Activation of naïve CD4+ T cells re-tunes STAT1 signaling to deliver unique cytokine responses in memory CD4+ T cells.

The cytokine IL-6 controls the survival, proliferation and effector characteristics of lymphocytes through activation of the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT3. While STAT3 activity is an ever-present feature of IL-6 signaling in CD4+ T cells, prior activation via the T cell antigen receptor limits IL-6's control of STAT1 in effector and memory populations. Here we found that phosphorylation of STAT1 in response to IL-6 was regulated by the tyrosine phosphatases PTPN2 and PTPN22 expressed in response to the activation of naïve CD4+ T cells. Transcriptomics and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) of IL-6 responses in naïve and effector memory CD4+ T cells showed how the suppression of STAT1 activation shaped the functional identity and effector characteristics of memory CD4+ T cells. Thus, tyrosine phosphatases induced by the activation of naïve T cells determine the way activated or memory CD4+ T cells sense and interpret cytokine signals.

Th1 Cells Alter the Inflammatory Signature of IL-6 by Channeling STAT Transcription Factors to Alu-like Retroelements.

Cytokines that signal via STAT1 and STAT3 transcription factors instruct decisions affecting tissue homeostasis, antimicrobial host defense, and inflammation-induced tissue injury. To understand the coordination of these activities, we applied RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing to identify the transcriptional output of STAT1 and STAT3 in peritoneal tissues from mice during acute resolving inflammation and inflammation primed to drive fibrosis. Bioinformatics focused on the transcriptional signature of the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-6 in both settings and examined how profibrotic IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells altered the interpretation of STAT1 and STAT3 cytokine cues. In resolving inflammation, STAT1 and STAT3 cooperated to drive stromal gene expression affecting antimicrobial immunity and tissue homeostasis. The introduction of IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells altered this transcriptional program and channeled STAT1 and STAT3 to a previously latent IFN-γ activation site motif in Alu-like elements. STAT1 and STAT3 binding to this conserved sequence revealed evidence of reciprocal cross-regulation and gene signatures relevant to pathophysiology. Thus, we propose that effector T cells retune the transcriptional output of IL-6 by shaping a regulatory interplay between STAT1 and STAT3 in inflammation.

Rare coding variants as risk modifiers of the 22q11.2 deletion implicate postnatal cortical development in syndromic schizophrenia.

22q11.2 deletion is one of the strongest known genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Recent whole-genome sequencing of schizophrenia cases and controls with this deletion provided an unprecedented opportunity to identify risk modifying genetic variants and investigate their contribution to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Here, we apply a novel analytic framework that integrates gene network and phenotype data to investigate the aggregate effects of rare coding variants and identified modifier genes in this etiologically homogenous cohort (223 schizophrenia cases and 233 controls of European descent). Our analyses revealed significant additive genetic components of rare nonsynonymous variants in 110 modifier genes (adjusted P = 9.4E-04) that overall accounted for 4.6% of the variance in schizophrenia status in this cohort, of which 4.0% was independent of the common polygenic risk for schizophrenia. The modifier genes affected by rare coding variants were enriched with genes involved in synaptic function and developmental disorders. Spatiotemporal transcriptomic analyses identified an enrichment of coexpression between modifier and 22q11.2 genes in cortical brain regions from late infancy to young adulthood. Corresponding gene coexpression modules are enriched with brain-specific protein-protein interactions of SLC25A1, COMT, and PI4KA in the 22q11.2 deletion region. Overall, our study highlights the contribution of rare coding variants to the SCZ risk. They not only complement common variants in disease genetics but also pinpoint brain regions and developmental stages critical to the etiology of syndromic schizophrenia.

Assessing the relationship between monoallelic PRKN mutations and Parkinson's risk.

Biallelic Parkin (PRKN) mutations cause autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the role of monoallelic PRKN mutations as a risk factor for PD remains unclear. We investigated the role of single heterozygous PRKN mutations in three large independent case-control cohorts totalling 10 858 PD cases and 8328 controls. Overall, after exclusion of biallelic carriers, single PRKN mutations were more common in PD than controls conferring a >1.5-fold increase in the risk of PD [P-value (P) = 0.035], with meta-analysis (19 574 PD cases and 468 488 controls) confirming increased risk [Odds ratio (OR) = 1.65, P = 3.69E-07]. Carriers were shown to have significantly younger ages at the onset compared with non-carriers (NeuroX: 56.4 vs. 61.4 years; exome: 38.5 vs. 43.1 years). Stratifying by mutation type, we provide preliminary evidence for a more pathogenic risk profile for single PRKN copy number variant (CNV) carriers compared with single nucleotide variant carriers. Studies that did not assess biallelic PRKN mutations or consist of predominantly early-onset cases may be biasing these estimates, and removal of these resulted in a loss of association (OR = 1.23, P = 0.614; n = 4). Importantly, when we looked for additional CNVs in 30% of PD cases with apparent monoallellic PRKN mutations, we found that 44% had biallelic mutations, suggesting that previous estimates may be influenced by cryptic biallelic mutation status. While this study supports the association of single PRKN mutations with PD, it highlights confounding effects; therefore, caution is needed when interpreting current risk estimates. Together, we demonstrate that comprehensive assessment of biallelic mutation status is essential when elucidating PD risk associated with monoallelic PRKN mutations.

Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from the developing striatum as a potential donor source for cell replacement therapy for Huntington disease.

BACKGROUND: Cell replacement therapy (CRT) for Huntington disease (HD) requires a source of striatal (STR) progenitors capable of restoring the function lost due to STR degeneration. Authentic STR progenitors can be collected from the fetal putative striatum, or whole ganglionic eminence (WGE), but these tissues remain impractical for widespread clinical application, and alternative donor sources are required. Here we begin exploring the possibility that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from WGE may retain an epigenetic memory of their tissue of origin, which could enhance their ability to differentiate into STR cells. RESULTS: We generate four iPSC lines from human WGE (hWGE) and establish that they have a capacity similar to human embryonic stem cells with regard to their ability to differentiate toward an STR phenotype, as measured by expression and demethylation of key STR genes, while maintaining an overall different methylome. Finally, we demonstrate that these STR-differentiated hWGE iPSCs share characteristics with hWGE (i.e., authentic STR tissues) both in vitro and following transplantation into an HD model. Overall, iPSCs derived from human WGE show promise as a donor source for CRT for HD.

Genome-Wide Association Studies of Cognitive and Motor Progression in Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: There are currently no treatments that stop or slow the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Case-control genome-wide association studies have identified variants associated with disease risk, but not progression. The objective of the current study was to identify genetic variants associated with PD progression. METHODS: We analyzed 3 large longitudinal cohorts: Tracking Parkinson's, Oxford Discovery, and the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative. We included clinical data for 3364 patients with 12,144 observations (mean follow-up 4.2 years). We used a new method in PD, following a similar approach in Huntington's disease, in which we combined multiple assessments using a principal components analysis to derive scores for composite, motor, and cognitive progression. These scores were analyzed in linear regression in genome-wide association studies. We also performed a targeted analysis of the 90 PD risk loci from the latest case-control meta-analysis. RESULTS: There was no overlap between variants associated with PD risk, from case-control studies, and PD age at onset versus PD progression. The APOE ε4 tagging variant, rs429358, was significantly associated with composite and cognitive progression in PD. Conditional analysis revealed several independent signals in the APOE locus for cognitive progression. No single variants were associated with motor progression. However, in gene-based analysis, ATP8B2, a phospholipid transporter related to vesicle formation, was nominally associated with motor progression (P = 5.3 × 10-6 ). CONCLUSIONS: We provide early evidence that this new method in PD improves measurement of symptom progression. We show that the APOE ε4 allele drives progressive cognitive impairment in PD. Replication of this method and results in independent cohorts are needed. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Genetic analysis of Mendelian mutations in a large UK population-based Parkinson's disease study.

Our objective was to define the prevalence and clinical features of genetic Parkinson's disease in a large UK population-based cohort, the largest multicentre prospective clinico-genetic incident study in the world. We collected demographic data, Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. We analysed mutations in PRKN (parkin), PINK1, LRRK2 and SNCA in relation to age at symptom onset, family history and clinical features. Of the 2262 participants recruited to the Tracking Parkinson's study, 424 had young-onset Parkinson's disease (age at onset ≤ 50) and 1799 had late onset Parkinson's disease. A range of methods were used to genotype 2005 patients: 302 young-onset patients were fully genotyped with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and either Sanger and/or exome sequencing; and 1701 late-onset patients were genotyped with the LRRK2 'Kompetitive' allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay and/or exome sequencing (two patients had missing age at onset). We identified 29 (1.4%) patients carrying pathogenic mutations. Eighteen patients carried the G2019S or R1441C mutations in LRRK2, and one patient carried a heterozygous duplication in SNCA. In PRKN, we identified patients carrying deletions of exons 1, 4 and 5, and P113Xfs, R275W, G430D and R33X. In PINK1, two patients carried deletions in exon 1 and 5, and the W90Xfs point mutation. Eighteen per cent of patients with age at onset ≤30 and 7.4% of patients from large dominant families carried pathogenic Mendelian gene mutations. Of all young-onset patients, 10 (3.3%) carried biallelic mutations in PRKN or PINK1. Across the whole cohort, 18 patients (0.9%) carried pathogenic LRRK2 mutations and one (0.05%) carried an SNCA duplication. There is a significant burden of LRRK2 G2019S in patients with both apparently sporadic and familial disease. In young-onset patients, dominant and recessive mutations were equally common. There were no differences in clinical features between LRRK2 carriers and non-carriers. However, we did find that PRKN and PINK1 mutation carriers have distinctive clinical features compared to young-onset non-carriers, with more postural symptoms at diagnosis and less cognitive impairment, after adjusting for age and disease duration. This supports the idea that there is a distinct clinical profile of PRKN and PINK1-related Parkinson's disease. We estimate that there are approaching 1000 patients with a known genetic aetiology in the UK Parkinson's disease population. A small but significant number of patients carry causal variants in LRRK2, SNCA, PRKN and PINK1 that could potentially be targeted by new therapies, such as LRRK2 inhibitors.

The genetic and clinico-pathological profile of early-onset progressive supranuclear palsy.

BACKGROUND: Studies on early-onset presentations of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) have been limited to those where a rare monogenic cause has been identified. Here, we have defined early-onset PSP (EOPSP) and investigated its genetic and clinico-pathological profile in comparison with late-onset PSP (LOPSP) and Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: We included subjects from the Queen Square Brain Bank, PROSPECT-UK study, and Tracking Parkinson's study. Group comparisons of data were made using Welch's t-test and Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. EOPSP was defined as the youngest decile of motor age at onset (≤55 years) in the Queen Square Brain Bank PSP case series. RESULTS: We identified 33 EOPSP, 328 LOPSP, and 2000 PD subjects. The early clinical features of EOPSP usually involve limb parkinsonism and gait freezing, with 50% of cases initially misdiagnosed as having PD. We found that an initial clinical diagnosis of EOPSP had lower diagnostic sensitivity (33%) and positive predictive value (38%) in comparison with LOPSP (80% and 76%) using a postmortem diagnosis of PSP as the gold standard. 3/33 (9%) of the EOPSP group had an underlying monogenic cause. Using a PSP genetic risk score (GRS), we showed that the genetic risk burden in the EOPSP (mean z-score, 0.59) and LOPSP (mean z-score, 0.48) groups was significantly higher (P < 0.05) when compared with the PD group (mean z-score, -0.08). CONCLUSIONS: The initial clinical profile of EOPSP is often PD-like. At the group level, a PSP GRS was able to differentiate EOPSP from PD, and this may be helpful in future diagnostic algorithms. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Additional rare variant analysis in Parkinson's disease cases with and without known pathogenic mutations: evidence for oligogenic inheritance.

Oligogenic inheritance implies a role for several genetic factors in disease etiology. We studied oligogenic inheritance in Parkinson's (PD) by assessing the potential burden of additional rare variants in established Mendelian genes and/or GBA, in individuals with and without a primary pathogenic genetic cause in two large independent cohorts totaling 7,900 PD cases and 6,166 controls. An excess (≥30%) of cases with a recognised primary genetic cause had ≥1 additional rare variants in Mendelian PD genes, as compared with no known mutation PD cases (17%) and unaffected controls (16%), supporting our hypothesis. Carriers of additional Mendelian gene variants have younger ages at onset (AAO). The effect of additional Mendelian variants in LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers, of which ATP13A2 variation is particularly common, may account for some of the variation in penetrance. About 10% of No Known Mutation-PD cases harbour a rare GBA variant compared to known pathogenic mutation PD cases (8%) and controls (5%), with carriers having earlier AAOs. Together, the data suggest that the oligogenic inheritance of rare Mendelian variants may be important in patient with a primary pathogenic cause, whereas GBA increases risk across all forms of PD. This study highlights the potential genetic complexity of Mendelian PD. The identification of potential modifying variants provides new insights into disease mechanisms by potentially separating relevant from benign variants and by the interaction between genes in specific pathways. In the future this may be relevant to genetic testing and counselling of patients with PD and their families.

Identification of loci associated with schizophrenia by genome-wide association and follow-up.

We carried out a genome-wide association study of schizophrenia (479 cases, 2,937 controls) and tested loci with P < 10(-5) in up to 16,726 additional subjects. Of 12 loci followed up, 3 had strong independent support (P < 5 x 10(-4)), and the overall pattern of replication was unlikely to occur by chance (P = 9 x 10(-8)). Meta-analysis provided strongest evidence for association around ZNF804A (P = 1.61 x 10(-7)) and this strengthened when the affected phenotype included bipolar disorder (P = 9.96 x 10(-9)).

Polygenic risk of Parkinson disease is correlated with disease age at onset.

OBJECTIVE: We have investigated the polygenic architecture of Parkinson disease (PD) and have also explored the potential relationship between an individual's polygenic risk score and their disease age at onset. METHODS: This study used genotypic data from 4,294 cases and 10,340 controls obtained from the meta-analysis of PD genome-wide association studies. Polygenic score analysis was performed as previously described by the International Schizophrenia Consortium, testing whether the polygenic score alleles identified in 1 association study were significantly enriched in the cases relative to the controls of 3 independent studies. Linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between an individual's polygenic score for PD risk alleles and disease age at onset. RESULTS: Our polygenic score analysis has identified significant evidence for a polygenic component enriched in the cases of each of 3 independent PD genome-wide association cohorts (minimum p = 3.76 × 10(-6) ). Further analysis identified compelling evidence that the average polygenic score in patients with an early disease age at onset was significantly higher than in those with a late age at onset (p = 0.00014). INTERPRETATION: This provides strong support for a large polygenic contribution to the overall heritable risk of PD and also suggests that early onset forms of the illness are not exclusively caused by highly penetrant Mendelian mutations, but can also be contributed to by an accumulation of common polygenic alleles with relatively low effect sizes.

Vascular disease and vascular risk factors in relation to motor features and cognition in early Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between vascular disease (and vascular risk factors), cognition and motor phenotype in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: Recently diagnosed PD cases were enrolled in a multicenter prospective observational longitudinal cohort study. Montreal cognitive assessment (normal >23, mild cognitive impairment 22 to 23 or lower but without functional impairment, and dementia 21 or less with functional impairment) and Movement Disorder Society Unified PD Rating Scale part 3 (UPDRS 3) scores were analyzed in relation to a history of vascular events and risk factors. RESULTS: In 1759 PD cases, mean age 67.5 (standard deviation 9.3) years, mean disease duration 1.3 (standard deviation 0.9) years, 65.2% were men, 4.7% had a history of prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, and 12.5% had cardiac disease (angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure). In cases without a history of vascular disease, hypertension was recorded in 30.4%, high cholesterol 27.3%, obesity 20.7%, diabetes 7.2%, and cigarette smoking in 4.6%. Patients with prior stroke or transient ischemic attack were more likely to have cognitive impairment (42% vs 25%) and postural instability gait difficulty (53.5% vs 39.5%), but these findings were not significant after adjustment for age, sex, and disease duration (P = .075). The presence of more than 2 vascular risks was associated with worse UPDRS 3 motor scores (beta coefficient 4.05, 95% confidence interval 1.48, 6.61, p = .002) and with cognitive impairment (ordinal odds ratio 2.24, 95% confidence interval 1.34, 3.74, p = .002). In 842 patients (47.8%) with structural brain imaging, white matter leukoaraiosis, but not lacunar or territorial infarction, was associated with impaired cognition (p = .006) and postural instability gait difficulty (p = .010). CONCLUSION: Vascular comorbidity is significantly associated with cognitive and gait impairment in patients with early PD, which may have prognostic and treatment implications. © 2016 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

A pathway-based analysis provides additional support for an immune-related genetic susceptibility to Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease affecting 1-2% in people >60 and 3-4% in people >80. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have now implicated significant evidence for association in at least 18 genomic regions. We have studied a large PD-meta analysis and identified a significant excess of SNPs (P < 1 × 10(-16)) that are associated with PD but fall short of the genome-wide significance threshold. This result was independent of variants at the 18 previously implicated regions and implies the presence of additional polygenic risk alleles. To understand how these loci increase risk of PD, we applied a pathway-based analysis, testing for biological functions that were significantly enriched for genes containing variants associated with PD. Analysing two independent GWA studies, we identified that both had a significant excess in the number of functional categories enriched for PD-associated genes (minimum P = 0.014 and P = 0.006, respectively). Moreover, 58 categories were significantly enriched for associated genes in both GWA studies (P < 0.001), implicating genes involved in the 'regulation of leucocyte/lymphocyte activity' and also 'cytokine-mediated signalling' as conferring an increased susceptibility to PD. These results were unaltered by the exclusion of all 178 genes that were present at the 18 genomic regions previously reported to be strongly associated with PD (including the HLA locus). Our findings, therefore, provide independent support to the strong association signal at the HLA locus and imply that the immune-related genetic susceptibility to PD is likely to be more widespread in the genome than previously appreciated.

Genetic risk and age in Parkinson's disease: Continuum not stratum.

BACKGROUND: Recent genomewide association study meta-analyses have identified 28 loci associated with risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). We sought to investigate whether these genetic risk factors are associated with PD age at onset. METHODS: Genetic risk scores from these loci were calculated for 6,249 cases. Linear regression tested associations between cumulative genetic risk and PD age at onset. RESULTS: Increasing genetic risk scores were associated with earlier age at onset (beta = -0.10, P = 2.92 × 10(-8) , adjusted r(2) = 0.27). Single standard deviation increase in genetic risk score is associated with 37.44 d earlier age at onset. Highest genetic risk was found at 31 to 60 y, onset slightly below average age at onset (AAO). CONCLUSIONS: Common genetic risk factors have a small but consistent association with AAO in PD.

Investigation of the genetic aetiology of Lewy body diseases with and without dementia.

Up to 80% of Parkinson's disease patients develop dementia, but time to dementia varies widely from motor symptom onset. Dementia with Lewy bodies presents with clinical features similar to Parkinson's disease dementia, but cognitive impairment precedes or coincides with motor onset. It remains controversial whether dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia are distinct conditions or represent part of a disease spectrum. The biological mechanisms underlying disease heterogeneity, in particular the development of dementia, remain poorly understood, but will likely be the key to understanding disease pathways and, ultimately, therapy development. Previous genome-wide association studies in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies/Parkinson's disease dementia have identified risk loci differentiating patients from controls. We collated data for 7804 patients of European ancestry from Tracking Parkinson's, The Oxford Discovery Cohort, and Accelerating Medicine Partnership-Parkinson's Disease Initiative. We conducted a discrete phenotype genome-wide association study comparing Lewy body diseases with and without dementia to decode disease heterogeneity by investigating the genetic drivers of dementia in Lewy body diseases. We found that risk allele rs429358 tagging APOEe4 increases the odds of developing dementia, and that rs7668531 near the MMRN1 and SNCA-AS1 genes and an intronic variant rs17442721 tagging LRRK2 G2019S on chromosome 12 are protective against dementia. These results should be validated in autopsy-confirmed cases in future studies.

Genome-wide determinants of mortality and motor progression in Parkinson's disease.

There are 90 independent genome-wide significant genetic risk variants for Parkinson's disease (PD) but currently only five nominated loci for PD progression. The biology of PD progression is likely to be of central importance in defining mechanisms that can be used to develop new treatments. We studied 6766 PD patients, over 15,340 visits with a mean follow-up of between 4.2 and 15.7 years and carried out genome-wide survival studies for time to a motor progression endpoint, defined by reaching Hoehn and Yahr stage 3 or greater, and death (mortality). There was a robust effect of the APOE ε4 allele on mortality in PD. We also identified a locus within the TBXAS1 gene encoding thromboxane A synthase 1 associated with mortality in PD. We also report 4 independent loci associated with motor progression in or near MORN1, ASNS, PDE5A, and XPO1. Only the non-Gaucher disease causing GBA1 PD risk variant E326K, of the known PD risk variants, was associated with mortality in PD. Further work is needed to understand the links between these genomic variants and the underlying disease biology. However, these may represent new candidates for disease modification in PD.

Genetic meta-analysis of levodopa induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease.

Importance: Forty percent of Parkinson's disease patients develop levodopa-induced-dyskinesia (LiD) within 4 years of starting levodopa. The genetic basis of LiD remains poorly understood, and there have been few well powered studies. Objective: To discover common genetic variants in the PD population that increase the probability of developing LiD. Design setting and Participants: We performed survival analyses to study the development of LiD in 5 separate longitudinal cohorts. We performed a meta-analysis to combine the results of genetic association from each study based on a fixed effects model weighting the effect sizes by the inverse of their standard error. The selection criteria was specific to each cohort. We studied individuals that were genotyped from each cohort and that passed our analysis specific inclusion criteria. Main Outcomes and Measures: We measured the time for PD patients on levodopa treatment to develop LiD as defined by reaching a score higher or equal than 2 from the MDS-UPDRS part IV, item 1, which is equivalent to a range of 26%-50% of the waking time with dyskinesia. We carried out a genome-wide analysis of the hazard ratio and the association of genome-wide SNPs with the probability of developing LiD using cox proportional hazard models (CPH). Results: This study included 2,784 PD patients of European ancestry, of whom 14.6% developed LiD. Consistent with previous studies, we found female gender (HR = 1.35, SE = 0.11, P = 0.007) and younger age at onset (HR = 1.8, SE = 0.14, P = 2 × 10 -5 ) to increase the probability of developing LiD. We identified three loci significantly associated with time-to-LiD onset. rs72673189 on chromosome 1 (HR = 2.77, SE = 0.18, P = 1.53 × 10 -8 ) located in the LRP8 locus, rs189093213 on chromosome 4 (HR = 3.06,, SE = 0.19, P = 2.81 × 10 -9 ) in the non-coding RNA LINC02353 locus, and rs180924818 on chromosome 16 (HR = 3.13, SE = 0.20, P = 6.27 × 10 -9 ) in the XYLT1 locus. Subsequent colocalization analyses on chromosome 1 identified DNAJB4 as a candidate gene associated with LiD through a change in gene expression. We computed a PRS based on our GWAS meta-analysis and found high accuracy to stratify between PD-LID and PD (AUC 83.9). We also performed a stepwise regression analysis for baseline features selection associated with LiD status. We found baseline anxiety status to be significantly associated with LiD (OR = 1.14, SE = 0.03, P = 7.4 × 10 -5 ). Finally, we performed a candidate variant analysis and found that genetic variability in ANKK1 ( rs1800497 , Beta = 0.24, SE = 0.09, P = 8.89 × 10 -3 ) and BDNF ( rs6265 , Beta = 0.19, SE = 0.10, P = 4.95 × 10 -2 ) loci were significantly associated with time to LiD in our large meta-analysis. Conclusion: In this association study, we have found three novel genetic variants associated with LiD, as well as confirming reports that variability in ANKK1 and BDNF loci were significantly associated with LiD probability. A PRS nominated from our time-to-LiD meta-analysis significantly differentiated between PD-LiD and PD. In addition, we have found female gender, young PD onset and anxiety to be significantly associated with LiD.

Genetic meta-analysis of levodopa induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease.

The genetic basis of levodopa-induced-dyskinesia (LiD) is poorly understood, and there have been few well-powered genome-wide studies. We performed a genome-wide survival meta-analyses to study the effect of genetic variation on the development of LiD in five separate longitudinal cohorts, and meta-analysed the results. We included 2784 PD patients, of whom 14.6% developed LiD. We found female sex (HR = 1.35, SE = 0.11, P = 0.007) and younger age at onset (HR = 1.8, SE = 0.14, P = 2 × 10-5) increased the probability of developing LiD. We identified three genetic loci significantly associated with time-to-LiD onset. rs72673189 on chromosome 1 (HR = 2.77, SE = 0.18, P = 1.53 × 10-8) located at the LRP8 locus, rs189093213 on chromosome 4 (HR = 3.06, SE = 0.19, P = 2.81 × 10-9) in the non-coding RNA LINC02353 locus, and rs180924818 on chromosome 16 (HR = 3.13, SE = 0.20, P = 6.27 × 10-9) in the XYLT1 locus. Based on a functional annotation analysis on chromosome 1, we determined that changes in DNAJB4 gene expression, close to LRP8, are an additional potential cause of increased susceptibility to LiD. Baseline anxiety status was significantly associated with LiD (OR = 1.14, SE = 0.03, P = 7.4 × 10-5). Finally, we performed a candidate variant analysis of previously reported loci, and found that genetic variability in ANKK1 (rs1800497, HR = 1.27, SE = 0.09, P = 8.89 × 10-3) and BDNF (rs6265, HR = 1.21, SE = 0.10, P = 4.95 × 10-2) loci were significantly associated with time to LiD in our large meta-analysis.