suggest chronic lung disease influences the microbiota of sputum in patients with CAP. This finding could inform a trial of stratifying empirical CAP antibiotics to target Haemophilus spp. in addition to Streptococcus spp. in those with chronic lung disease.

Large pedunculated polyps originating in the esophagus and hypopharynx.

Large pedunculated esophageal and hypopharyngeal polyps are uncommon. Clinical presentation most commonly includes dysphagia and mass regurgitation. If left untreated the patient may develop polyp aspiration complicated by fatal asphyxiation. Diagnosis has depended on endoscopy and barium swallow historically; however, these procedures may fail to provide a diagnosis. In recent years computerized tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging have proved reliable methods of diagnosis. These polyps are located predominantly in the upper esophagus and frequently are comprised of a fibrous component. Malignant potential is low. Resection of these lesions is warranted; it may be approached endoscopically if feasible or surgically through a cervical or thoracotomy approach, depending on the location. Recurrence is rare. To our knowledge, this is the largest review of large esophageal polyps, including 110 reported cases in the literature.