Treponema pallidum protein Tp47 induced prostaglandin E2 to inhibit the phagocytosis in human macrophages.

BACKGROUND: During Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) infection, the host's immune system actively engages in pursuit and elimination of T. pallidum, while T. pallidum skillfully employs various mechanisms to evade immune recognition. Macrophages exhibit incomplete clearance of T. pallidum in vitro and the underlying mechanism of how T. pallidum resists the attack of macrophage remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of T. pallidum membrane protein Tp47 on the phagocytosis of macrophages. METHODS: THP-1-derived macrophages were used to investigate the role of Tp47 in the secretion of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in macrophages and the mechanism by which Tp47 induced the production of PGE2, as well as the impact of PGE2 on the macrophage's phagocytosis. RESULTS: Tp47 (1-10 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the phagocytosis of latex beads and T. pallidum in macrophages (p ≤ 0.05). PGE2 production by macrophages could be induced by Tp47, and the phagocytic function of macrophages could be restored using PGE2 antibody. Tp47 produced PGE2 by activating the PERK/NF-κB/COX-2 pathway in macrophages. Inhibitors targeting PERK, NF-κB and COX-2, respectively, reduced the level of PGE2 and restored the phagocytic function of macrophages. CONCLUSION: Tp47-induced PGE2 production via the PERK/NF-κB/COX-2 pathway contributed to macrophage phagocytosis inhibition, which potentially contributes to immune evasion during the T. pallidum infection.

[The 508th case: recurrent edema of bilateral lower extremities with proteinuria].

A 31-year-old man sought medical evaluation for a 2-year history of edema and proteinuria, with prior pathology suggesting atypical membranous nephropathy (MN). Despite treatment with a combination of steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and four courses of rituximab (1 g, intravenous injection), the patient's nephrotic syndrome showed no relief (24 h urine protein peaked at 31.18 g/d), indicating refractory nephrotic syndrome. Later in the disease course, a sudden surge of creatinine level (322.5 µmol/L) prompted a renal biopsy, which revealed concurrent acute interstitial nephritis. Further treatment involving steroids, cyclophosphamide, and a fifth rituximab infusion (1 g, intravenous injection) resulted in improvement in renal function (serum creatinine: 322.5➝147 µmol/L), but the MN failed to achieve partial relief. Subsequent treatment with the novel humanized CD20 monoclonal antibody obinutuzumab (1 g, intravenous injection) was initiated. In the latest follow-up, anti-phospholipase-A2-receptor antibody (PLA2R) antibody were negative, B cells were eliminated, serum albumin was 36 g/L, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio was 4 810 mg/g, and serum creatinine was 162 µmol/L. This case underscores the potential efficacy of obinutuzumab in refractory MN. For advanced MN cases, prompt identification of the cause of acute kidney injury is crucial, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to potentially stall renal function decline.

[Research advances on allergen component-resolved diagnosis in respiratory allergic diseases].

Allergen component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) is an emerging molecular diagnostic technology, which can further clarify the protein profile of allergen components in allergic patients, achieve accurate detection of allergens, and have great significance and value for the precise prevention and treatment of allergic diseases. In this article, the CRD technology and its research progress in respiratory allergic diseases are introduced, and the importance of CRD in the evaluation, prevention and treatment of respiratory allergic diseases are discussed.

Tp47 promoted the phagocytosis of HMC3 cells though autophagy induced by endoplamic reticlum stress.

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system damage is an essential clinical feature that occurs in the early or late stages of syphilis infection. The abnormal enhancement of microglial phagocytosis can cause damage to the nervous system. However, the contribution of abnormally enhanced microglial phagocytosis to the pathogenesis of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (T. pallidum) infection remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we sought to determine the role of recombinant T. pallidum Tp47 in promoting microglia phagocytosis and its associated mechanisms. METHODS: Microglial HMC3 cells were used to investigate the effect of the Tp47 on phagocytosis and the roles of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in Tp47-induced phagocytosis. RESULTS: HMC3 cells exhibited obvious phagocytosis when stimulated with Tp47. The levels of P62 degradation, Beclin1 expression and the LC3II/LC3I ratio were significantly elevated, and the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes was promoted in Tp47-stimulated HMC3 cells. Treatment with the autophagy inhibitors 3-MA and Baf A1 inhibited Tp47-induced phagocytosis. Meanwhile, the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers PERK, IRE1α, GRP78, ATF4 and XBP1s were upregulated in Tp47-stimulated HMC3 cells. In addition, we found that TUDCA could inhibit Tp47-induced expression of IRE1α but not PERK or ATF4. 4-PBA inhibited TP47-induced PERK and ATF4 protein expression but did not inhibit IRE1α expression. Attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress by administration of TUDCA and 4-PBA abrogated Tp47-mediated autophagy. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that Tp47 activated autophagy through two key pathways associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress, PERK/ATF4 and IRE1/XBP1, to promote phagocytosis in HMC3 cells. These findings provided a basis for the understanding of the pathophysiology of neurological disorders that occur during the course of syphilis.

[Literature analysis of hot topics on occupational noise-induced hearing loss].

Objective: To analyze the literature of related research reports on occupational hearing loss (ONIHL) , study the characteristics of the subject and determine the research hotspots. Methods: In December 2020, PubMed database was searched by bibliometrics for ONIHL published in PubMed database from January 1971 to December 2020. Bicomb 2.03 software was used to extract the subject. The publication year, publication country, source magazine and subject words were summarized and analyzed. Results: A total of 1 473 papers were included in this study, and the number of papers was 66 from 1971 to 1980, and 628 from 2011 to 2020, an increase of nearly 10 times. The top three countries were the United States, China and Germany, with 31.5% (464/1473) , 11.5% (171/1473) and 6.2% (91/1473) ; The cross-sectional study was the most applied type; The top five words for 2011-2020: Mental Illness, polymorphism, cardiovascular disease, high frequency hearing impairment and standards and regulations. Conclusion: Susceptibility Genes, Psychological Disorders, Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Assessment are hot areas in ONIHL at present. Researchers should focus on major fields and grasp future trends as a whole.

[The mediating role of worker-occupation fit between occupational stress and anxiety symptoms in medical staff].

Objective: To analyze the mediating effect of work-occupation fit between occupational stress and anxiety symptoms in medical staff. Methods: Convenience sampling method was adopted to select participants of one general hospital and three specialized hospitals as respondents for a questionnaire survey in Henan Province from October 2020 to January 2021. A total of 2050 medical staff were investigated, and 1988 valid questionnaires were collected, and the effective rate of the questionnaire was 97.0% (1988/2050) . The "Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale" and "Worker-Occupation Fit Inventory" were used to evaluate the occupational stress, anxiety symptoms and worker-occupation fit level of medical staff, and the mediation effect of work-occupation fit on the relationship between occupational stress and anxiety symptoms was analyzed using a mediating effect model. Results: The average age of the 1988 medical staff was (32.7±7.8) years old, the positive detection rates of occupational stress and anxiety symptoms were 42.5% (845/1988) and 56.7% (1127/1988) , respectively. Anxiety symptoms of medical staff were positively correlated with occupational stress, negatively correlated with worker-occupation fit (r=0.831, -0.364, P<0.001) , work-occupation fit was negatively correlated with occupational stress (r=-0.259, P<0.001) . The results of the mediation effect analysis showed that occupational stress had a direct effect on anxiety symptoms (ß=0.677, BCa 95%CI: 0.648-0.707) , and worker-occupation fit (ß=0.047, BCa 95%CI: 0.039-0.056) , characteristic fit (ß=0.089, BCa 95%CI: 0.074-0.104) , need-supply fit (ß=0.075, BCa 95%CI: 0.062-0.089) , and ability-demand fit (ß=0.035, BCa 95%CI: 0.026-0.044) mediated the association between occupational stress and anxiety symptoms in medical staff, with the mediating effect as a percentage of 6.5%, 12.3%, 10.3%, and 4.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Worker-occupation fit has a mediating effect between occupational stress and anxiety symptoms in medical staff, but mainly direct effect.

[The influence of subjective comfort of working environment on occupational stress of railway station workers].

Objective: To explore the influential factors of job stress suffered by workers in railway stations, the level of job stress of were measured and subjective comfort of employees targeting to working environment were reported. Methods: In March 2019, a cluster sampling study was designed to collect the personal characteristics, job characteristics and subjective comfort degree of working environment of 432 employees in Chongqing railway stations. Meanwhile, job stress was assessed using the effort-reward imbalance scale. Chi-square test was used to compare the difference of occupational stress detection rate among different stratified factors such as occupational characteristics. Logistic regression was applied to analyze the influential factors of occupational stress. Results: The detection rate of job stress of workers in the railway stations was 31.02% (134/432) . The detection rate of job stress was higher among the divorced workers in railway stations, those earning less than 5, 000 yuan per month, those with 10-20 years' length of service, those who worked as a conductor and other workers including baggageman, station master on duty and assistant engineer (χ(2)=9.61, 14.76, 23.28, 11.06, P=0.008, 0.002, 0.000, 0.011) . The detection rate of job stress was higher among those whose working environment subjective feelings were uncomfortable, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001) . The results showed that the occupational stress of the staff in the railway stations was influenced by their subjective feeling of air quality, noise and Space Layout (P<0.05) . The risk factors of occupational stress were air quality, noise and uncomfortable space layout (OR=0.571, 0.068, 0.441, P=0.051, 0.054, 0.007) . Conductor, other (Bellboy, Duty Station Master, assistant engineer) were the risk factors of occupational stress (OR=1.884, 2.703, P=0.065, 0.019) . The employees of station A and station B were the risk factors of occupational stress (OR=4.681, 1.811, P=0.002, 0.067) . Conclusion: The higher detection rate of job stress of workers in the railway stations is correlated with the subjective comfort degree of the working environment of the workers.

Ecdysis triggering hormone is essential for larva-pupa-adult transformation in Leptinotarsa decemlineata.

In Drosophila melanogaster, ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH) is the key factor triggering ecdysis behaviour and promoting trachea clearance. However, whether ETH plays the dual roles in non-dipteran insects is unknown. In this survey, we found that Ldeth mRNA levels were positively correlated with circulating 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) titers in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Ingestion of an ecdysteroid agonist halofenozide or 20E stimulated the transcription of Ldeth, whereas RNA interference (RNAi) of ecdysteroidogenesis (LdPTTH or LdSHD) or 20E signalling (LdEcR, LdUSP or LdFTZ-F1) genes inhibited the expression, indicating ETH acts downstream of 20E. RNAi of Ldeth at the final instar stage impaired pupation. More than 80% of the Ldeth-depleted beetles remained as prepupae, completely wrapped in the old larval cuticles. These prepupae became withered, dried and darkened gradually, and finally died in soil. The remaining Ldeth hypomorphs pupated and emerged as abnormal adults, bearing smaller and wrinkle elytrum and hindwing. Moreover, the tracheae in the Ldeth hypomorphs were full of liquid. We accordingly proposed that the failure of trachea clearance disenabled air-swallowing after pupa-adult ecdysis and impacted wing expansion. Our results suggest that ETH plays the dual roles, initiation of ecdysis and motivation of trachea clearance, in a coleopteran.

Application of Chlorophyte ChlB Gene and Cyanophyte NIES Gene in the Detection of Drowning-Related Plankton.

ABSTRACT: Objective To construct a polymerase chain reaction-capillary electrophoresis （PCR-CE） detection method using ChlB gene and NIES gene, investigate the method's specificity and sensitivity, and to evaluate its application value in drowning diagnosis. Methods The specific primers ChlB and NIES were designed for the conserved sequence of chlorophyte ChlB gene and cyanophyte NIES gene in GenBank to construct PCR-CE detection method; 50 species of standard DNA samples were amplified; the sensitivity was determined by gradient concentration detection of positive standard samples; 25 actual cadaver lung tissue samples （drowned： 20, natural death： 5） were detected, and the simultaneous detection results of microwave digestion-vacuum filtration-automated scanning electron microscopy （MD-VF-Auto SEM） were simultaneously compared. Results The minimum DNA detection concentration of primers ChlB and NIES was 0.161 ng and 0.109 ng, respectively, which could specifically amplify chlorophyte （Chlorella pyrenoidosa） and cyanophyte ［Microcystis aeruginosa （producing and not producing toxin）］ widespread in water. The product fragments were 156 bp and 182 bp, respectively. The results of non-drowning tissues were negative. Conclusion This method has high sensitivity and specificity. It can be applied to the detection of plankton related to drowning and combined with MD-VF-Auto SEM method, can increase the detection range of plankton related to drowning and improve the evidence power of drowning diagnosis.

[Effect of complement C5a on the expression of MCP-1 and NGAL in immune kidney injury of trichloroethylene sensitized mice].

Objective: To explore the possible role of C5a in the pathogenesis of renal injury in TCE- sensitized mice, to analyze the impact of expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in the presence or absence of C5a receptor antagonist (C5aRA) pretreatment. Methods: A total of 50 female specific pathogens free(SPF) BALB/c mice were randomly divided into blank control group (n=5) , solvent control group (n=5) , TCE group (n=20) , and TCE+C5aRA group (n= 20) . After one week for adaptive feeding, a mouse model of TCE-induced skin sensitization was established by treating with 50% TCE and 30% TCE in turn. The mice in solvent control group accept same reagents without TCE and the mice in blank control group underwent nothing. In TCE +C5aRA group, except for the TCE solution treatment, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.5 mg/kg C5aRA solution at the time of challenge. And the skin erythema and edema reaction were scored 24 h after the last challenge. The mice were divided into sensitization positive group and sensitization negative group according to the scoring result. The mice were aseptically sacrificed 72 h after the last challenge to obtain the kidneys. The structural damage of kidney was observed after histopathological staining. The levels of NGAL and MCP-1 mRNA and proteins were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) , respectively. Results: The sensitization rate of mice in TCE group and TCE+C5aRA group was 45.0% (9/20) and 40.0% (8/20) , respectively. No skin lesions was found in the mice of blank control group and solvent control group. The results of histopathological staining showed that the TCE sensitization positive mice showed renal tubular dilatation, vacuolar degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cells, and infiltration of interstitial cells. The pathological damage of the kidney in TCE sensitization positive group was mild, and no inflammatory cell infiltration was seen. The data of qRT-PCR showed that the expression levels of NGAL and MCP-1 mRNA in the TCE sensitization positive group were significantly increased than in solvent control group and TCE sensitization negative group (P<0.05) , while the levels of NGAL and MCP-1 mRNA in TCE+C5aRA sensitization positive group were decreased than TCE sensitization positive group (P <0.05) . The results of IHC showed that the expression levels of NGAL and MCP-1 in TCE protein sensitization positive group were significantly higher than those in solvent control group and TCE sensitization negative group (P<0.05) . After C5aRA pretreatment, the expression levels of NGAL and MCP-1 protein were decreased than the mice in TCE sensitization positive group (P<0.05) . Conclusion: The regulation of C5a on the expression of MCP-1 and NGAL may participate in TCE- induced mice kidney damage, and pharmacological inhibition of C5a seems to be an effective way to protect the kidney injury in TCE-sensitized mice.

Functional characterization of ultraspiracle in Leptinotarsa decemlineata using RNA interference assay.

A heterodimer of ultraspiracle (USP) and ecdysone receptor (EcR) mediates 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signalling cascade to regulate insect moulting and metamorphosis. However, at least two questions remain to be addressed in terms of the molecular importance of USP in insect species. First, is USP involved in both regulation of ecdysteroidogenesis and mediation of 20E signalling in non-drosophilid insects, as in Drosophila melanogaster? Second, does USP play any role in larval metamorphosis except as the partner of heterodimeric receptor to activate the downstream 20E signalling genes? In this paper, we found that RNA interference (RNAi) of LdUSP in the final (fourth) instar larvae reduced the messenger RNA levels of four ecdysteroidogenesis genes (Ldspo, Ldphm, Lddib and Ldsad) and 20E titre, and repressed the expression of five 20E signal genes (EcRA, HR3, HR4, E74 and E75) in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. The LdUSP RNAi larvae remained as prepupae, with developing antennae, legs and discs of forewings and hindwings. Dietary supplement with 20E restored the expression of the five 20E signal genes, but only partially alleviated the decreased pupation rate in LdUSP RNAi beetles. Knockdown of LdUSP at the penultimate (third) instar larvae did not affect third-fourth instar moulting. However, silencing LdUSP caused similar but less severe impairments on pupation. Accordingly, we propose that USP is undoubtedly necessary for ecdysteroidogenesis, for mediation of 20E signalling and for initiation of metamorphosis in L. decemlineata.

Isoform specific roles of Broad-Complex in larval development in Leptinotarsa decemlineata.

Broad-Complex (BrC) is a downstream target of both 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone signalling. BrC regulates morphogenetic changes between nymphal instars in hemimetabolans, whereas it controls pupal commitment, pupal morphogenesis and inhibits adult differentiation in holometabolans. Among five BrC cDNAs (Z1-Z4 and Z6) identified in the Colorado potato beetle, we found in this work that Z1, Z2 and Z6 were mainly expressed at the last (fourth) instar and prepupal stages, whereas the levels of Z3 and Z4 increased during the penultimate (third) instar stage, peaked at the last instar larval phase and gradually decreased at the prepupal and pupal periods. When knocking down all BrC isoforms by RNA interference (RNAi) at the penultimate instar stage, around 20% of the resultant larvae remained as moribund beetles. These moribund BrC RNAi larvae were completely or partially wrapped in old cuticle. Likewise, a portion of larvae treated for a single double-stranded RNA of Z3, Z4 or Z6 displayed a degree of similar aberrancies, increasing in the order of isoforms Z6 < Z3 < Z4. When silencing all BrC isoforms at the last instar period, most of the RNAi larvae did not normally pupate or emerge as adults. Separately silencing each of the five zinc finger domains revealed that approximately 70% of the Z1 RNAi larvae remained as prepupae, around 60% of the Z6 RNAi specimens formed aberrant prepupae or pupae and about 60% of the Z2 RNAi beetles became deformed pupae. After removal of the old exuviae, these deformed larvae in which either Z1, Z2 or Z6 was depleted possessed adult prothorax and mesothorax, developing antenna, mouthparts and wing discs. Moreover, less than 50% of the resultant pupae finally emerged as adults when either of Z1, Z2 or Z6 was knocked down. Therefore, our findings reveal, for the first time, that the two roles of BrC in insect groups (ie directing morphogenetic changes during juvenile development and regulating larval-pupal-adult metamorphosis) are played by different BrC isoforms in Leptinotarsa decemlineata.

Impairment of pupation by RNA interference-aided knockdown of Broad-Complex gene in Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say).

Dietary delivery of bacterially expressed double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has a great potential for management of Leptinotarsa decemlineata. An important first step is to discover possible RNA-interference (RNAi)-target genes effective against larvae, especially the old larvae. In the present paper, five putative Broad-Complex (BrC) cDNAs (Z1-Z4, and Z6) were identified in L. decemlineata. The expression of the five LdBrC isoforms was suppressed by juvenile hormone signaling, whereas the transcription was upregulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone signaling at the fourth (final) instar larval stage. Feeding of bacterially expressed dsBrC (derived from a common fragment of the five LdBrC variants) in the third- and fourth-instar larvae successfully knocked down the target mRNAs. For the fourth-instar LdBrC RNAi hypomorphs, they had a higher larval mortality compared with the controls. Moreover, most dsBrC-fed beetles did not pupate normally. After removal of the apolysed larval cuticle, a miniature adult was found. The adult head, compound eyes, prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax were found on the dorsal view. Distinct adult cuticle pigmentation was seen on the prothorax. The mouthparts, forelegs, midlegs, and hindlegs could be observed on the ventral view of the miniature adults. For the third-instar LdBrC RNAi specimens, around 20% moribund beetles remained as prepupae and finally died. Therefore, LdBrC is among the most attractive candidate genes for RNAi to control the fourth-instar larvae in L. decemlineata.

Application of Quantitative Analysis of Diatoms in Lung Tissue for the Diagnosis of Drowning of Experimental Animals.

ABSTRACT: Objective To discuss the application value of diatom examination in lung tissue for the forensic diagnosis of drowning. Methods The experimental animals were divided randomly into drowning, postmortem submergence and dying on land group. Diatoms in lung tissue and drowning fluid were analyzed quantitatively by microwave digestion-vacuum filtration-automated scanning electron microscopy diatom examination method. The ratios of content of diatoms in lung tissue and drowning fluid （CL/CD ratio） were recorded. Results The CL/CD ratios of experimental rabbits in the drowning group （5.82±3.50） were much higher than that of postmortem submergence group （0.47±0.35）; the CL/CD ratios of different parts of the lung lobes of experimental pigs in the drowning group were higher than that of postmortem submergence group （P<0.05）; in seawater, brackish water, river fresh water and lake fresh water, the CL/CD ratios of experimental pigs in the drowning group were higher than that of postmortem submergence group （P<0.05）. In animal experiments, all the cases with CL/CD ratio >1.6 were from drowning group. Conclusion CL/CD ratio is an indicator with good application prospects in the diagnosis of drowning.

Requirement of Leptinotarsa decemlineata gene within the 74EF puff for larval-pupal metamorphosis and appendage growth.

Two Drosophila melanogaster E-twenty-six domain transcription factor isoforms (E74A and E74B) act differentially at the start of the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signalling cascade to regulate larval-pupal metamorphosis. In the present paper, we identified the two isoforms (LdE74A and LdE74B) in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. During the larval development stage, the mRNA transcript levels of the two LdE74 isoforms were correlated with circulating 20E titres. In vitro midgut culture and in vivo dietary supplementation with 20E revealed that the presence of 20E induced expression peaks of both LdE74A and LdE74B, with similar patterns observed for the two isoforms. Moreover, the mRNA transcript levels of both LdE74A and LdE74B isoforms were significantly downregulated in the L. decemlineata ecdysone receptor RNA interference (RNAi) specimens, but not in the LdE75 RNAi beetles. Ingestion of 20E reduced the larval fresh weights and shortened the larval development period, irrespective of knockdown of LdE74 or not. RNAi of LdE74 did not affect 20E-induced expression of the Ecdysone induced protein 75-hormone receptor 3-fushi tarazu factor 1 (E75-HR3-FTZ-F1) transcriptional cascade. Thus, it seems that LdE74 mediates 20E signalling independent of the E75-HR3-FTZ-F1 transcriptional cascade. Furthermore, silencing of both LdE74 isoforms caused failure of ecdysis. Most of the LdE74 RNAi beetles remained as prepupae. The LdE74 RNAi prepupae exhibited adult character-like forms underneath after removal of the apolysed larval cuticle. Their appendages such as antennae, legs and wings were shorter than those of control larvae. Only a few LdE74 RNAi larvae finally became deformed pupae, with shortened antennae and legs. Therefore, LdE74 is required for larval-pupal metamorphosis and appendage growth in L. decemlineata.

[Effect of lipid-induced macrophage M1/M2 polarization on lipid metabolism in hepatocytes].

Objective: This study aims to explore the effect of lipid-induced macrophage M1/M2 polarization on lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. Methods: RAW264.7 macrophages were incubated with different kinds of fatty acids including saturated fatty acids-palmitic acid (PA), monounsaturated fatty acids-oleic acid (OA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and cell culture supernatants were collected to prepare conditioned medium (CM). Hepatocytes were isolated by in situ perfusion of the liver with collagenase in mice, and a macrophage-hepatocyte CM co-culture system was established. Macrophage M1/M2 phenotype markers were detected by Real-time PCR. Lipid synthesis and decomposition related mRNA and protein expressions in hepatocytes were detected by Real-time PCR and Western Blot. Lipid depositions in hepatocytes were detected by oil red O staining. An analysis of variance was used for comparison of means between multiple groups. Results: Compared with control groups, PA polarized macrophages to a M1 phenotype (expression of TNF-α and IL-6 significantly increased, F≥22.68, P < 0.01), OA polarized macrophages to a M1/M2 mixed phenotype (expression of IL-6, Mrc2 and IL-10 increased F≥4.94, P < 0.05) and DHA polarized macrophages to a M2 phenotype (expression of Mrc2 and IL-10 significantly increased, F≥4.94, P < 0.01). CM-PA significantly increased lipid synthesis related genes, including SREBP1C, ACC1 mRNA expression (F≥5.66, P < 0.01) and FASN, ACC1 protein expression (F≥38.34, P < 0.05) in hepatocytes, and decreased lipid decomposition gene ACOX1 protein expression (F=154.48, P < 0.01). CM-OA affected several lipid metabolism genes expression. CM-DHA significantly increased CPT1A mRNA expression (F = 10.30, P < 0.01) and ACOX1, CPT1A protein expression (F≥47.06, P < 0.05), and decreased SREBP1C, ACC1 protein expression (F≥65.84, P < 0.05) in hepatocytes. Massive lipid droplets were deposited in hepatocytes in CM-PA treated hepatocytes, and a few amount of lipid droplets were deposited in CM-DHA treated hepatocytes. Conclusion: Different fatty acids affect the balance of lipid metabolism in hepatocytes and liver by inducing macrophage M1 / M2 polarization, thus promoting or delaying the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

[Research Progress on Determination of Drowning Site].

The bodies found in water are one of the most common types in forensic practice. The discovery site of the body is often not the drowning site. However, the determination of drowning site is vital for the identification of victim. Inorganic particles and planktons, such as granular impurities, diatoms and bacteria, are valuable markers for the diagnosis of drowning. By comparing the granular impurities and planktons in tissues and suspicious drowning mediums, the drowning site can be concluded based on their similarity of types and distribution, which has practical applied value. In this paper, the research progress on determination of drowning site is summarized to provide reference for the peers.