Autophagy mediated degradation of MITA/TBK1/IRF3 by a hnRNP family member attenuates interferon production in fish.

HnRNP A/B belongs to the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family and plays an important role in regulating viral protein translation and genome replication. Here, we found that overexpression of hnRNP A/B promoted spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV3) replication. Further, hnRNP A/B was shown to act as a negative regulator of type I interferon (IFN) response. Mechanistically, hnRNP A/B interacted with MITA, TBK1 and IRF3 to initiate their degradation. In addition, hnRNP A/B bound to the kinase domain of TBK1, the C terminal domain of MITA and IAD domain of IRF3, and the RRM1 domain of hnRNP A/B bound to TBK1, RRM2 domain bound to IRF3 and MITA. Our study provides novel insights into the functions of hnRNP A/B in regulating host antiviral response.

Analysis of risk characteristics for early progression and late progression in locally advanced rectal cancer patients: a large population-based and validated study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to explore the factors influencing early progression (EP) and late progression (LP) in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients. METHODS: The patients were classified into EP and LP groups using one year as a cutoff. The random survival forest model was utilized to calculate the probability of time-to-progression. Besides, inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) were conducted to validate our results. RESULTS: Our study revealed that PNI, CEA level, and pathological stage were independent prognostic factors for PFS both in EP group and LP group. For EP group patients, Group 1 had the highest probability of progression at the 9th month of follow-up, while Group 2 exhibited the highest probability at the 6th month. Group 3, on the other hand, showed two peaks of progression at the 4th and 8th months of follow-up. As for LP group patients, Groups 4, 5, and 6 all exhibited peaks of progression between the 18th and 24th months of follow-up. Furthermore, our results suggested that PNI was also an independent prognostic factor affecting OS in both EP group and LP group. Finally, the analysis of IPTW and SEER database further confirmed our findings. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated a significant correlation between immune and nutritional status with PFS and OS in both EP and LP groups. These insights can aid healthcare professionals in effectively identifying and evaluating patients' nutritional status, enabling them to develop tailored nutrition plans and interventions.

Prediction of liver metastasis and recommended optimal follow-up nursing in rectal cancer.

We aimed to analyze and investigate the clinical factors that influence the occurrence of liver metastasis in locally advanced rectal cancer patients, with an attempt to assist patients in devising the optimal imaging-based follow-up nursing. Between June 2011 and May 2021, patients with rectal cancer at our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. A random survival forest model was developed to predict the probability of liver metastasis and provide a practical risk-based approach to surveillance. The results indicated that age, perineural invasion, and tumor deposit were significant factors associated with the liver metastasis and survival. The liver metastasis risk of the low-risk group was higher at 6-21 months, with a peak occurrence time in the 15th month. The liver metastasis risk of the high-risk group was higher at 0-24 months, with a peak occurrence time in the 8th month. In general, our clinical model could predict liver metastasis in rectal cancer patients. It provides a visualization tool that can aid physicians and nurses in making clinical decisions, by detecting the probability of liver metastasis.

Organocatalytic Asymmetric Vinylogous Michael Addition of Electron-Deficient Aryl Alkane Nucleophiles to Enals.

We report herein a protocol for an organocatalyzed asymmetric vinylogous Michael addition of aryl alkane nucleophiles with enals under base- and additive-free conditions. A series of allylic building blocks were obtained in 60%-93% yield and 88-99% ee with 20 mol % diphenylprolinol silyl ether as catalyst. This protocol has advantages such as excellent chemoselectivity and regioselectivity, good tolerance of functionalities, and simple reaction conditions.

Selenite-Decorated Polycrystalline NiO Nanosheets Generated from Cathodic Reconstruction for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production.

Precatalyst reconstruction in alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) usually leads to changes in the morphology, composition, and structure, thus improving the catalytic activity, which recently receives intensive attention. However, the design strategies of cathodic reconstruction and the structural features of reconstruction products have not achieved a profound understanding. Here, from the point of thermodynamic stability, metastable nickel selenite dihydrate (NiSeO3·2H2O) is deliberately fabricated as a precatalyst to comprehensively study the reconstruction dynamics in alkaline HER. Multiple in/ex situ techniques capture the geometric, component, and phase evolutions, proving that NiSeO3·2H2O can be transformed into SeO32--decorated polycrystalline NiO nanosheets with rich active sites and good conductivity under alkaline HER conditions, which act as a real catalytic active species. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the adsorption of SeO32- can further promote the HER activity of NiO due to the optimized free energy of water activation and hydrogen adsorption. As a result, the SeO32--NiO catalyst exhibits a low overpotential at -10 mA cm-2 (90 mV) and long-term stability (>100 h). This work highlights the targeted design of precatalyst to trigger and utilize cathodic reconstruction and provides an available method for the development of adsorption-modulated efficient electrocatalysts.

A large-scale study integrating nutritional indicators and clinicopathological parameters to evaluate prognosis, follow-up, and postoperative chemotherapy decisions in rectal cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of nutritional indicators and clinicopathological parameters in predicting the progression and prognosis for pathological stage II-III rectal cancer (RC) patients without neoadjuvant radiotherapy. In addition, we sought to explore the high-risk population who may require postoperative chemotherapy. METHODS: A total of 894 consecutive RC patients were enrolled in this study. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis were performed to identify the independent risk factors for PFS and OS. The nomogram and calibration curves were conducted according to multivariable analysis result. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank tests were performed for different groups. Finally, random survival forest (RSF) model was developed to predict the probability of progression. RESULTS: Our results revealed that CEA level, pathological stage, tumor deposit, and PNI were independently associated with PFS in RC patients. Similarly, the results indicated that CEA level, pathological stage, tumor deposit, PNI, and NRI were independently associated with OS. RSF model revealed that group 1 had the highest risk of progression at the 12th month of follow-up, group 2 had the highest risk of progression at the 15th month of follow-up, while group 3 had the highest risk of progression at the 9th month of follow-up. Besides, subgroup analysis suggested that the high-risk group needs postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, while patients in the low- and moderate-risk groups may not need postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Finally, we validated our results with the SEER database. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we demonstrated that preoperative nutritional indicator and clinicopathological parameters could act as auxiliary prognostication tools for RC patients without neoadjuvant radiotherapy. We also established follow-up strategies for different groups of patients. Collectively, incorporating nutritional assessment into risk stratification for RC resection is crucial and should be an integral part of preoperative planning.

Reflecting on the utility of standardized uptake values on 18F-FDG PET in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: To rethink the clinical significance of standardized uptake values (SUVs) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 369 NPC patients who underwent pretreatment 18F-FDG PET. The predictive value of the SUVmax of the primary tumor (SUVmax-t) and regional lymph nodes (SUVmax-n) was evaluated using probability density functions. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine optimal cutoffs for the SUVmax-n/SUVmax-t ratio (NTR). Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to assess survival. RESULTS: The optimal SUVmax-t and SUVmax-n cutoffs were 7.5 and 6.9, respectively. High SUVmax-t and SUVmax-n were related to local and regional recurrence, respectively. Patients with low SUVmax had better 3-year overall survival (OS). To avoid cross-sensitization of cutoff points, we stratified patients with high SUVmax into the low and high NTR groups. The 3-year distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS; 92.3 vs. 80.6%, P = 0.009), progression-free survival (PFS; 84.0 vs. 67.7%, P = 0.011), and OS (95.9 vs. 89.2%, P = 0.002) significantly differed between the high vs. low NTR groups for patients with high SUVmax. Multivariable analysis showed that NTR was an independent prognostic factor for DMFS (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.037, 95% CI: 1.039-3.992, P = 0.038), PFS (HR: 1.636, 95% CI: 1.021-2.621, P = 0.041), and OS (HR: 2.543, 95% CI: 1.214-5.325, P = 0.013). CONCLUSION: High SUVmax was associated with NPC recurrence. NTR is a potential prognosticator for DMFS, suggesting that heterogeneity in the pretreatment 18F-FDG uptake between the primary tumor and lymph nodes is associated with high invasion and metastatic potential.

Growth of Cu2O Nanoparticles on Two-Dimensional Zr-Ferrocene-Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets for Photothermally Enhanced Chemodynamic Antibacterial Therapy.

Two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets have been demonstrated to be promising templates for the growth of various kinds of nanomaterials on their surfaces to construct novel 2D composites, thus realizing enhanced performance in various applications. Herein, we report the growth of Cu2O nanoparticles on 2D Zr-ferrocene (Zr-Fc)-MOF (Zr-Fc-MOF) nanosheets to prepare 2D composites for near-infrared (NIR) photothermally enhanced chemodynamic antibacterial therapy. The uniform Zr-Fc-MOF nanosheets are synthesized using the solvothermal method, followed by ultrasound sonication, and Cu2O nanoparticles are then deposited on its surface to obtain the Cu2O-decorated Zr-Fc-MOF (denoted as Cu2O/Zr-Fc-MOF) 2D composite. Promisingly, the Cu2O/Zr-Fc-MOF composite shows higher chemodynamic activity for producing ·OH via Fenton-like reaction than that of the pristine Zr-Fc-MOF nanosheets. More importantly, the chemodynamic activity of the Cu2O/Zr-Fc-MOF composite can be further enhanced by the photothermal effect though NIR laser (808 nm) irradiation. Thus, the Cu2O/Zr-Fc-MOF composite can be used as an efficient nanoagent for photothermally enhanced chemodynamic antibacterial therapy.

Identification and expression of potential olfactory-related genes related to Niemann-Pick C2 protein and ionotropic receptors in Haemaphysalis longicornis.

Studies have shown that the main pathway for tick host localization and perception of mating information may be chemosensory. However, chemical communication in ticks is poorly understood, especially in those other than the Ixodes ticks. Niemann-Pick C2 (NPC2) protein and ionotropic receptors (IRs) are considered to be closely related to the perception of infochemicals in arthropods. Through bioinformatic analysis, eight NPC2 and four IR candidate genes were identified through screening and identification of the transcriptome sequencing database of Haemaphysalis longicornis. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that H. longicornis possesses similar homology to the genus Ixodes. A comparison of the expression of NPC2 and IR in tick forelegs (first pair of legs), hind legs (fourth pair of legs), and capitula using RT-PCR revealed that, barring HlonNPC2-8, 11 candidate genes were highly expressed in the foreleg and capitulum, which are the main sensory organs of ticks. They were also expressed in the hind legs, except for six genes that were not expressed in the males. RT-qPCR analysis showed upregulation and higher relative expression of HlonNPC2-1, HlonNPC2-3, HlonNPC2-6, and HlonNPC2-8 when stimulated by ammonium hydroxide, whereas the others were downregulated and demonstrated lower relative expression. These results further support the putative role of NPC2s as a new odorant carrier in ticks and present 12 promising candidate genes for understanding tick olfactory communication, enriching the data on these genes, especially outside the genus Ixodes.

Inactivation of cysteine 674 in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 causes retinopathy in the mouse.

Diabetic retinopathy is a multifactorial microvascular complication, and its pathogenesis hasn't been fully elucidated. The irreversible oxidation of cysteine 674 (C674) in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2) was increased in the type 1 diabetic retinal vasculature. SERCA2 C674S knock-in (SKI) mouse line that half of C674 was replaced by serine 674 (S674) was used to study the effect of C674 inactivation on retinopathy. Compared with wild type (WT) mice, SKI mice had increased number of acellular capillaries and pericyte loss similar to those in type 1 diabetic WT mice. In the retina of SKI mice, pro-apoptotic proteins and intracellular Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways increased, while anti-apoptotic proteins and vessel density decreased. In endothelial cells, C674 inactivation increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, damaged mitochondria, and induced cell apoptosis. These results suggest that a possible mechanism of retinopathy induced by type 1 diabetes is the interruption of calcium homeostasis in the retina by oxidation of C674. C674 is a key to maintain retinal health. Its inactivation can cause retinopathy similar to type 1 diabetes by promoting apoptosis. SERCA2 might be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

Long Afterglow of a Nonporous Coordination Polymer with Tunable Room-Temperature Phosphorescence by the Doping of Dye Molecules.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or coordination polymers (CPs)-based phosphorescence materials may provide a powerful route for photoelectric and optical recording devices. Herein, two phosphorescence ligands, iso-phthalic acid (IPA) and 2-methylimidazole (MIM), were selected to construct an nonporous CP {Zn(IPA)(MIM)2} (1) with a long-lived phosphorescence lifetime up to 552 ms. By the doping of Eosin Y (EY) dye molecules under an in situ process, the phosphorescence emission color of 1 can be expressly tuned from green to red. The light-harvesting range can also be vastly broadened from the UV to the visible region (550 nm). Photoelectron measurements reveal that the synergistic effect of bias voltage and illumination can greatly restrain electron-hole recombination for the generation of additional free charges.

Comparative analyses on epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Guangdong and Yunnan, China, 2004-2018.

BACKGROUND: In China, Guangdong and Yunnan are the two most dengue-affected provinces. This study aimed to compare the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Guangdong and Yunnan during 2004-2018. METHODS: Descriptive analyses were used to explore the temporal, spatial, and demographic distribution of dengue fever. RESULTS: Of the 73,761 dengue cases reported in mainland China during 2004-2018, 93.7% indigenous and 65.9% imported cases occurred in Guangdong and Yunnan, respectively. A total of 55,970 and 5938 indigenous cases occurred in 108 Guangdong and 8 Yunnan counties, respectively during 2004-2018. Whereas 1146 and 3050 imported cases occurred in 84 Guangdong and 72 Yunnan counties, respectively during 2004-2018. Guangdong had a much higher average yearly indigenous incidence rate (3.65 (1/100000) vs 0.86 (1/100000)), but a much lower average yearly imported incidence rate (0.07 (1/100000) vs 0.44(1/100000)) compared with Yunnan in 2004-2018. Furthermore, dengue fever occurred more widely in space and more frequently in time in Guangdong. Guangdong and Yunnan had similar seasonal characteristics for dengue fever, but Guangdong had a longer peak period. Most dengue cases were clustered in the south-western border of Yunnan and the Pearl River Delta region in Guangdong. Most of the imported cases (93.9%) in Guangdong and Yunnan were from 9 Southeast Asian countries. Thailand, Cambodia, and Malaysia imported mainly into Guangdong while Myanmar and Laos imported into Yunnan. There was a strong male predominance among imported cases and an almost equal gender distribution among indigenous cases. Most dengue cases occurred in individuals aged 21-50 years, accounting for 57.3% (Guangdong) vs. 62.8% (Yunnan) of indigenous and 83.2% (Guangdong) vs. 62.6% (Yunnan) of imported cases. The associated major occupations (house worker or unemployed, retiree, and businessman, for indigenous cases; and businessman, for imported cases), were similar. However, farmers accounted for a larger proportion of dengue cases in Yunnan. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the different epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Guangdong and Yunnan can be helpful to formulate targeted, strategic plans, and implement effective public health prevention measures in China.

Structure, Distribution, Chemical Composition, and Gene Expression Pattern of Glandular Trichomes on the Leaves of Rhus potaninii Maxim.

Rhus potaninii Maxim is an economically and medicinally important tree species in China. It produces galls (induced by aphids) with a high abundance of tannins. Here, we discuss the histology, cellular structures and their distribution, and the macromolecular components of secretive glandular trichomes on the leaves of R. potaninii. A variation in the density of glandular trichomes and tomenta was found between the adaxial and abaxial sides of a leaf in different regions and stages of the leaf. The glandular trichomes on R. potaninii trees comprise a stalk with no cellular structure and a head with 8-15 cells. Based on staining, we found that the secretion of glandular trichomes has many polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, and acidic lipids but very few neutral lipids. The dense glandular trichomes provide mechanical protection for young tissues; additionally, their secretion protects the young tissues from pathogens by a special chemical component. According to transcriptome analysis, we found enhanced biosynthetic and metabolism pathways of glycan, lipids, toxic amino acids, and phenylpropanoids. This shows a similar tendency to the staining. The numbers of differentially expressed genes were large or small; the averaged range of upregulated genes was greater than that of the downregulated genes in most subpathways. Some selectively expressed genes were found in glandular trichomes, responsible for the chitinase activity and pathogenesis-related proteins, which all have antibacterial activity and serve for plant defense. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the components of the secretion from glandular trichomes on the leaf surface of R. potaninii.

Removal of ammonia nitrogen and phenol by pulsed discharge plasma combined with modified zeolite catalyst.

In this work, the removal of ammonia nitrogen and phenol by pulsed discharge plasma (PDP) and modified zeolite was investigated. The Fe-zeolite and Mn-zeolite catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method. Catalysts' morphology, specific surface area, and chemical bond structure were characterized. Based on the pollutants removal experiments, Fe-zeolite (0.01) in the PDP system had better catalytic oxidation of phenol and adsorption effect of ammonia nitrogen. The removal efficiency of the pollutants increased with the increase of discharge voltage and solution conductivity, but decreased with the increase of discharge distance. During the plasma discharge process, the pH value in the solution decreased, and the solution conductivity gradually increased. After PDP/Fe-zeolite system treatment, the toxicity of the wastewater was significantly reduced. This study provided a new treatment method for inorganic and organic pollutants treated by PDP.

miR-4500 suppresses cell proliferation and migration in bladder cancer via inhibition of STAT3/CCR7 pathway.

Bladder cancer (BC) is a prevalent type of cancer that occurs in human urinary system threatening the human health. microRNA-4500 (miRNA-4500) is a novel miRNA that serves as a potential biomarker in several types of cancers. However, the in-depth molecular mechanism of miR-4500 in BC has not yet been fully elucidated. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactionq and Western blot analysis were applied to analyze the expressions of miR-4500, STAT3, and C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7). Gain-of-function assays involving Cell Counting Kit-8, 5'-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay, and Transwell were employed to evaluate miR-4500 function in cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation, RNA immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assay were performed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying function of miR-4500. We found the downregulation of miR-4500 in BC cells, and ectopic expression of miR-4500 hampered cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Importantly, miR-4500 directly targeted STAT3 3'-untranslated region, leading to repression on STAT3 expression. Intriguingly, STAT3 transcriptionally regulated CCR7. Rescue experiments validated the presence of miR-4500/STAT3/CCR7 axis in control of BC growth and progression. Our data highlighted miR-4500 as a potent cancericidal gene in BC, and might provide a theoretical grounding for development of target-oriented therapies of patients afflicted with BC.

Room temperature cupric halides mediated olefin alkoxylation of BODIPYs with methanol: mechanisms and scope.

We disclose an efficient methodology for olefin alkoxylation of fluorescent BODIPYs (boron-dipyrromethene) at the 3,5-styryl group with methanol by cupric halide (chloride or bromide) at room temperature. Mechanistic studies provide evidence for the alkoxylation reaction firstly initiated by a radical cation, that is, halide promotes the oxidizing ability of the Cu(ii) center to an extent that the single electron transfer (SET) from BODIPYs to the cupric ion and results in the production of a BODIPYs radical cation and Cu(i), then the BODIPYs radical cation subsequently reacts with methanol to afford the alkoxylated product. As the dialkoxylated product complexes with cuprous halide and further decreases its reducing ability, which is supported by DFT calculations, only strongly oxidative cupric bromide can mediate tetraalkoxylation and give rise to the tetraalkoxylated product. In addition, the expanded scope studies suggest that this method is also well suited for the alkoxylation of electron-rich conjugated olefins. The active benzyl bromide derivative may be another intermediate in the presence of cupric bromide. Therefore, the reaction is highly dependent on the anions of cupric salts; Cu(OAc)2, CuSO4 and Cu(NO3)2 containing weakly nucleophilic anions show no activity in alkoxylation.

Climate factors and the East Asian summer monsoon may drive large outbreaks of dengue in China.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between climate variables, East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and large outbreaks of dengue in China. METHODS: We constructed ecological niche models (ENMs) to analyse the influence of climate factors on dengue occurrence and predict dengue outbreak areas in China. Furthermore, we formulated a generalised additive model (GAM) to quantify the impact of the EASM on dengue occurrence in mainland China from 1980 to 2016. RESULTS: Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter had a 62.6% contribution to dengue outbreaks. Southern China including Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan provinces are more vulnerable to dengue emergence and resurgence. In addition, we found population density had a 68.7% contribution to dengue widely distribution in China using ENMs. Statistical analysis indicated a dome-shaped association between EASM and dengue outbreak using GAM, with the greatest impact in the South-East of China. Besides, there was a positive nonlinear association between monthly average temperature and dengue occurrence. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated the influence of climate factors and East Asian summer monsoon on dengue outbreaks, providing a framework for future studies on the association between climate change and vector-borne diseases.

Climate factors driven typhus group rickettsiosis incidence dynamics in Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province in China, 2005-2017.

BACKGROUND: Typhus group rickettsiosis (TGR), which is a neglected vector-borne infectious disease, including epidemic typhus and endemic typhus. We explored the lag effects and nonlinear association between meteorological factors and TGR incidence in Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture from 2005 to 2017, China. METHODS: A Poisson regression with a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was utilized to analyze TGR cases data and the contemporaneous meteorological data. RESULTS: A J-shaped nonlinear association between weekly mean temperature and TGR incidence was found. The cumulative exposure to weekly mean temperature indicated that the RR increased with the increment of temperature. Taking the median value as the reference, lower temperatures could decrease the risk of TGR incidence, while higher temperatures could increase the risk of TGR incidence and last for 21 weeks. We also found a reversed U-shaped nonlinear association between weekly mean precipitation and TGR incidence. Precipitation between 5 mm and 13 mm could increase the risk of TGR incidence. Taking the median value as the reference, no precipitation and lower precipitation could decrease the risk of TGR incidence, while higher precipitation could increase the risk of TGR incidence and last for 18 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The prevention and control measures of TGR should be implemented according to climatic conditions by the local government and health departments in order to improve the efficiency.

The impact of climate variability on infectious disease transmission in China: Current knowledge and further directions.

BACKGROUND: Climate change may lead to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases and pose public health challenges to human health and the already overloaded healthcare system. It is therefore important to review current knowledge and identify further directions in China, the largest developing country in the world. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to examine the relationship between climate variability and infectious disease transmission in China in the new millennium. Literature was identified using the following MeSH terms and keywords: climatic variables [temperature, precipitation, rainfall, humidity, etc.] and infectious disease [viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases]. RESULTS: Fifty-eight articles published from January 1, 2000 to May 30, 2018 were included in the final analysis, including bacterial diarrhea, dengue, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, HFRS, HFMD, Schistosomiasis. Each 1 °C rise may lead to 3.6%-14.8% increase in the incidence of bacillary dysentery disease in south China. A 1 °C rise was corresponded to an increase of 1.8%-5.9% in the weekly notified HFMD cases in west China. Each 1 °C rise of temperature, 1％ rise in relative humidity and one hour rise in sunshine led to an increase of 0.90%, 3.99% and 0.68% in the monthly malaria cases, respectively. Climate change with the increased temperature and irregular patterns of rainfall may affect the pathogen reproduction rate, their spread and geographical distribution, change human behavior and influence the ecology of vectors, and increase the rate of disease transmission in different regions of China. CONCLUSION: Exploring relevant adaptation strategies and the health burden of climate change will assist public health authorities to develop an early warning system and protect China's population health, especially in the new 1.5 °C scenario of the newly released IPCC special report.

Sedative and hypnotic effects of compound Anshen essential oil inhalation for insomnia.

BACKGROUNDS: The chemical composition of many essential oils indicates that they have sedative and hypnotic effects, but there is still a lack of systematic studies on the sedative and hypnotic effects of essential oils. In addition, aromatherapy does not seem to have the side effects of many traditional psychotropic substances, which is clearly worthwhile for further clinical and scientific research. The clinical application of essential oils in aromatherapy has received increasing attention, and detailed studies on the pharmacological activities of inhaled essential oils are increasingly needed. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: As insomniacs are usually accompanied by symptoms of depression and anxiety of varying degrees, based on the theory of aromatherapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, this experiment is to study a Compound Anshen essential oil that is compatible with Lavender essential oil, Sweet Orange essential oil, Sandalwood essential oil and other aromatic medicine essential oils with sedative and hypnotic effects, anti-anxiety and anti-depression effects. To study the sedative and hypnotic effects of Compound Anshen essential oil inhaled and the main chemical components of Compound Anshen essential oil, and to compare and analyze the pharmacodynamics of diazepam, a commonly used drug for insomnia. METHODS: The Open field test and Pentobarbital-induced sleep latency and sleep time experiments were used to analyze and compare the sedative and hypnotic effects of inhaling Compound Anshen essential oil and the administration of diazepam on mice. The changes of 5-HT and GABA in mouse brain were analyzed by Elisa. The main volatile constituents of Compound Anshen essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS: Inhalation of Compound Anshen essential oil can significantly reduce the spontaneous activity of mice, reduce latency of sleeping time and prolong duration of sleeping time. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that Compound Anshen essential oil can increase the content of 5-HT and GABA in mouse brain. The main volatile chemical constituents of the Compound Anshen essential oil are D-limonene (24.07%), Linalool (21.98%), Linalyl acetate (15.37%), α-Pinene (5.39%), and α-Santalol (4.8%). CONCLUSION: The study found that the inhalation of Compound Anshen essential oil has sedative and hypnotic effect. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research and development of the sedative and hypnotic effects of Compound Anshen essential oil based on the theory of aromatherapy.